[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"question:14:en-US":3},{"metadata":4,"sys":15,"fields":35},{"tags":5,"concepts":14},[6,11],{"sys":7},{"type":8,"linkType":9,"id":10},"Link","Tag","global",{"sys":12},{"type":8,"linkType":9,"id":13},"oceans",[],{"space":16,"id":20,"type":21,"createdAt":22,"updatedAt":23,"environment":24,"publishedVersion":28,"revision":29,"contentType":30,"locale":34},{"sys":17},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"Space","ghhpjogyw4x7","a0f49e35a4218bffe4c379a7d24c3c2c","Entry","2021-11-11T07:17:16.353Z","2024-11-11T14:44:12.782Z",{"sys":25},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},"master","Environment",269,79,{"sys":31},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":33},"ContentType","question","en-US",{"globalId":36,"answers":37,"answersAsImages":58,"wrongPercentage":96,"name":97,"questionText":98,"statistics":99,"veryWrongStatistics":139,"correctSentence":179,"youWereWrong":180,"youWereRight":181,"dataSourceShortText":182,"dataSourceLinkLongText":183,"extendedAnswerText":184,"headingVeryWrong":185,"youWereVeryWrong":180,"headingWrong":185},"14",[38,60,79],{"metadata":39,"sys":42,"fields":55},{"tags":40,"concepts":41},[],[],{"space":43,"id":45,"type":21,"createdAt":46,"updatedAt":47,"environment":48,"publishedVersion":50,"revision":51,"contentType":52,"locale":34},{"sys":44},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"0a97293ec9895c8022f3dd224038f41d","2021-11-11T07:17:16.393Z","2024-11-11T14:17:53.232Z",{"sys":49},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},76,71,{"sys":53},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},"answer",{"globalId":56,"correctAnswer":57,"isVeryWrong":58,"answerText":59},"14-a1",true,false,"Less than 1%",{"metadata":61,"sys":64,"fields":76},{"tags":62,"concepts":63},[],[],{"space":65,"id":67,"type":21,"createdAt":68,"updatedAt":69,"environment":70,"publishedVersion":72,"revision":73,"contentType":74,"locale":34},{"sys":66},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"a9b45fbc517420d403314d77c46d5836","2021-11-11T07:17:16.420Z","2024-10-09T08:28:30.338Z",{"sys":71},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},74,70,{"sys":75},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},{"globalId":77,"correctAnswer":58,"isVeryWrong":58,"answerText":78},"14-a2","Around 36%",{"metadata":80,"sys":83,"fields":93},{"tags":81,"concepts":82},[],[],{"space":84,"id":86,"type":21,"createdAt":87,"updatedAt":88,"environment":89,"publishedVersion":72,"revision":73,"contentType":91,"locale":34},{"sys":85},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"8a951a01c0200e5fd5d9b0b3939dcb88","2021-11-11T07:17:16.450Z","2024-10-09T08:28:30.376Z",{"sys":90},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},{"sys":92},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},{"globalId":94,"correctAnswer":58,"isVeryWrong":57,"answerText":95},"14-a3","More than 66%",86,"What share of all plastic waste in the world ends ","What share of all plastic waste in the world ends up in the oceans?",[100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138],"uk 0.85655","usa 0.8596","arg 0.896","aus 0.8561","bel 0.9082","bra 0.869","can 0.8142","chn 0.7632","fra 0.86855","deu 0.8251","hun 0.854","idn 0.9442","ita 0.8891","jpn 0.7511","mex 0.958","pol 0.8184","rus 0.85015","sau 0.8344","sgp 0.8727","kor 0.8283","esp 0.91005","swe 0.81325","tur 0.8765","mys 0.86705","egy 0.7744","are 0.8283","col 0.962","rou 0.8543","per 0.946","jor 0.8175","mar 0.85425","dnk 0.86","fin 0.84","nor 0.87","zaf 0.9","ind 0.88","pak 0.83","nga 0.9","phl 0.83",[140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177,178],"uk 0.4578","usa 0.3489","arg 0.4720","aus 0.3786","bel 0.3593","bra 0.4390","can 0.3257","chn 0.2417","fra 0.3633","deu 0.2784","hun 0.31","idn 0.5749","ita 0.4437","jpn 0.2414","mex 0.5630","pol 0.2575","rus 0.4686","sau 0.2595","sgp 0.3956","kor 0.3313","esp 0.4788","swe 0.2488","tur 0.2948","mys 0.4408","egy 0.2295","are 0.2435","col 0.6560","rou 0.3812","per 0.6338","jor 0.2725","mar 0.4203","dnk 0.2300","fin 0.26","nor 0.33","zaf 0.53","ind 0.51","pak 0.56","nga 0.51","phl 0.47","Less than 1% of plastic waste ends up in the ocean.","Many wrongly think that most plastic waste ends up in oceans. As long as waste management is bad in middle-income countries, some plastic will enter the oceans (especially if rich countries keep selling their waste there), but nowhere near as much as people currently believe.","Many wrongly think that most plastic waste ends up in oceans. They haven’t realized that almost all plastic waste stays on land.","Multiple data sources","Mismanagement of waste is a large problem across the world, but nobody knows exactly how much plastic waste there is, and nobody knows exactly what share ends up in the ocean. However, in recent years, there have been more attempts to quantify these figures and they have lowered the original estimates. Originally, our correct answer was \"less than 6%\" but due to to more recent papers, we have reduced the correct answer to \"less than 1%\".\n\nAccording to estimates from the OECD in 2022, around 82 million tonnes of the 350 million tonnes of plastic waste produced in a year is mismanaged. Of that, around 1.7 million tonnes ends up in the ocean (this is 0.5% of the total).\n\nNew surveys of ocean plastics are planned and we will probably have more certain numbers within the coming years.[3]\n\nThe estimate that 2 billion people have no waste management at all comes from UNEP[7].\n\n[1] [OECD – Global Plastics Outlook](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fglobal-plastics-outlook_aa1edf33-en.html)\n\n[2] [Our World In Data – How much plastic waste ends up in the ocean?](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhow-much-plastic-waste-ends-up-in-the-ocean)\n\n[3] [\"More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean\" published in Science Advances in April 2021, by Meijer et al](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.aaz5803)\n\n[4]  [The original estimate we found for total plastic waste in a year: "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made” article published in Science, 19 July 2017 by Roland Geyer, Jenna R. Jambeck and Kara Lavender Law](https:\u002F\u002Fadvances.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F3\u002F7\u002Fe1700782)  \n\n[5]  [The most well known and cited estimate for plastic entering the ocean: "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean” article published in Science, 13 Feb 2015 by Jenna R. Jambeck,*, Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R. Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, Kara Lavender Law](https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fsci\u002F347\u002F6223\u002F768.full.pdf)  \n\n[6]  [“Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution” article published in Science, 18 Sep 2020 by Winnie W. Y. Lau, Yonathan Shiran, Richard M. Bailey, Ed Cook, Martin R. Stuchtey, Julia Koskella , Costas A. Velis, Linda Godfrey, Julien Boucher, Margaret B. Murphy, Richard C. Thompson, Emilia Jankowska, Arturo Castillo Castillo, Toby D. Pilditch, Ben Dixon, Laura Koerselman, Edward Kosior, Enzo Favoino, Jutta Gutberlet, Sarah Baulch, Meera E. Atreya, David Fischer, Kevin K. He, Milan M. Petit, U. Rashid Sumaila, Emily Neil, Mark V. Bernhofen, Keith Lawrence, James E. Palardy](https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F369\u002F6510\u002F1455)  \n\n[7]  [World Bank, What A Waste 2.0](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10986\u002F30317\u002F211329ov.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y)  \n\n[8]  [Leeds University team studying plastic pollution](https:\u002F\u002Fplasticpollution.leeds.ac.uk\u002F) \n\n[9]  [Compilation of 6 studies estimating how much plastic enters oceans, by Gapminder Oct 2020](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1HNJwHkk02Z3tmQOfGibU6NIER4ieUMbxJym_6zmHH2c\u002Fedit#gid=0)  \n[10]  [Global Waste Management Outlook, UNEP Page 52](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uncclearn.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Finventory\u002Funep23092015.pdf)","If you thought that most plastic waste ends up in the sea, the problem might seem overwhelming. You may also wrongly assume that your own plastic waste is a part of the problem. While, in fact, the problem is that more than two billion people live in communities with no waste management at all, and some of these are along rivers and coastlines. Many of them have almost no plastic waste but, for those who do and also live close to a coast or river, there is nothing to prevent their plastic waste from ending up in the ocean. \n\nWhen rich countries such as the U.S. sell their plastic garbage to middle-income countries, some of it ends up in the ocean because those countries aren’t able to handle all their waste in an environmentally friendly way. Every day, a lot of poor people, young and old, are working hard to separate out plastic by hand from garbage piles, because they sometimes can get a little money from recycling it. They are stopping tons of plastic from reaching the oceans. They deserve proper employment, better pay and job security.\n\nWith the right actions, a huge reduction in plastic waste generation can be made in the coming decades but, even with that, if the share that reaches the oceans is reduced to just a fraction of a percent, it still means large amounts of plastic will keep accumulating year by year, and people will probably believe that no improvement has happened. That’s why it’s important to gather data to track this kind of visible problem. Without real measurements it’s impossible for us to see if the reforms have any impact.\n\nBetter management is needed globally and locally, and better ways to measure plastic in the oceans are also needed, and the [waste researchers at Leeds University](https:\u002F\u002Fplasticpollution.leeds.ac.uk\u002Ftoolkits\u002F) have developed great free tools for both.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we focus all our efforts on preventing the accumulation of plastic in our oceans then we are removing just a small fraction of the plastic we produce each year. In reality, we need to focus on both the plastic entering our oceans and the safe recycling and removal of plastics on land at the same time.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe often see the striking and emotive images of animals trapped in plastics on TV and pictures of the large plastic patches in our oceans and assume this is where most of our plastic goes. Although it is extremely important that we reduce this plastic waste, in reality, this accounts for a small fraction of the plastic we produce.\n\n### How can this be true?\nIt is very difficult to precisely estimate the amount of plastic we produce and the amount entering our oceans each year but, using the most recent estimates and after cosultation with experts, we estimate that less than 1% of all plastic waste ends up in our oceans each year. The vast majority of the plastic waste produced ends up in landfills around the world. We need to be pragmatic and approach the issue from multiple fronts, reducing our overall plastic waste as well as that entering our oceans. We must increase our rates of recycling and provide waste collection services to those who do not already have them in order to help control the issue.\n","Almost all plastic stays on land"]