[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"question:81:en-US":3},{"metadata":4,"sys":15,"fields":35},{"tags":5,"concepts":14},[6,11],{"sys":7},{"type":8,"linkType":9,"id":10},"Link","Tag","consumption",{"sys":12},{"type":8,"linkType":9,"id":13},"global",[],{"space":16,"id":20,"type":21,"createdAt":22,"updatedAt":23,"environment":24,"publishedVersion":28,"revision":29,"contentType":30,"locale":34},{"sys":17},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"Space","ghhpjogyw4x7","0b06b26f722ba8f48e4c7a968da87689","Entry","2022-01-03T11:24:03.553Z","2023-11-27T09:07:23.908Z",{"sys":25},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},"master","Environment",151,13,{"sys":31},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":33},"ContentType","question","en-US",{"globalId":36,"answers":37,"answersAsImages":58,"wrongPercentage":94,"name":95,"questionText":96,"statistics":97,"veryWrongStatistics":99,"correctSentence":101,"youWereWrong":102,"youWereRight":103,"dataSourceShortText":104,"dataSourceLinkLongText":105,"extendedAnswerText":106,"headingVeryWrong":107,"youWereVeryWrong":108,"headingWrong":107},"81",[38,60,77],{"metadata":39,"sys":42,"fields":55},{"tags":40,"concepts":41},[],[],{"space":43,"id":45,"type":21,"createdAt":46,"updatedAt":47,"environment":48,"publishedVersion":50,"revision":51,"contentType":52,"locale":34},{"sys":44},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"b0514fdd23490d9b74dcb69ead1ca1db","2022-01-04T09:15:33.597Z","2023-09-01T15:43:48.717Z",{"sys":49},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},10,6,{"sys":53},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},"answer",{"globalId":56,"correctAnswer":57,"isVeryWrong":58,"answerText":59},"81-a1",true,false,"14 years",{"metadata":61,"sys":64,"fields":74},{"tags":62,"concepts":63},[],[],{"space":65,"id":67,"type":21,"createdAt":68,"updatedAt":69,"environment":70,"publishedVersion":50,"revision":51,"contentType":72,"locale":34},{"sys":66},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"a6a27709199dfe90f3c57b54943c5e72","2022-01-04T09:15:33.631Z","2023-09-01T15:43:49.017Z",{"sys":71},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},{"sys":73},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},{"globalId":75,"correctAnswer":58,"isVeryWrong":58,"answerText":76},"81-a2","24 years",{"metadata":78,"sys":81,"fields":91},{"tags":79,"concepts":80},[],[],{"space":82,"id":84,"type":21,"createdAt":85,"updatedAt":86,"environment":87,"publishedVersion":50,"revision":51,"contentType":89,"locale":34},{"sys":83},{"type":8,"linkType":18,"id":19},"df3ef15e68f7d75f48c37fb18690a004","2022-01-04T09:15:33.665Z","2023-09-01T15:43:49.115Z",{"sys":88},{"id":26,"type":8,"linkType":27},{"sys":90},{"type":8,"linkType":32,"id":54},{"globalId":92,"correctAnswer":58,"isVeryWrong":57,"answerText":93},"81-a3","34 years",78,"Ozone agreement","How many years did it take between the discovery of ozone depleting substances and the signing of an international agreement to ban them?",[98],"uk 0.78",[100],"uk 0.48","It took 14 years between the discovery of substances that deplete the ozone layer and an international agreement to ban them.","You don't realize how quickly all countries have been able to agree and act based on scientific facts.","They don’t realize how quickly countries have been able to agree to act based on scientific facts.","Data: UN and other sources","The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer[1] was signed in 1987 and came into force in 1989[2]. In 1985, the British Antarctic Survey discovered the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica.\n\nThe ozone depleting substances that it was aiming to phase down (and eventually out) were discovered to be destructive to ozone in the atmosphere in 1973[3][4]. These substances were mostly Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other molecules that were used in refrigeration and aerosols, amongst other uses. \n\nThe Montreal Protocol has widely been seen as a success and has played a large role in the recently noted recovery of the ozone layer[5]. \nThe members also continue to meet and work out new agreements to continue the protection of the ozone layer and reduce the use and production of other substances that have been used in place of the banned ones, that are harmful in other ways[1]. \n\n[1]  [The Montreal Protocol - UN Environment](https:\u002F\u002Fozone.unep.org\u002Ftreaties\u002Fmontreal-protocol)  \n[2]  [The Montreal Protocol - Wikipedia](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMontreal_Protocol)  \n[3]  [Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion - American Chemical Society](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.acs.org\u002Fcontent\u002Facs\u002Fen\u002Feducation\u002Fwhatischemistry\u002Flandmarks\u002Fcfcs-ozone.html)  \n[4]  [Molina & Rowland (1974) - Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F249810a0)  \n[5]  [Strahan & Douglass (2018) - Decline in Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Lower Stratospheric Chlorine Determined From Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations](https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002F2017GL074830)  ","In 1973, scientists discovered that common gases in spray cans and freezers depleted the ozone layer that protects us from dangerous sun radiation. By 1987 most countries agreed to ban these gases.\n\nWhen we think of global cooperation between countries we imagine long, drawn-out processes with constant struggles to get every country to agree. But when it came to protecting the ozone layer (which protects us by filtering harmful radiation from the sun) this was not the case! It took 14 years from discovery to the signing of an international agreement to remove almost all production and use.\n\nIt is even more amazing if we consider the year when the hole in the ozone layer was actually discovered, 1985, it took only two years from then for the agreement to come together.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nMost people don't realize that international agreements can work and have major impact. The Montreal Protocol is a major triumph of global collaboration that everyone should know about.\n\nIf you know that all UN members have been able to come together in agreement and then keep to their promises to significantly reduce ozone depleting substances, it is possible for you to imagine that this kind of successful cooperation can be achieved again. A similar success story can be told about the universal ban of lead in gasoline. If people fail to recognize that such swift and universal cooperation has actually happened, they underestimate the benefit of international collaborations, which is devastating when we need to collaborate to reduce other kinds of emissions, such as greenhouse gases.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen most people think of large international agreements they probably think of the arguments between countries and disagreements that we see in the media, rather than looking at successful examples like this one. \n\n### What is the Montreal Protocol?\nThe Montreal Protocol is the name of the agreement that was first signed in 1987 and has been ratified by all UN members. The protocol set - and continues to set - timelines for each member state to phase down (and eventually out) the use and production of ozone depleting substances. The original focus was on Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) but amendments have been made and added to reduce the use of non-ozone depleting molecules called HFCs as well. HFCs were used to replace CFCs but are now known to be powerful greenhouse gases. \n\n### Was the Montreal Protocol a success?\nYes it was! It has been ratified by all countries and has so far met its objectives in protecting the ozone layer.\n[In 2018, research started to show signs](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fgoddard\u002F2018\u002Fnasa-study-first-direct-proof-of-ozone-hole-recovery-due-to-chemicals-ban) that the ozone layer and the hole in it was starting to recover.\n","The world can act on facts","In 1973, it was discovered that some gases in spray cans and freezers depleted the ozone layer that protects us from dangerous radiation from the sun, and their use was quickly reduced to nearly nothing."]