[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"question:108:en-US":3},{"metadata":4,"sys":15,"fields":35},{"tags":5,"concepts":14},[6,11],{"sys":7},{"type":8,"linkType":9,"id":10},"Link","Tag","global",{"sys":12},{"type":8,"linkType":9,"id":13},"partnership",[],{"space":16,"id":20,"type":21,"createdAt":22,"updatedAt":23,"environment":24,"publishedVersion":28,"revision":29,"contentType":30,"locale":34},{"sys":17},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"Space","ghhpjogyw4x7","5161bfd87eea1fa3f8ad50c0c1cf2346","Entry","2022-01-05T09:20:19.006Z","2023-11-27T09:05:41.427Z",{"sys":25},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},"master","Environment",292,18,{"sys":31},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":33},"ContentType","question","en-US",{"globalId":36,"answers":37,"answersAsImages":58,"wrongPercentage":94,"name":95,"questionText":96,"statistics":97,"veryWrongStatistics":99,"correctSentence":101,"youWereWrong":102,"youWereRight":103,"dataSourceShortText":104,"dataSourceLinkLongText":105,"extendedAnswerText":106,"headingVeryWrong":107,"youWereVeryWrong":108,"headingWrong":107},"108",[38,60,77],{"metadata":39,"sys":42,"fields":55},{"tags":40,"concepts":41},[],[],{"space":43,"id":45,"type":21,"createdAt":46,"updatedAt":47,"environment":48,"publishedVersion":50,"revision":51,"contentType":52,"locale":34},{"sys":44},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"16a0774d1bfb9441a7d44ea130881b46","2022-01-07T11:14:42.970Z","2023-10-19T09:45:51.915Z",{"sys":49},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},17,11,{"sys":53},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},"answer",{"globalId":56,"correctAnswer":57,"isVeryWrong":58,"answerText":59},"108-a1",true,false,"They were cut by one third",{"metadata":61,"sys":64,"fields":74},{"tags":62,"concepts":63},[],[],{"space":65,"id":67,"type":21,"createdAt":68,"updatedAt":69,"environment":70,"publishedVersion":50,"revision":51,"contentType":72,"locale":34},{"sys":66},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"4dd811227592dbc17b23cdbc9d2f952a","2022-01-07T11:14:49.597Z","2023-10-19T09:45:59.179Z",{"sys":71},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},{"sys":73},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},{"globalId":75,"correctAnswer":58,"isVeryWrong":58,"answerText":76},"108-a2","They stayed roughly the same",{"metadata":78,"sys":81,"fields":91},{"tags":79,"concepts":80},[],[],{"space":82,"id":84,"type":21,"createdAt":85,"updatedAt":86,"environment":87,"publishedVersion":50,"revision":51,"contentType":89,"locale":34},{"sys":83},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"96d8d8caec60f6f0144ec0a5afeb9110","2022-01-07T11:14:54.926Z","2023-10-19T09:46:06.071Z",{"sys":88},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},{"sys":90},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},{"globalId":92,"correctAnswer":58,"isVeryWrong":57,"answerText":93},"108-a3","They increased by one third",72,"HIC top tax trend ","In high-income countries during the past 40 years, what happened to the top marginal income taxes that apply to the richest 0.1% of the population?",[98],"uk 0.56",[100],"uk 0.28","The average top marginal tax of high-income countries was roughly 67% in 1979, and in 2022 the average was around 40%, which is a reduction of roughly one third.","So, you didn't realize that the tax for the ultra rich was reduced, while they got even richer.","They haven't realized that the tax for the ultra rich was reduced, while the ultra rich got even richer.","Multiple data sources","In 1979, the average top marginal income tax in high-income countries was roughly 67%. In 2022, the average was around 40%. The average trend for high-income countries was estimated by Gapminder[1] based on country data compiled by Our World In Data[2], based on multiple sources for the period 1972-2002. That data comes from PricewaterhouseCoopers' financial estimates of annual taxation.[3] Data for the period 2002-2022 comes from OECD estimates.[4] To make the comparison for our question we only compare figures for high-income countries that had data for both 1979 and 2022. \nConsequently, any income tax that might be due on non-wage income and other kinds of taxes – e.g. corporate income tax, net wealth tax and consumption taxes – is not taken into account. \n[1]  [Gapminder estimation of the trend of top marginal tax in high-income countries since 1972](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1L4WelIj3oLh2JTJIHJeIEShtHqyRbJORAThbM5uYUH4\u002Fedit#gid=1573449154)  \n[2]  [Our World In Data - Top marginal income tax rates, selected countries, 1979 to 2002](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Ftop-mrts-on-individual-income)  \n[3]  [PricewaterhouseCoopers](https:\u002F\u002Ftaxsummaries.pwc.com\u002F)  \n[4]  [OECD](https:\u002F\u002Fstats.oecd.org\u002Findex.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLE_I7#)  \n","Most people feel they pay a lot of tax, and they probably assume that applies to everyone in society, including the ultra rich. But in most high-income countries, the tax rates for the ultra rich have declined steadily since the 1970s. The average top marginal income tax was 67% in 1979 and 40 years later it was only 40%.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost people tend to \"feel\" they pay too much tax and they likely assume this is true for everyone. It's probably unimaginable for most regular salary earners that the richest of the rich have been relieved of paying taxes more than the rest of the population in many high-income countries.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIn general, high-income countries have lower inequalities than low-income countries. But during recent decades the very richest in some rich countries (particularly the US) have become ultra rich, while many poor have less disposable income. Most people agree that inequalities will always exist, but there are huge disagreements about what is an acceptable difference. Such discussions easily turn into categorical condemnation of all inequalities, or a passive acceptance of whatever the inequality happens to be. In order to have a constructive discussion about redistribution, it's important that people have a proper understanding of the actual proportions and trends.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. We spoke to two economics experts who agreed with the conclusion that tax rates for the rich have decreased a lot over the past 50 years. There are some caveats to note with this data, however. Firstly, thresholds for marginal taxes are not the same in all countries, so it doesn't exactly apply to the richest 0.1% of people. Also, those eligible to pay a higher marginal tax rate may be avoiding paying these taxes. Therefore the cited tax rates may not be generating the revenue they appear to.","Relieving the ultra rich","So you hadn’t realized that the ultra rich got even richer, while their tax rate declined."]