[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"topicGroup:ungoals:en-US":3},{"metadata":4,"sys":7,"fields":28},{"tags":5,"concepts":6},[],[],{"space":8,"id":13,"type":14,"createdAt":15,"updatedAt":16,"environment":17,"publishedVersion":21,"revision":22,"contentType":23,"locale":27},{"sys":9},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"Link","Space","ghhpjogyw4x7","7tFOUpI4ECl40NAkKadfBs","Entry","2022-11-14T08:30:18.711Z","2023-10-20T13:50:15.389Z",{"sys":18},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},"master","Environment",27,5,{"sys":24},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":26},"ContentType","topicGroup","en-US",{"name":29,"slug":30,"icon":31,"topicLists":57},"UN Goals","ungoals",{"metadata":32,"sys":35,"fields":46},{"tags":33,"concepts":34},[],[],{"space":36,"id":38,"type":39,"createdAt":40,"updatedAt":41,"environment":42,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":37},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1iXCZtTIJgywO2ZELCE3K4","Asset","2022-11-14T08:30:18.606Z","2023-10-20T13:45:00.148Z",{"sys":43},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},6,2,{"title":47,"description":48,"file":49},"sdg quesiotn-mark-v3","",{"url":50,"details":51,"fileName":55,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1iXCZtTIJgywO2ZELCE3K4\u002F1c389eeda8d39f7482277873f1b15aa5\u002Fsdg_quesiotn-mark-v3.png",{"size":52,"image":53},30606,{"width":54,"height":54},1200,"sdg_quesiotn-mark-v3.png","image\u002Fpng",[58],{"metadata":59,"sys":62,"fields":75},{"tags":60,"concepts":61},[],[],{"space":63,"id":65,"type":14,"createdAt":66,"updatedAt":67,"environment":68,"publishedVersion":70,"revision":71,"contentType":72,"locale":27},{"sys":64},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7nPxSAkSre9fPYW375hIxE","2021-06-02T13:57:47.724Z","2025-01-22T13:54:35.813Z",{"sys":69},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},109,21,{"sys":73},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":74},"topicList",{"globalId":76,"name":29,"items":77},"un_goals",[78,1358,2178,3017,4339,5027,5850,6395,7401,8267,8897,9428,9989,10612,11722,12249,12858,13764],{"metadata":79,"sys":82,"fields":95},{"tags":80,"concepts":81},[],[],{"space":83,"id":85,"type":14,"createdAt":86,"updatedAt":87,"environment":88,"publishedVersion":90,"revision":91,"contentType":92,"locale":27},{"sys":84},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3TWBacobIYwhGOOggtlOw1","2025-01-22T13:44:10.412Z","2026-01-20T22:34:15.402Z",{"sys":89},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},45,4,{"sys":93},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},"topic",{"isHidden":96,"globalId":97,"name":98,"slug":97,"aboutButtonText":99,"tests":100,"diplomaTest":945,"icon":961,"iconDisplayType":984,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":985},false,"sdg-world-un-goals","SDG Course","About this lesson",[101],{"metadata":102,"sys":105,"fields":116},{"tags":103,"concepts":104},[],[],{"space":106,"id":108,"type":14,"createdAt":109,"updatedAt":109,"environment":110,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":112,"contentType":113,"locale":27},{"sys":107},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"XRQlyCq1wwbBPVQtSLBDl","2025-01-22T13:44:10.481Z",{"sys":111},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},1,{"sys":114},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},"test",{"globalId":117,"slug":117,"questions":118},"sdg-course-test",[119,164,241,275,346,385,419,457,564,597,640,676,721,752,790,827,865,907],{"metadata":120,"sys":130,"fields":143},{"tags":121,"concepts":129},[122,126],{"sys":123},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},"Tag","global",{"sys":127},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},"poverty",[],{"space":131,"id":133,"type":14,"createdAt":134,"updatedAt":135,"environment":136,"publishedVersion":138,"revision":139,"contentType":140,"locale":27},{"sys":132},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"16e43ba8c913430e437c4768c8f3d60c","2021-11-11T07:06:19.568Z","2026-01-27T09:33:39.349Z",{"sys":137},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},190,47,{"sys":141},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},"question",{"globalId":144,"answers":145,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":146,"name":147,"questionText":148,"shortQuestionText":149,"statistics":150,"veryWrongStatistics":153,"correctSentence":156,"youWereWrong":157,"youWereRight":158,"dataSourceShortText":159,"dataSourceLinkLongText":160,"extendedAnswerText":161,"headingVeryWrong":162,"youWereVeryWrong":163,"headingWrong":162},"21",[],87,"In 1980, roughly 40% of the world's population liv","In 1980, roughly 40% of the world's population lived in extreme poverty, with less than $3 per day. What is the share today?","In 1980, roughly 40% of the world's people lived in extreme poverty, with less than $2 per day. What is the share today?",[151,152],"uk 0.92","swe 0.8155",[154,155],"uk 0.3260","swe 0.3301","Today, around 10% of the world’s population live in extreme poverty.\n\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F881616253>","During the past 40 years, the drop in the extreme poverty rate was the fastest ever. Very few noticed. Probably because global inequality became wider than ever.","It’s difficult to accept that the extreme poverty rate declined faster than ever, while global inequalities at the same time became wider than ever.","Sources: World Bank & Gapminder","Extreme poverty is defined as living on less than $3 USD per day (In June 2025 it increased from $2.15). Estimates of extreme poverty are never exact, because the settings where extreme poverty exists don’t allow for exact measures. The data needed to estimate the extreme poverty rate is also lagging a few years. Read more [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdata\u002Fdocumentation\u002Fepovrate\u002F), and check our [calculations](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F10Bc_jKsB2roEUVEigYcD7fCtkJNTJSHjoaFaecO_Meg\u002Fedit#gid=501532268), as well as [World Bank](http:\u002F\u002Firesearch.worldbank.org\u002FPovcalNet\u002FpovDuplicateWB.aspx). Despite that unreliability, the trends are still clear and our “correct” answer is still far closer to being right than the other options, which we deliberately make very different.\n\n[1]  [World Bank and Gapminder estimates](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1bNi-ot52w2mnzms6-j1-fyTQ0SKoh5w4P9ClpzMRD4c\u002Fedit?pli=1&gid=1045671135#gid=1045671135)  \n\n[2]  [World Bank Open Data time trend of extreme poverty](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSI.POV.DDAY)\n\n[3]  [Extreme Poverty, Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fpoverty#explore-data-on-poverty) ","Worldwide, extreme poverty has declined steadily since the 1980s, but the fact that hundreds of millions of people still have to survive on less than $3 a day means we aren’t in the streets celebrating this as a complete success.\n\n### What has happened over time?\nThe share of people in the world living in extreme poverty has decreased steadily over the last 40 years. Huge countries like China, India and Nigeria became middle-income countries in this time. But that change is something that happens over years rather than days or weeks, so it gets little attention from the news media. \n\n### What is extreme poverty?\nIt is living on less than $3 a day. It means having too little money to meet the basic needs that most of us take for granted, such as food, water, electricity and basic healthcare. \n\n### Where do the extremely poor live?\nRoughly half of them live in Africa and half in Asia. You can see their homes on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?max=66).\n\n### Did the Corona pandemic impact the share of extremely poor? \nThe Corona pandemic pushed around 100 million more people into extreme poverty, meaning the share of people living in extreme poverty went up for the first time in decades. \n\nIt was an urgent crisis that required action to prevent millions more people falling into extreme poverty and reversing decades of improvements.\n\nThose who hadn’t realized that extreme poverty had long been in decline before the Corona pandemic can’t realize that the current increase is the first in decades.\n\n### Where can I learn more?\nYou can see how countries moved out of poverty [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$time$value=2015;&marker$axis_y$which=extreme_poverty_percent_people_below_190_a_day&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=bubbles) \n\nYou can visit homes and see what life is like for the extremely poor in [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=homes&media=image&max=59)\n\nRead more about extreme poverty at [Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fextreme-poverty#:~:text=As%20we%20can%20see%2C%20globally,million%20every%20year%20since%201990).\n","A world record, ignored","During the past 40 years, the drop in the extreme poverty rate was faster than ever before, but very few noticed. Probably because global inequality became wider than ever.",{"metadata":165,"sys":172,"fields":184},{"tags":166,"concepts":171},[167,169],{"sys":168},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":170},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":173,"id":175,"type":14,"createdAt":176,"updatedAt":177,"environment":178,"publishedVersion":180,"revision":181,"contentType":182,"locale":27},{"sys":174},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"19b6a3c90ff55351bf64c7e50a62a843","2021-11-11T07:17:14.853Z","2025-09-15T08:18:07.275Z",{"sys":179},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},211,71,{"sys":183},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":185,"answers":186,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"ruleOfThumbs":188,"name":189,"questionText":190,"shortQuestionText":191,"statistics":192,"veryWrongStatistics":213,"correctSentence":234,"youWereWrong":235,"youWereRight":236,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":238,"extendedAnswerText":239,"headingVeryWrong":240,"youWereVeryWrong":235,"headingWrong":240},"4",[],77,[],"What share of the population in high-income countr","What share of the population in high-income countries (like Germany and the USA) live in extreme poverty (with less than $3\u002Fday)?","What share of people in high-income countries (eg. Germany and the USA) live in extreme poverty (with less than $3\u002Fday)?",[193,194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206,207,208,209,210,211,212],"swe 0.733028593765909","nor 0.789128660159712","fin 0.70841928719084","dnk 0.7926176536279861","gbr 0.8127","phl 0.72","nga 0.73","pak 0.66","ind 0.58","zaf 0.71","mar 0.68","mys 0.63","esp 0.82","rus 0.64","mex 0.8","jpn 0.75","deu 0.82","fra 0.89","bra 0.58","usa 0.74",[214,215,216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233],"gbr 0.42","usa 0.36","bra 0.23","fra 0.33","deu 0.39","jpn 0.37","mex 0.44","rus 0.27","esp 0.43","swe 0.19","mys 0.28","mar 0.32","dnk 0.26","fin 0.21","nor 0.26","zaf 0.28","ind 0.26","pak 0.26","nga 0.29","phl 0.39","Less than 1% of people in high-income countries live in extreme poverty, with less than $3\u002Fday.","Many think the poor in rich countries are much poorer than they actually are. Their suffering is undefendable, but almost no poor people in rich countries have to sleep on mud floors with their starving children.","Many think the poor in rich countries are much poorer than they actually are. The poverty they see in rich countries is so undefendable that they probably assume it’s the worst kind of poverty.","Source: World Bank","The World Bank[1] estimates that in 2023 roughly 0.6% of all people in high-income countries lived on less than $3 a day. The dollar level is adjusted for differences in prices and costs of living, by using the Purchasing Power Parity of 2021 international dollars.\nThe group called high-income countries in 2023 were those who had a gross national income (GNI) per capita above $14,005 or more, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method[2]. Around 85 countries from around the world are in this category, including most countries in Europe.\nThe incomes of people in different high-income countries are made comparable in the Luxembourg Income Study database[3].\nPlease note that this question asks about the international extreme poverty rate, which uses an absolute poverty line of 3 $\u002Fday. This is different from the national poverty lines which vary across countries and are used to determine who is eligible for social welfare programs in each country. In many high-income countries the national poverty lines are around 20 times higher than the international line of extreme poverty[4].\n\n[1]  [World Bank Povcal](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSI.POV.DDAY?locations=XD-XM-XT-XN-1W)  \n[2]  [World Bank income groups](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups)  \n[3]  [Luxembourg Income Study database](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.lisdatacenter.org\u002Four-data\u002Flis-database\u002F)  \n[4]  [A richer array of international poverty lines, the World Bank, FRANCISCO FERREIRA & CAROLINA SÁNCHEZ-PÁRAMO, OCTOBER 13, 2017](http:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fdevelopmenttalk\u002Fricher-array-international-poverty-lines)  ","Being poor in rich countries is a terrible experience that too many families have to deal with on a daily basis. They suffer from exclusion and lack opportunities that others around them have. The solution to their suffering is often within reach of the country they live in if only resources and opportunities were more fairly shared.\n\nThe definitions of poverty in high-income countries are often used to determine who has the right to welfare programs. The definitions of poverty are different in different countries but they are often in the range of $10 to $30 per person per day. \n\nThe definition of extreme poverty does not vary between countries. It’s always less than $3 a day. Today, less than 10% of the world’s population live in extreme poverty, which in reality means they often don’t have enough food, water, electricity, housing and healthcare. Roughly half of them live in middle-income countries, and the rest live in low-income countries. Almost none of them live in high-income countries.\n\nTo see life on different incomes all over the World, check out  [Dollar Street.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F) \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt shows that people don’t know just how poor people in extreme poverty really are. These people are not just poor, they can’t afford enough to eat and don’t have many other basics the rest of us take for granted. When we think their numbers are so huge, we think it is not possible to help them all.\n\nPoverty in high-income countries is real and people suffer, but it is different. If they have the right policies in place, high-income countries can solve issues with exclusion and inequality themselves. For those in extreme poverty, their countries often have bigger structural problems that need to be fixed.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey see people who are very poor even in the richest countries and think they meet the criteria of extreme poverty. It probably comes from the wish to not trivialize suffering, but it is not factual.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but it is important to understand what both extreme poverty and high-income countries actually are.\n\nThe World Bank estimates that in 2023 roughly 0.6% of all people in high-income countries lived on less than $3 a day (extreme poverty). The dollar level is adjusted for differences in prices and costs of living, by using the Purchasing Power Parity of 2021 international dollars.\n\nThe group called high-income countries are those in 2023 who had a gross national income (GNI) per capita above $14,005, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. Around 85 countries from around the world are in this category, including most countries in Europe. The incomes of people in different high-income countries are made comparable in the Luxembourg Income Study database.\n\nPlease note that this question asks about the international extreme poverty rate, which uses an absolute poverty line of $3 per day. This is different from the national poverty lines which vary across countries and are used to determine who is eligible for social welfare programs in each country. In many high-income countries the national poverty lines are around 20 times higher than the international line of extreme poverty.\n","Extremely few are extremely poor in rich countries",{"metadata":242,"sys":250,"fields":262},{"tags":243,"concepts":249},[244,246],{"sys":245},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":247},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},"health",[],{"space":251,"id":253,"type":14,"createdAt":254,"updatedAt":255,"environment":256,"publishedVersion":258,"revision":259,"contentType":260,"locale":27},{"sys":252},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6ax0qHxthfwcegenRlZRLH","2023-11-13T11:43:51.978Z","2026-01-22T09:12:02.493Z",{"sys":257},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},99,19,{"sys":261},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":263,"answers":264,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":265,"questionText":266,"statistics":267,"veryWrongStatistics":269,"correctSentence":271,"dataSourceShortText":272,"dataSourceLinkLongText":273,"extendedAnswerText":274},"1757",[],"Child mortality 1900-today","In 2024, the number of children who died before age five was around 4% worldwide. What was this number back in 1900?",[268],"usa 0.71",[270],"usa 0.1863","Worldwide, in year 1900 around 40% of children died before their 5th birthday.","Source: Gapminder estimates from various sources","The figures from 1900 and on to 1950 from many sources but mainly based on www.mortality.org and the series of books called International Historical Statistics by Brian R Mitchell, which often have historic estimates of Infant mortality rate which were converted to Child mortality through regression. More detail about how we came up with these estimates can be found below[3]. The figures for modern child mortality are compiled by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA\u002FPopulation Division.  \n\n[1]  [WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA\u002FPopulation Division - Maternal mortality ratio](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSH.STA.MMRT?most_recent_value_desc=true)                       \n\n[2]  [Gapminder bubble charts](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=child_mortality_0_5_year_olds_dying_per_1000_born&source=sg&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;&frame$value=1901;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1)        \n\n[3]  [Gapminder – Source detail ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdata\u002Fdocumentation\u002Fgd005\u002F)   \n\n[4]  [Mortality.org](https:\u002F\u002Fmortality.org\u002F)","The decline in child deaths over recent decades is a remarkable achievement that is barely recognized by most people. Many of the diseases which once led to premature deaths of millions of children before their fifth birthday no longer affect the majority of the world's population, thanks to better care for pregnant mothers, vaccination, sanitation and better food.\n\nTragically, there are still millions of children who die young each year and in most cases the illnesses they die of are preventable. The great progress elsewhere should give everyone hope that this last slice of the world's population will one day no longer have to experience the pain of the death of a child from a preventable disease.",{"metadata":276,"sys":283,"fields":295},{"tags":277,"concepts":282},[278,280],{"sys":279},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":281},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":284,"id":286,"type":14,"createdAt":287,"updatedAt":288,"environment":289,"publishedVersion":291,"revision":292,"contentType":293,"locale":27},{"sys":285},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"230533e75d32917d3d895acfb0b8be3c","2021-11-11T07:06:46.227Z","2025-03-27T13:02:37.038Z",{"sys":290},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},264,148,{"sys":294},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":296,"answers":297,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":298,"name":299,"questionText":300,"statistics":301,"veryWrongStatistics":320,"correctSentence":339,"youWereWrong":340,"youWereRight":341,"dataSourceShortText":342,"dataSourceLinkLongText":343,"extendedAnswerText":344,"headingVeryWrong":345,"youWereVeryWrong":340,"headingWrong":345},"32",[],69,"In which countries are people on average least sat","In which countries are people on average least satisfied with their lives?",[302,303,304,305,306,307,308,309,310,311,312,313,314,315,316,317,318,319],"bra 0.53","fra 0.69","jpn 0.76","mex 0.58","rus 0.91","esp 0.71","mys 0.75","mar 0.7","zaf 0.69","ind 0.74","pak 0.68","nga 0.59","phl 0.66","prt 0.7671","usa 0.60","uk 0.63","deu 0.66","swe 0.71",[321,322,323,324,325,326,327,328,329,330,331,332,333,334,335,336,337,338],"bra 0.31","fra 0.37","jpn 0.32","mex 0.29","rus 0.47","esp 0.41","mys 0.31","mar 0.36","zaf 0.34","ind 0.22","pak 0.27","nga 0.28","phl 0.35","prt 0.41","usa 0.27","uk 0.3","deu 0.34","swe 0.39","On average, people in richer countries report higher life satisfaction than those in poorer countries.","There are unhappy people on all incomes but, generally, in richer countries there are fewer of them, on average.","They don’t realize that richer people on average are less unhappy.","Multiple sources","There are many ways to measure happiness and it is a difficult thing to measure because it is a temporary feeling and also somewhat subjective. Our World in Data has looked at multiple sources and measures[1]. \n\nPerhaps the best way is the “cantril ladder question”, where people are asked where they feel they are on a ladder from 0 to 10, where 10 is the best possible life and 0 is the worst possible life for them. This is used in many surveys, for example in the Gallup World Poll which is used in the World Happiness report[2]. \n\nA slightly different format is used in two other surveys. In the World Value Survey[3] people are asked if they are very happy, quite happy, not very happy, or not happy at all. In the European Commission’s Eurobarometer[4] people are asked if they are very satisfied, fairly satisfied, not very satisfied or not at all satisfied with life. \n\nAsking about life satisfaction and happiness is not exactly the same thing, as self-reported happiness has both an experiential and emotional side. However, there is some crossover between the two types of questions and both give similar results in terms of people in richer countries having both higher life satisfaction and happiness. \n\n[1]  [Happiness and life satisfaction - Our World in Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhappiness-and-life-satisfaction#mis-perceptions-about-others-happiness)  \n[2]  [World Happiness Report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gallup.com\u002Fanalytics\u002F349487\u002Fworld-happiness-report.aspx?utm_source=public_sector&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=world_happiness_report_march_3_non_download_03272025&utm_term=information&utm_content=download_report_cta_1&thank-you-report-form=1)  \n[3]  [The World Values Survey (WVS)](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org\u002FWVSEVSjoint2017.jsp)  \n[4]  [European Commission – Eurobarometer Interactive](https:\u002F\u002Fec.europa.eu\u002Fcommfrontoffice\u002Fpublicopinion\u002Findex.cfm\u002FChart\u002FgetChart\u002FthemeKy\u002F1\u002FgroupKy\u002F1)","It’s very difficult to measure happiness. Psychologists have tested many different ways to phrase the questions and found that different individuals interpret “happiness” in different ways. The numbers are not exact, but still the pattern is clear in the two largest international studies: average happiness and well-being is higher in richer countries and among richer people. (If you doubt this, see the results from the international comparisons [here](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhappiness-and-life-satisfaction)).\n\n### Does this mean that average happiness increases if average income increases?\nNO! This does NOT mean that GDP growth leads to happiness! \nLook at [this graph](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fgdp-vs-happiness?time=2005..latest&country=BLR~BWA~EGY~IND~IRN~LAO~MYS~RWA~ZAF~TZA~TKM~VNM~ZMB) for example, showing some countries where the average income increased over the past 15 years, while the average happiness went down. \n\n![Screenshot 2022-05-10 at 10.53.17](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F56m7tYTe9KsrsdHswEGfUD\u002Fe05f36c762ef39ea0a11649041311dcb\u002FScreenshot_2022-05-10_at_10.53.17.png)\n\nIt’s often the case that average income increases because a small group of people get richer. That doesn’t make the rest of the population happier. Quite the opposite. If the majority experiences worsening living conditions, the average happiness declines. In other countries, the average income and happiness have increased at the same time.\n\n### Are you trying to say that rich people will get happier if they get richer?\nNO! This doesn’t mean that the average person in high-income countries will become less unhappy by getting richer. If you really want glasses but you can’t afford them, that keeps you unhappy. When you get your first pair of glasses, that will make you much happier, but a second pair won’t make you much happier. In high-income countries almost everyone who needs glasses has them already. A majority of citizens have all their basic human needs met, like: food, housing, healthcare, safety and glasses. When those needs are satisfied, having more of those physical things will not reduce unhappiness much.\n\n### Why are people in middle- and low-income countries less happy?\nThere are many circumstances that are very individual, but on a high level, many people still have many of their basic physical needs unsatisfied. That, and other circumstances like violence and lack of freedom, explain why poorer people are less satisfied with their lives, on average. But again, that is only an average. Some people manage to be extremely happy with very little material resources, and some are totally miserable even after becoming billionaires. In all societies there are enormous individual differences.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about others’ happiness?\nIf you think that people are less happy in richer countries you won’t realize why billions of people on lower incomes are doing everything they can to get richer: they still have many basic needs that are unmet. You will realize this by looking at people’s homes across the world on all different income levels on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street).\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nIn the media we often hear about the lives of celebrities with unimaginable amounts of money, and how they are not happy. The poor seldom get space to talk about their feelings. This leads to a skewed view of who is most unhappy.  \n\n### Resources\n[Our World in Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhappiness-and-life-satisfaction#the-link-across-countries)\n\n[World Happiness Report 2025](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gallup.com\u002Fanalytics\u002F349487\u002Fworld-happiness-report.aspx?utm_source=public_sector&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=world_happiness_report_march_3_non_download_03272025&utm_term=information&utm_content=download_report_cta_1&thank-you-report-form=1)\n\nVisit [homes of the poorest](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?max=60&topic=homes) to see what everyday life is like when you struggle to have your basic needs met on a daily basis. \n","Many rich are unhappy, but...",{"metadata":347,"sys":355,"fields":367},{"tags":348,"concepts":354},[349,351],{"sys":350},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":352},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},"work",[],{"space":356,"id":358,"type":14,"createdAt":359,"updatedAt":360,"environment":361,"publishedVersion":363,"revision":364,"contentType":365,"locale":27},{"sys":357},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"bb2fd97b41ff1558e90482a5edf5439b","2021-11-11T07:07:53.602Z","2026-01-21T20:31:00.771Z",{"sys":362},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},97,25,{"sys":366},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":368,"answers":369,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":298,"name":370,"questionText":371,"statistics":372,"veryWrongStatistics":374,"correctSentence":376,"youWereWrong":377,"youWereRight":378,"dataSourceShortText":379,"dataSourceLinkLongText":380,"extendedAnswerText":381,"headingVeryWrong":382,"youWereVeryWrong":383,"headingWrong":384},"53",[],"Globally, around 160 million children are used for","Globally, around 160 million children are used for child labor. In what sector do the majority of them work?",[373],"uk 0.69",[375],"uk 0.61","60% of all child workers are used in agriculture, 27% in services and 13% in industry and mining.","You imagine that most children who are forced to work are in the service industry, but 60% of them work in agriculture.","They wrongly picture most victims of child labor as working in factories or services, not in the fields like they actually are.\n","Source: International Labour Organization (ILO) and UNICEF","The ILO define child labor as work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development and interferes with their schooling.\n\nAccording to the ILO and UNICEF, worldwide, around 140 million children aged 5-17 are used as child labor. Of those children, 54 million, work in hazardous child labor [1]. An estimated 60% of the 140 million work in agriculture, which includes fishing, forestry, livestock herding and aquaculture, and comprises both subsistence and commercial farming. 27% work in Services, and 13% in the Industrial sector, including mining. \n\nIt is of course difficult to accurately estimate global levels of child labor and there are competing definitions[2]. However, the three independent experts we have spoke to trust the ILO’s data and have no doubt that the agriculture sector is responsible for the largest share of child labor. \n\n[1]  [ILO. “Global Estimates of Child Labour. Results and Trends 2024.” from 2025.](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Fresources\u002Fchild-labour-global-estimates-2024\u002F?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=child+labour+global+estimates+2024&utm_campaign=Child%20Labour%20Global%20Estimates&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Mailjet)  \n[2]  [Our World in Data - Child Labor definitions and measurement](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fchild-labor#definitions-and-measurement)  ","We often see images of child workers in factories or restaurants, but 60% of children who are forced into labor instead of going to school are stuck working in agriculture. The widespread romantic idea of small scale farming might make it hard for many to realize that a labor intensive farm could be like a prison for the children of poor families. \n\nMostly they work with the rest of their family on the fields, herding cattle, or working in the forest or fishing. This kind of child labor is not just the most common, it is also the most hidden. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nIn the industry and service sectors it is probably easier to spot and expose child labor. In agriculture, the child labor takes place in rural areas with fewer journalists, and the children are more often working as part of a family unit. When many children are lined up in a factory it’s easier to see how many there are, and maybe that’s one reason why the 60% of child labor that happens out on farms in the countryside doesn’t get much media attention.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about where most child labor takes place?\nAs long as parents need their children to work in the fields, they will try to have many children and they will keep them home from school. These are two good reasons to help end extreme poverty, but it is also the main component of child labor. When child labor is believed to be a problem of industry and services, activists may focus their attention and efforts to fight it in the wrong places. We end up thinking of industrialization as being bad for children when, in fact, the salary from a parent's job in a factory is often the reason why children can stop working in the fields.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. It is clearly agriculture that uses most children to work in deprived conditions. We trust this to be true (the latest data is from 2024), but it is difficult to be completely accurate when making global estimates about child labor.\n\n### Where can I see country data?\nSee the [local areas](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?max=66&topic=street-view) where the poorest have to work in Dollar Street. \n","Child farmers","When you think of child labor, you picture children in factories or mines. But most of them work in agriculture."," Child farmers",{"metadata":386,"sys":394,"fields":406},{"tags":387,"concepts":393},[388,391],{"sys":389},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},"gender",{"sys":392},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":395,"id":397,"type":14,"createdAt":398,"updatedAt":399,"environment":400,"publishedVersion":402,"revision":403,"contentType":404,"locale":27},{"sys":396},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"AHHDYm3a4GU02SHy7cvl1","2023-04-21T09:52:34.537Z","2025-09-08T01:04:03.408Z",{"sys":401},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},62,37,{"sys":405},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":407,"answers":408,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":409,"name":410,"questionText":411,"statistics":412,"veryWrongStatistics":414,"correctSentence":416,"dataSourceShortText":417,"dataSourceLinkLongText":418},"1589",[],92,"Female labor force","In 1990, 39% of the global labour force was female. What is this value today?",[413],"usa 0.9182",[415],"usa 0.4455","Since 1990, the share of women in the labor force worldwide has more or less stayed the same.","Source: ILO & UN","[1]    [International Labour Organization and United Nations Population Division, via World Bank – Labor force, female (% of total labor force)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSL.TLF.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=XD-XM-XN-XT-1W)       ",{"metadata":420,"sys":427,"fields":439},{"tags":421,"concepts":426},[422,424],{"sys":423},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":425},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":428,"id":430,"type":14,"createdAt":431,"updatedAt":432,"environment":433,"publishedVersion":435,"revision":436,"contentType":437,"locale":27},{"sys":429},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2DP1SbV7xrtMhw8pn61aKf","2023-03-29T09:41:54.137Z","2025-01-22T13:44:11.858Z",{"sys":434},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},201,55,{"sys":438},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":440,"answers":441,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":442,"name":443,"questionText":444,"shortQuestionText":445,"statistics":446,"veryWrongStatistics":448,"correctSentence":450,"youWereWrong":451,"youWereRight":452,"dataSourceShortText":453,"dataSourceLinkLongText":454,"extendedAnswerText":455,"headingVeryWrong":456,"youWereVeryWrong":451,"headingWrong":456},"1528",[],79,"Population with access to basics","How many people worldwide have their basic needs met when it comes to food, water, toilets, electricity, schooling and healthcare?","How many people worldwide have their basic needs met (food, water, toilets, electricity, schooling and healthcare)?",[447],"uk 0.79",[449],"uk 0.485","Around 85% of the world’s population has access to food, water, basic toilets, electricity, schooling and healthcare.","There are still too many people suffering without access to the basics but they are way, way fewer than you imagine.","They recognize that there are still too many people suffering without access to the basics but hugely overestimate how many there are.","Source: UNDP and Various","For this question, we use data from the UNDP's Global Multidimensional Poverty Index[1], as well as the following sources: Food (UN - 91% with enough nutrition to meet their daily needs in 2022)[2]; Safe drinking water (UNICEF and WHO – 91% in 2022)[3]; Education (UNESCO – Primary completion rate, total 91% of relevant age group in 2022)[4]; Vaccination (WHO – one-year-old children vaccinated against at least one illness – 87% in 2022)[5]. \n\nThe data all comes from reliable sources that are trusted by the experts. It may not be the same 10% of people who are without access to food and vaccines for example, but we know that around 10% of the world’s population live in extreme poverty. \n\n[1]  [UNDP – 2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)](https:\u002F\u002Fhdr.undp.org\u002Fcontent\u002F2023-global-multidimensional-poverty-index-mpi#\u002Findicies\u002FMPI) \n[2]  [Hunger estimate from The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023, by UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization FAO, together with IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fcc3017en\u002Fonline\u002Fstate-food-security-and-nutrition-2023\u002Ffood-security-nutrition-indicators.html)   \n[3]  [JMP Global database of WASH data, managed by the WHO and Unicef](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew)  \n[4]  [UNESCO – schooling girls and boys](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1wOmoy-URJ9wO4kDduaFYdONxNyhBuoYJEgX6codJhJg\u002Fedit#gid=0) \n[5]  [Gapminder: Vaccinations for one-year-olds Dataset](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1wsC4mttEm3miJESn_Md5R8NbSOTCkEnkdO_FwoYNNFw\u002Fedit#gid=569008164)  \n[6]  [Where are on Education Recovery? UNICEF report with UNESCO and the World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Funesdoc.unesco.org\u002Fark:\u002F48223\u002Fpf0000381091)\n[7]  [Wasting data from Joint Child Malnutrition estimates by UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSH.STA.WAST.ZS)  \n","Food and water have always been the bare minimum people need. But in recent decades, vaccines, electricity, sanitation and education have become so widespread and essential to modern life that they can be added to the list of the very basics.\n\nToday, around 90% of people have enough food to eat and safe water to drink. More children are being educated than ever before – 90% of all boys and girls finish primary school. Most countries’ infrastructure has improved so much that vaccines can be kept cool enough for long enough to vaccinate 90% of the world’s babies.  \n\nThese are incredible developments, yet people don’t know about them! \n\nOf course, it is vitally important to make sure the remaining share of people in the world who don’t have easy access to these basics can get them. These are the poorest people in the world in the hardest to reach areas. But, the level of progress already reached should give us hope that reaching this last slice of humanity is not impossible!\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey see pictures of very poor people without enough food, living in terrible conditions and think there are more of them than there are. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt is not a problem to care about the suffering of people who live in difficult conditions. But, when we think that half the world’s population don’t have access to the absolute basics, we can think that the world never improved and that can create a sense of hopelessness.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, for each individual measure (access to enough nutrition, safe water, plus education and vaccinations) the data all comes from reliable sources that are trusted by the experts. It may not be the same 10% of people who are without access to food and vaccines for example, but we know that around 10% of the world’s population live in extreme poverty. \n","Most people have the basics!",{"metadata":458,"sys":465,"fields":477},{"tags":459,"concepts":464},[460,462],{"sys":461},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":463},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":466,"id":468,"type":14,"createdAt":469,"updatedAt":470,"environment":471,"publishedVersion":473,"revision":474,"contentType":475,"locale":27},{"sys":467},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"30299f092a52e74df8d457df05372ea9","2021-11-11T07:17:16.072Z","2026-01-22T09:12:02.272Z",{"sys":472},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},356,158,{"sys":476},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":478,"answers":479,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":480,"ruleOfThumbs":481,"name":482,"questionText":483,"statistics":484,"veryWrongStatistics":519,"correctSentence":557,"youWereWrong":558,"youWereRight":559,"dataSourceShortText":560,"dataSourceLinkLongText":561,"extendedAnswerText":562,"headingVeryWrong":563,"youWereVeryWrong":558,"headingWrong":563},"11",[],93,[],"In 1990, 58% of the world's population lived in lo","In 1990, 58% of the world's population lived in low-income countries. What is the share today?",[485,486,487,488,489,490,491,492,493,494,495,496,497,498,499,500,501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518],"uk 0.9512","nor 0.95958059745637","fin 0.984133284697456","dnk 0.950868237803684","are 0.839","arg 0.947","aus 0.953","bel 0.965","bra 0.939","can 0.955","chn 0.855","col 0.97","deu 0.969","egy 0.909","esp 0.903","fra 0.948","hun 0.972","idn 0.944","ita 0.897","jor 0.907","jpn 0.941","kor 0.919","mar 0.931","mex 0.966","mys 0.91","per 0.911","pol 0.947","rou 0.955","rus 0.967","sau 0.828","sgp 0.892","swe 0.929","tur 0.876","usa 0.956",[520,521,522,523,524,525,526,527,528,529,530,531,532,533,534,535,536,537,538,539,540,541,542,543,544,545,546,547,548,549,550,551,552,553,554,230,555,556,233],"uk 0.5567","usa 0.5692","arg 0.556","aus 0.5275","bel 0.6008","bra 0.5370","can 0.5934","chn 0.1258","fra 0.5112","deu 0.5877","hun 0.5920","idn 0.3253","ita 0.4055","jpn 0.4548","mex 0.5250","pol 0.3573","rus 0.5154","sau 0.2774","sgp 0.3022","kor 0.2735","esp 0.5003","swe 0.4256","tur 0.4562","mys 0.2975","egy 0.4371","are 0.3234","col 0.54","rou 0.4331","per 0.3770","jor 0.5071","mar 0.4382","dnk 0.5","fin 0.56","nor 0.47","zaf 0.48","pak 0.48","nga 0.62","Today, only 9% of people live in low-income countries.","Many think that low-income countries are still many. Most people don’t realize that AVERAGE incomes have increased a lot, even in countries where many still live in poverty.","Many think that low-income countries are still many. They don’t realize that AVERAGE incomes have increased a lot in countries where many still live in poverty.","Sources: World Bank & UN","This is based on the World Bank’s definition[1] of low-income countries based on their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. Countries belong to the group if their income falls below a specific threshold, which increases slightly over the years, almost keeping pace with the inflation of the US dollar.\n\nIn 1990, there were 53 countries below the threshold which was then $610. The total population of those countries was 3.1 billion, which was 58% of the world population of 5.3 billion, based on the population estimates from the UN Population Division[2]. In 2022, the threshold for being labeled as a low-income country had risen to $1,135 or less [3] when only 26 countries had average incomes below that, and their combined population was 0.7 billion people, which is 9% of the world population of 8 billion. \n\nThere were 53 countries that were low-income in 1990. Today there are 26. Many countries have moved to a higher income but some dropped down to low-income from previously being middle-income countries (including Yemen and Syria).\n\nThe unit used for these GNI numbers is US Dollars converted from national currencies with the so-called Atlas method [4], which uses the average exchange rate of the three recent years. This method of converting currencies doesn’t account for price differences and purchasing power differences between countries. And national averages don’t express the income inequalities within countries which have been increasing in all these countries, as the income growth has been very unevenly distributed among the population. No matter what, a majority of people today have higher incomes than the majority in these countries had in 1990[5].\n\n[1]  [Classifying countries by income, the World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdatatopics.worldbank.org\u002Fworld-development-indicators\u002Fstories\u002Fthe-classification-of-countries-by-income.html)  \n[2]  [UN World Population Prospects](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002F)  \n[3]  [New country classifications by income level: 2019-2020, the World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fopendata\u002Fnew-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2021-2022)  \n[4]  [World Bank Atlas Method](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F378832-what-is-the-world-bank-atlas-method)  \n[5]  [Gapminder Income Mountains](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ffw\u002Fincome-mountains\u002F)","For most companies in most industries, global competition intensified during the past 30 years because of something that most of them couldn’t anticipate, and still haven’t fully realized. \n\nThe majority of the world’s population moved from living in low-income countries to middle-income countries. Not by moving to a different country. They moved their country average by becoming richer.\n\nMany people in used-to-be-low-income countries started manufacturing products and made money by successfully competing on the global markets, instead of being small-scale farmers like their parents used to be. They increased their incomes and thereby pushed up the average income per person to the point where their countries were reclassified as middle-income countries. And it wasn’t just China, it happened in many big countries like India, Nigeria, Colombia, Indonesia, Brazil and Bangladesh. \n\nBut even if the majority in these countries got richer, not everyone living there did. Today these new middle-income countries are still home to roughly half of the world’s extremely poor, living on less than $2\u002Fday.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf people have an outdated view that the world hasn’t improved at all and that it is still only divided by rich and poor, they miss so many opportunities to travel, study, move and do business.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nSlow positive changes don’t show up in the media, so it is easy to lose track of how countries have progressed. We are left with what we learned in school or what is passed on to us by our parents, which is often out of date.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes. It is based on the World Bank’s definition of low-income countries based on their Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. Countries belong to the group if their income falls below a specific threshold, which increases slightly over the years, almost keeping pace with the inflation of the US dollar.\n\nIn 1990, there were 53 countries below the threshold which was then $610. The total population of those countries was 3.1 billion, which was 58% of the world population of 5.3 billion, based on the population estimates from the UN Population Division[2]. In 2022, the threshold for being labeled as a low-income country had risen to $1,135 [3] when only 26 countries had average incomes below that, and their combined population was 0.7 billion people, which is 9% of the world population of 8 billion. \n\nThe definition of extreme poverty does not vary between countries. It was increased in 2022 to $2.15 per person per day from $1.90 (we say \"around $2\" a day in our explanation to simplify), and is the same everywhere.\n\nThe unit used for these GNI numbers is US Dollars converted from national currencies with the so-called Atlas method, which uses the average exchange rate of the three recent years. This method of converting currencies doesn’t account for price differences and purchasing power differences, between countries. And national averages don’t express the income inequalities within countries which have been increasing in all these countries, as the income growth has been very unevenly distributed among the population. No matter what, a majority of people today have higher incomes than the majority in these countries had in 1990.\n\n### Discover more\nIn the [World Health Chart](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fwhc) you can see the amazing improvements in health and incomes for all countries over the last 200 years, showing country averages. But average incomes hide inequalities. The income differences are still wide in most of these countries, which is visible when looking at the [income distributions over time](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ffw\u002Fincome-mountains\u002F). \n\nWhile statistics can help us see the big patterns that most people are unaware of, they don’t let us see what the reality behind the data looks like. To fully understand how much better life is today for many people in middle-income countries, and to see what life looks like in extreme poverty there, visit [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street) \n","More are richer now",{"metadata":565,"sys":572,"fields":583},{"tags":566,"concepts":571},[567,569],{"sys":568},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":570},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":573,"id":575,"type":14,"createdAt":576,"updatedAt":577,"environment":578,"publishedVersion":364,"revision":580,"contentType":581,"locale":27},{"sys":574},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7pe9A4mP8D7I8oPQA6dPFt","2023-11-15T10:17:55.322Z","2025-01-22T13:44:12.210Z",{"sys":579},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},7,{"sys":582},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":584,"answers":585,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"veryWrongPercentage":587,"name":588,"questionText":589,"statistics":590,"veryWrongStatistics":592,"correctSentence":594,"dataSourceShortText":595,"dataSourceLinkLongText":596},"1758",[],66,20,"Services as share of GDP","Of all money earned in the world, how much comes from services, such as administration, banking, care, teaching, transport and entertainment?",[591],"uk 0.66",[593],"uk 0.20","The services sector represents more than 60% of all incomes globally.","Source: The World Bank","\n[1]  [The World Bank – Services, value added (% of GDP)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FNV.SRV.TOTL.ZS)        ",{"metadata":598,"sys":601,"fields":613},{"tags":599,"concepts":600},[],[],{"space":602,"id":604,"type":14,"createdAt":605,"updatedAt":606,"environment":607,"publishedVersion":609,"revision":610,"contentType":611,"locale":27},{"sys":603},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"15d2cd5c54eed5574028eae7146f693f","2021-11-11T07:04:47.791Z","2025-02-17T15:36:02.457Z",{"sys":608},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},334,82,{"sys":612},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":614,"answers":615,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":617,"questionText":618,"statistics":619,"veryWrongStatistics":625,"correctSentence":631,"youWereWrong":632,"youWereRight":633,"dataSourceShortText":634,"dataSourceLinkLongText":635,"extendedAnswerText":636,"headingVeryWrong":637,"youWereVeryWrong":638,"headingWrong":639},"15",[],80,"What share of the world's population are refugees?","What share of the world's population are international refugees?",[620,621,622,623,624],"uk 0.87","swe 0.87","dnk 0.92","fin 0.9","nor 0.92",[626,627,628,629,630],"uk 0.50","swe 0.37","dnk 0.36","fin 0.34","nor 0.35","Around 0.6% of the world’s population are international refugees.","You probably want to help refugees in some way, but as you are inflating the amount 10 times it must seem too costly to help them all.","As they inflate the number more than 10 times, they probably think it’s too costly to help them all.","Source: UNHCR","The number we use of around 0.6% is correct as of June 2023. It was calculated by dividing the number of international refugees (46 million) with the total world population of 8 billion. The number of refugees we use also includes asylum seekers and Venezuelans displaced abroad. We used the highest estimate to make sure we are not underestimating the share of refugees. This 46 million also includes the 5.7 million Ukrainians who had fled the country at the time we wrote this update. We cross-checked these figures with a UNHCR expert who confirmed our correct answer is correct.\n\n[1]  [UNHCR Figures at a glance](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unhcr.org\u002Ffigures-at-a-glance.html)  \n[2]  [UN Population Prospects 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpd\u002Fcontent\u002FWorld-Population-Prospects-2024)\n[3]  [UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unrwa.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fcontent\u002Fresources\u002Funrwa_in_figures_2020_eng_v2_final.pdf)\n[4]  [UNHCR - Ukraine refugee data by year](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unhcr.org\u002Frefugee-statistics\u002Fdownload\u002F?url=6r9OTN) \n[5]  [UNHCR - Ukraine refugee situation](https:\u002F\u002Fdata2.unhcr.org\u002Fen\u002Fsituations\u002Fukraine) ","Refugees are in the news all the time, so it isn’t surprising that most people answer this question wrongly. When you hear that there are 46 million international refugees it seems like a big number, but it’s NOT if you divide it by the total world population of 8 billion. Then it’s less than one percent! The majority of people think that more than 6% of the world’s population are refugees, which would mean that 1 in every 20 people is a refugee. In reality, it’s more like 1 in 200.\n\nOf course, that global average disguises the fact that some countries stretch their resources far more than others in order to help people fleeing their countries. Our point is not to trivialize the trauma of people having to flee their homes or how hard some countries work to try to help refugees. What it is important to recognize is that there are more than enough resources to help the world’s refugees if more countries stepped up to help those in need.\n\nWe have tested this question on people with very different opinions about migration, and everyone was equally wrong about this, independent of their opinions. No matter how and where they think refugees should be supported, in reality the task to help them is smaller than they believe.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we overestimate the number of refugees, we can think there are too many to help. Helping those in need seems a lot more achievable when we realize they are only 0.6% of the world’s population!\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThe media and politicians often talk about refugees and migration, so it’s no surprise people overestimate the numbers. \n\n### Where can I find the data about refugees in different countries? \nYou can find these numbers on the [UNHCR website ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unhcr.org\u002Fflagship-reports\u002Fglobaltrends\u002F), or in this Gapminder graph [showing the share of refugees in all countries.](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Firefs). These figures get updated when they become publicly available.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, the figures come from UNHCR, which are used by experts in the field. This was calculated by adding the UNHCR definition of international refugees in 2022 to asylum seekers and Venezuelans displaced abroad to get a total of around 46 million. This was then divided with the total world population of 8 billion people. We used the highest estimate to make sure we are not underestimating the share of refugees. We checked these figures with a UNHCR expert who agreed that our calculations including Ukrainians were correct.\n\n### How does the current situation in Ukraine affect the data?\n\nRussia’s invasion of Ukraine has caused many Ukrainians to seek refuge in other countries.\n\nThe current situation in Ukraine is developing rapidly and [UNHCR estimates are updated daily, here](https:\u002F\u002Fdata2.unhcr.org\u002Fen\u002Fsituations\u002Fukraine).\nThe total flow of refugees may not include those who have returned to Ukraine. We used the figure of 5.7 million on the recommendation of a UNHCR expert who explained that the situation when it comes to people returning or leaving again is very fluid. \n","There are 1 billion imaginary refugees in your head","You probably want to help refugees in some way, but as you are inflating the amount 30 times it must seem too costly to help them all.","There are 300 million imaginary refugees in your head",{"metadata":641,"sys":649,"fields":660},{"tags":642,"concepts":648},[643,645],{"sys":644},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":646},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},"sustainableCities",[],{"space":650,"id":652,"type":14,"createdAt":653,"updatedAt":654,"environment":655,"publishedVersion":657,"revision":364,"contentType":658,"locale":27},{"sys":651},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3a970c6a841e9c6f70286990c2f36931","2021-11-11T07:10:22.276Z","2026-02-26T10:16:18.187Z",{"sys":656},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},64,{"sys":659},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":661,"answers":662,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":663,"questionText":664,"statistics":665,"veryWrongStatistics":667,"correctSentence":669,"youWereWrong":670,"youWereRight":671,"dataSourceShortText":672,"dataSourceLinkLongText":673,"extendedAnswerText":674,"headingVeryWrong":675,"youWereVeryWrong":670,"headingWrong":675},"79",[],"Future Megacity population","Megacities are cities with more than 10 million inhabitants. What share of the world's population is expected to live in megacities in 2050?",[666],"uk 0.82",[668],"uk 0.28","UN experts say 8% of people will be living in megacities by 2050.","Megacities look great in movies and they’re also where lots of journalists and entertainment producers live. But in 2050, most people will live in smaller cities, just like today.","Most people wrongly believe most people will live in giant cities in 25 years time.","Source:  UN - World Urbanization Prospects 2025","These numbers are projections, so of course they can’t be considered perfect. Things may change in the coming years, but it is unlikely that in the next decade tens of millions of people will move from smaller cities to big ones. According to the UN in 2025, around 7.6% of the world's 8 billion population lived in the 33 megacities.\n\nThe UN estimate could potentially be a bit too low, as there is no international standard for defining city boundaries when counting citizens. If the more generous methods that include sparsely populated outskirts were used everywhere, then a few more cities would maybe qualify as megacities. Despite that legitimate concern, most cities are not even close to 10 million people. The UN projects that the number of megacities will grow from 34 to 37 by 2050, but the people living in them will still only make up 7.9% of the global population. \n\nBecause of the uncertainty of projections, we put huge differences between the three answer options safe in the knowledge that the two wrong answers couldn’t possibly be correct unless there is an unprecedented migration of billions of people from small cities to large cities in the next 10 years.\n\n[1]  [UN - World Urbanization Prospects 2025](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwup\u002Fassets\u002FPublications\u002Fundesa_pd_2025_wup2025_summary_of_results_final.pdf)  \n[2]  [UN - The World’s Cities in 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fevents\u002Fcitiesday\u002Fassets\u002Fpdf\u002Fthe_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf)  ","Today, only 8% of the world’s population live in megacities, but many people think it's a lot more. It’s probably because megacities like New York, London and Beijing get a disproportionate amount of attention in the media. \n\nWe know half of people live in urban areas and we know the urban population keeps growing. We mistakenly believe that the biggest cities are the only ones that will grow. They will grow too, but they represent a minority of cities. Most cities are much smaller. So, even if the share of people living in megacities will grow in the future, it's much more modest than people assume. Most of the growth in the population will happen in smaller cities. \n\nWhen we picture how cities will look in the future, it is often like something out of a science fiction movie. Realistically life in 2050 will likely be very similar today.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIn many ways, it’s easier to create a sustainable lifestyle in a city, compared to remote rural areas, where scalable solutions for many citizens are difficult to create. Cities often have better education, health care, public transport, sewage, more effective energy use, etc. But the discussion about future urbanization tends to focus too much on the megacities, probably because they seem so futuristic. But their needs are not typical for most cities. Most cities are smaller, with access to nature close by. They have more to learn from similar sized cities in other parts of the world. They need regular sized waste management and transport systems. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe are bombarded with movies, TV shows and images in the news of huge metropolises. They seem like the center of the world because that is where the journalists and movie makers live. Unsurprisingly, people think that is where lots of other people live. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but you should always take future numbers with a grain of salt, as they are forecasts and they are never perfect. The UN number mixes data from countries that use different criteria to determine where the boundary of a city is. If the more generous methods that include sparsely populated outskirts were used everywhere, then a few more cities would maybe qualify as megacities, which could be a reason to think that the UN estimate may potentially be a bit too low. But even with the more generous way of counting city outskirts, the megacity population in 2050 will not be higher than 10% of the world population.\n\n### Find out more\nTake a look at [Gapminder tools](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=cities_w_more_10m_p&source=fasttrack&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1)  where you can see the number of people living in cities with more than 10 million people in different countries.\n","Most will live in smaller cities",{"metadata":677,"sys":685,"fields":697},{"tags":678,"concepts":684},[679,682],{"sys":680},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},"energy",{"sys":683},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":686,"id":688,"type":14,"createdAt":689,"updatedAt":690,"environment":691,"publishedVersion":693,"revision":694,"contentType":695,"locale":27},{"sys":687},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"71f574f49a787821d68cfa8febe666d8","2021-11-11T07:08:20.352Z","2025-02-10T10:57:48.115Z",{"sys":692},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},198,94,{"sys":696},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":698,"answers":699,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":146,"name":700,"questionText":701,"statistics":702,"veryWrongStatistics":707,"correctSentence":712,"youWereWrong":713,"youWereRight":714,"dataSourceShortText":715,"dataSourceLinkLongText":716,"extendedAnswerText":717,"headingVeryWrong":718,"youWereVeryWrong":719,"headingWrong":720},"59",[],"During the past 40 years the amount of oil and nat","During the past 40 years the total amount of oil and natural gas in known underground reserves:",[703,704,705,706],"deu 0.91","swe 0.89","uk 0.90","usa 0.78",[708,709,710,711],"usa 0.43","deu 0.58","swe 0.63","uk 0.62","The known reserves of oil and natural gas more than doubled during the past 40 years.","Many believe that we will run out of fossil fuels, but that isn’t the problem. We have to stop using them way before they run out.","They hadn’t realized that the amount of reserves have increased through new discoveries even as we continue to use more oil and gas.","Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy","The data we used comes from the BP Statistical Review of World Energy and it shows that known oil reserves in 2020 were 153% bigger than in 1980 and that natural gas reserves were 165% bigger in the same period. \n\nThe term \"known reserves\" we use in this question is called \"proved reserves\" in the BP data. Proved (or known) reserves are  \"those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and geological conditions.\" There are more resources that are known about but, with the current technology, don't meet the criteria of \"proved reserves\" that can actually be used.\n\nThe data isn’t perfect as companies and governments may not always want to release all the details of their known reserves. However, three independent experts we consulted about this question said they recognized BP’s data as the best available and that the doubling of known reserves during the past 40 years is correct.\n\n[1]  [Increase in oil and natural gas reserves since 1980. Data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Gapminder spreadsheet ](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1K_NBgPwCf7iupitTQeIGG8fTsoJTLr0xW0pHXKmXCxw\u002Fedit#gid=0)  \n[2]  [BP Statistical Review of World Energy](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bp.com\u002Fen\u002Fglobal\u002Fcorporate\u002Fenergy-economics\u002Fstatistical-review-of-world-energy\u002Fdownloads.html)  \n[3]  [Our World In Data - “How long before we run out of fossil fuels?”](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhow-long-before-we-run-out-of-fossil-fuels)\n[4]  We consulted three independent experts for this question, including Paul Behrens of Leiden University.","\nYou may have thought we will need to switch to renewable energy sources when fossil fuel reserves run low. History has shown us, though, that as technology has improved, more oil and gas reserves have been found and pumped out of the ground.\n\nTo prevent the absolute worst effects of climate change, oil and gas reserves must stay in the ground. They will never run out, just become more expensive to extract, and if we continue to burn them as we have been, scientists predict catastrophic climate change. \n\nAs oil and gas becomes harder to get to and renewable sources become more commonly used, it will make more financial sense to leave fossil fuels in the ground to switch to cleaner, renewable sources instead. We just need to do it more quickly!\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThinking we will simply switch to renewable energy sources when fossil fuels run low is hugely naive. To avoid the worst impacts of climate change, fossil fuel reserves need to be left in the ground. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey think that as we use more oil and gas, the reserves will run lower. They hadn’t realized that as technology improves, it becomes more possible to find and extract fossil fuels.\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes. The data we used comes from the BP Statistical Review of World Energy and it shows that known oil reserves in 2020 were 153% bigger than in 1980 and that natural gas reserves were 265% bigger in the same period. \n\nThe term \"known reserves\" we use in this question is called \"proved reserves\" in the BP data. Proved (or known) reserves are \"those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and geological conditions.\" There are more resources that are known about but, with the current technology, don't meet the criteria of \"proved reserves\" that can actually be used.\n\nThe data isn’t perfect as companies and governments may not always want to release all the details of their known reserves. However, three independent experts we consulted about this question said they recognized BP’s data as the best available and that the doubling of known reserves during the past 40 years is correct.\n","The Stone Agers didn’t run out of stones","It’s intuitive to think the known reserves declined as we used more fossil fuels, but they actually increased as we discovered more reserves.","We discovered more than we used",{"metadata":722,"sys":725,"fields":737},{"tags":723,"concepts":724},[],[],{"space":726,"id":728,"type":14,"createdAt":729,"updatedAt":730,"environment":731,"publishedVersion":733,"revision":734,"contentType":735,"locale":27},{"sys":727},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"TLtVUJTewlKxg1hYms9Du","2023-11-28T10:52:33.644Z","2025-09-29T08:23:06.231Z",{"sys":732},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},54,17,{"sys":736},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":738,"answers":739,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"veryWrongPercentage":741,"name":742,"questionText":743,"statistics":744,"veryWrongStatistics":746,"correctSentence":748,"dataSourceShortText":749,"dataSourceLinkLongText":750,"extendedAnswerText":751},"1764",[],76,40,"EU and US GHG emissions since 2000","What happened to CO2 emissions from the EU and USA since 2005?",[745],"usa 0.76",[747],"usa 0.4","CO2 emissions declined by around 20% from the EU and USA since 2005.\n","Source: Global Carbon Budget","\n[1]  [Global Carbon Budget, via Our World In Data – Consumption-based CO₂ emissions](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fconsumption-co2-emissions?tab=chart&country=USA~European+Union+%2828%29)                         \n\n[2]  [ Global Carbon Budget, via Our World In Data – Annual CO₂ emissions](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fannual-co2-emissions-per-country?country=USA~European+Union+%2828%29)          \n","You can explore the data at [Our World in Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fexplorers\u002Fco2?facet=none&country=USA~European+Union+%2828%29&Gas+or+Warming=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting=Consumption-based&Count=Per+country).\n\n![US and EU CO2 emissions update](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4LQICQEJ9DFWjn97Of8opv\u002Ff709fb497c30a98ae2b05b70ee541c25\u002FScreenshot_2025-09-29_at_10.18.11.png)\n",{"metadata":753,"sys":761,"fields":772},{"tags":754,"concepts":760},[755,758],{"sys":756},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},"climate",{"sys":759},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":762,"id":764,"type":14,"createdAt":765,"updatedAt":766,"environment":767,"publishedVersion":769,"revision":259,"contentType":770,"locale":27},{"sys":763},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4rQFGIThMVU0typYZ2aUlM","2023-09-05T14:43:27.746Z","2025-01-22T13:44:13.019Z",{"sys":768},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},72,{"sys":771},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":773,"answers":774,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":775,"questionText":776,"statistics":777,"veryWrongStatistics":781,"correctSentence":786,"dataSourceShortText":787,"dataSourceLinkLongText":788,"extendedAnswerText":789},"1717",[],"CO2 in Lower MIC vs HIC","Countries with incomes like India, Morocco and Bolivia, emit how much CO2 per person, compared to high-income countries?",[778,779,666,780],"swe 0.80","usa 0.82","deu 0.84",[782,783,784,785],"swe 0.36","usa 0.33","uk 0.35","deu 0.37","Lower-middle-income countries like India, Morocco and Bolivia emit roughly 1.6 tonnes per person, which is around 86% less than high-income countries, which emit 11.1 tonnes per person..\n","Source: Global Carbon Project ","Gapminder has calculated the average of different income groups[1], based on data for Consumption Emissions of CO2 from the Global Carbon Project [2].\nThose are consumption-based emissions in 2020, inventories allocate emissions to products that are consumed within a country and are conceptually calculated as the territorial emissions minus the “embodied” territorial emissions to produce exported products plus the emissions in other countries to produce imported products (consumption is equal to territorial minus exports plus imports). Million Tonnes of CO2 per capita \n\nWe can also do the same calculation with Production CO2 emissions data from Climate Watch Historical GHG emissions via World Bank [3]. With these data, the lower-middle-income countries have an average of 1.5 tonnes per person, which is 83% lower than high-income Countries with 8.7 tonne per person.  \n\n[1]  [Gapminder calculations from Global Carbon Project data](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1VrwB6xdr9cWLX086jQGDdcTZ5z1noxRU-xmulO0SCfQ\u002Fedit#gid=1055424037)\n\n[2]  [Global Carbon Project](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.icos-cp.eu\u002Fscience-and-impact\u002Fglobal-carbon-budget\u002F2021)\n\n[3]  [Climate Watch Historical GHG emissions via World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FEN.ATM.CO2E.PC?locations=XD-IN-BO-PH-MA)\n","The countries called Lower-Middle Income Countries, emit seven times less CO2 per person, compared to high-income countries.",{"metadata":791,"sys":799,"fields":811},{"tags":792,"concepts":798},[793,795],{"sys":794},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":796},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},"oceans",[],{"space":800,"id":802,"type":14,"createdAt":803,"updatedAt":804,"environment":805,"publishedVersion":807,"revision":808,"contentType":809,"locale":27},{"sys":801},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1z3ygBkb7TXYnhfm6Np4su","2023-05-03T15:43:03.260Z","2025-06-27T23:13:57.417Z",{"sys":806},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},57,16,{"sys":810},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":812,"answers":813,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":402,"name":814,"questionText":815,"statistics":816,"veryWrongStatistics":818,"correctSentence":820,"youWereWrong":821,"youWereRight":822,"dataSourceShortText":823,"dataSourceLinkLongText":824,"extendedAnswerText":825,"headingVeryWrong":826,"youWereVeryWrong":821,"headingWrong":826},"1521",[],"Overfishing vs 1950","When biologists started counting fish in the oceans in 1950, around 1% of existing fish stocks were overexploited. By 2021 this share was...",[817],"usa 0.62",[819],"usa 0.1964","The share of assessed fish stocks which have been fished to a point where they are at risk of collapse went from less than 1% in 1950 to more than 37% in 2021.","People overestimate most problems – but not this one! We can’t see under the surface of the water and the media doesn’t report much on the types of fish that have gone missing.","We can’t see under the surface of the water and the media doesn’t report much on the types of fish that have gone missing.","Source: FAO & Sea Around Us","The FAO is widely respected by many experts, but critics do not like the fact that it comes directly from governments. Some, they say, may have reasons to adjust their figures, while others may not be able to provide very accurate estimates. That is where we get the figure of 37% from that we use in this question. One alternative is the Sea Around Us - a project from the university of British Columbia - which has been working to replace the “missing data” that exists in the FAO numbers, which they believe comes from unreported catch numbers. The Sea Around Us’ numbers are quite a bit higher than those reported by the FAO, but the trend when it comes to overfishing is very similar (actually higher today, at around 40-50%). The figure of 1% of fish stocks being overfished in the 1950s actually comes from the Sea Around Us, so we are confident it is not an underestimation (even though it doesn’t take into account fish stocks that may have been overfished in the decades before they started counting.)\n\n[1]  [The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.fao.org\u002Fserver\u002Fapi\u002Fcore\u002Fbitstreams\u002Ff985caed-cc7a-457e-8107-7ce16c6ef209\u002Fcontent)  \n[2]  [Sea Around Us](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.seaaroundus.org\u002Fdata\u002F#\u002Fglobal?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10)  \n","The share of fish stocks that have been counted and are now close to collapse are more than 37% (some estimates are nearer 50%!). \n\nWhen fish stocks started to be counted in the 1950s, it didn’t take into account all the species that had been overfished before that time. However, it’s still clear that the long-term trend is that the share of species being overfished has continued to grow, even if it is creeping up slowly.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen fish seem plentiful in restaurants and shops, people don’t realize the scale of overfishing. In a different question related to this most thought that more fish were being caught, so it is a little surprising they think that more species haven’t been overfished. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nKnowing how many stocks of wild fish are being fished close to collapse is important for people to understand when they are making decisions about what they should eat and how they focus their energy when it comes to protecting ecosystems and the environment.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but recognize that fishing data is disputed. The FAO is widely respected by many experts, but critics do not like the fact that it comes directly from governments. Some, they say, may have reasons to adjust their figures, while others may not be able to provide very accurate estimates. That is where we get the figure of 37% from that we use in this question. One alternative is the Sea Around Us - a project from the university of British Columbia - which has been working to replace the “missing data” that exists in the FAO numbers, which they believe comes from unreported catch numbers. The Sea Around Us’ numbers are quite a bit higher than those reported by the FAO, but the trend when it comes to overfishing is very similar (actually higher today, at around 40-50%). The figure of 1% of fish stocks being overfished in the 1950s actually comes from the Sea Around Us, so we are confident it is not an underestimation (even though it doesn’t take into account fish stocks that may have been overfished in the decades before they started counting.)\n","Fishing Gone",{"metadata":828,"sys":836,"fields":848},{"tags":829,"concepts":835},[830,832],{"sys":831},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":833},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},"land",[],{"space":837,"id":839,"type":14,"createdAt":840,"updatedAt":841,"environment":842,"publishedVersion":844,"revision":845,"contentType":846,"locale":27},{"sys":838},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1rcEMoapGFzzo1OMyXz8Wr","2022-09-27T13:50:23.086Z","2025-06-27T21:47:15.337Z",{"sys":843},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},112,30,{"sys":847},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"globalId":849,"answers":850,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":852,"questionText":853,"statistics":854,"veryWrongStatistics":856,"correctSentence":858,"youWereWrong":859,"youWereRight":860,"dataSourceShortText":861,"dataSourceLinkLongText":862,"extendedAnswerText":863,"headingVeryWrong":864,"youWereVeryWrong":859,"headingWrong":864},"1498",[],75,"Vertebrates population sizes","For all vertebrate species (animals with skeletons), how much did their wild populations decline on average during the past 50 years?",[855],"uk 0.75",[857],"uk 0.23","Vertebrate species declined by 73% over the past 50 years.","There has been a bigger decline across wild populations of mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles than you imagined.\n","There has been a bigger decline across wild populations of mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles than they imagined.\n","Source: Zoological School of London and WWF","Counting animals is extremely difficult and only a tiny fraction of all known species have been counted. The figures we use for this question come from the WWF’s and ZSL's Living Planet Index and it looks at nearly 35,000 populations of 5,495 species between 1970 and 2020. The data comes from results published by others, as the Living Planet Index has none of its own data collectors. For that reason, the species and study areas are not fully representative of all vertebrate species or areas (e.g. there are a lot of birds surveyed and a lot of surveys in North America and Europe compared to other continents). The 73% average given is within an uncertainty range of between 67% and 78%. And, as discussed above, it is vital to recognize that figure is an average across all of the animals surveyed. Some will have declined more and some would have had an increasing number. Despite these shortcomings, two independent experts we consulted for this question consider the Living Planet Index as a reliable source and that our correct answer is the best figure available. \n\nThe example of how to average out the declines was inspired by an example written in an article for The Atlantic by journalist Ed Yong. The piece is listed in the sources below.\n\n[1]  [WWF – Living Planet Report 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fwwflpr.awsassets.panda.org\u002Fdownloads\u002F2024-living-planet-report-a-system-in-peril.pdf) \n[2]  [The Atlantic - “Wait, Have We Really Wiped Out 60 Percent of Animals?” by Ed Yong, published on October 31, 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\u002Fscience\u002Farchive\u002F2018\u002F10\u002Fhave-we-really-killed-60-percent-animals-1970\u002F574549\u002F)  \n[3]  [Wildlife Comeback Report 2022](https:\u002F\u002Frewildingeurope.com\u002Fwildlife-comeback-report-2022\u002F)  ","Counting animals is hard and any estimate of their numbers is a small snapshot of the situation. Of the vertebrate species that have been counted, there has been a 73% decrease on average between 1970 and 2020.\n\nThat does not mean that 73% of all wild mammals, birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles have disappeared in that time. That is the average across all populations. For example, say there are 5,000 panthers, 500 tigers and 50 polar bears (these are not real population numbers, just made up ones to explain). And then a few decades later, the number of panthers has declined 10% to 4,500, the number of tigers has declined 80% to 100 and the number of polar bears has declined 90% to just 5, that makes an AVERAGE decline of 60%. But the ACTUAL number of animals went down from 5,550 to 4,605 (which is a drop of just 17%).\n\nOf the nearly 35,000 animal populations that have been tracked back to 1970, around half have populations that have declined. That means that the average declines across those particular populations is higher than 73%. But, it also means that the other half of the animal populations studied have not been decreasing (for example the numbers of wolves, brown bears and white-tailed eagles in Europe have been INCREASING.)\n\nThe WWF says that the main reasons for the loss of wild animals are the “explosion in global trade, consumption and human population growth, as well as an enormous move towards urbanization.”\n\nBut the increase in some previously critically endangered populations show that targeted conservation efforts can be effective.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt is vital to recognize how much some populations have declined so conservation and funding can be focused on the most threatened species.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople encounter birds and other animals on a daily basis so it can be hard to imagine just how much the populations of species have declined.  \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but it is important to understand what is measured and the weakness of the data. As mentioned above, counting animals is extremely difficult and only a tiny fraction of all known species have been counted. The figures we use for this question come from the WWF’s Living Planet Index and it looks at nearly 35,000 populations of 5,495 species between 1970 and 2020. The data comes from results published by others, as the Living Planet Index has none of its own data collectors. For that reason, the species and study areas are not fully representative of all vertebrate species or areas (e.g. there are a lot of birds surveyed and a lot of surveys in North America and Europe compared to other continents). The 73% average given is within an uncertainty range of between 63% and 75%. And, as discussed above, it is vital to recognize that figure is an average across all of the animals surveyed. Some will have declined more and some would have had an increasing number. Despite these shortcomings, two independent experts we consulted for this question consider the Living Planet Index as a reliable source and that our correct answer is the best figure available. \n","Unimaginable decline!",{"metadata":866,"sys":874,"fields":886},{"tags":867,"concepts":873},[868,870],{"sys":869},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":871},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},"peace",[],{"space":875,"id":877,"type":14,"createdAt":878,"updatedAt":879,"environment":880,"publishedVersion":882,"revision":883,"contentType":884,"locale":27},{"sys":876},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"146X8q247g9AmLq62k0ytg","2022-10-13T09:50:26.595Z","2025-07-22T20:52:34.024Z",{"sys":881},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},84,26,{"sys":885},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":887,"answers":888,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":890,"questionText":891,"shortQuestionText":892,"statistics":893,"veryWrongStatistics":896,"correctSentence":899,"youWereWrong":900,"youWereRight":901,"dataSourceShortText":902,"dataSourceLinkLongText":903,"extendedAnswerText":904,"headingVeryWrong":905,"youWereVeryWrong":906,"headingWrong":905},"1499",[],78,"Wars between states 1950 vs today","In the 1950s, 50% of all wars occurred between countries that are recognized as sovereign states by the UN. What is that number today?","In the 1950s, 50% of all wars occurred between countries recognized as sovereign states by the UN. What is it today?",[894,895],"uk 0.721","swe 0.835",[897,898],"uk 0.255","swe 0.2233","Around 5% of all wars today are between countries recognized as sovereign states. ","Since the UN came into existence, there have been fewer international wars between countries (but actually more wars within!)","Since the UN came into existence, there have been fewer wars between countries (but actually more wars within!)\n","Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program","The data comes from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program which looks at 'State-based' conflicts, which it defines as: “a contested incompatibility that concerns government and\u002For territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in a calendar year.” Since the 1950s, the number of conflicts between states has declined, while the number of civil conflicts has increased a lot.\n\n[1]  [Uppsala Conflict Data Program](https:\u002F\u002Fucdp.uu.se\u002Fdownloads\u002F)  \n[2]  [Our World In Data - War and Peace](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fwar-and-peace)  \n[3]  [UN – A New Era of Conflict and Violence](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fun75\u002Fnew-era-conflict-and-violence)  ","After the Second World War, the UN was founded to prevent a third one. Since then, the number of “international armed conflicts” have declined to 5% of all conflicts.  We have experienced 70 years of world peace, in the sense that there has been no armed conflicts between superpowers, which has enabled the fastest ever increase of human progress and prosperity.\n\nThis long period of peace can’t be attributed to the UN alone. There are at least three clear reasons why fewer countries attacked their neighbors during the past 70 years. First: Most colonies became independent, and there are almost no colonial wars any longer; Second: The cold war divided the world into two blocks, the west and the east, which meant most countries saw no reason to attack their allies and they didn’t dare to attack the opposite side because of the threat posed by nuclear weapons; Third: The boom in international trade made it less attractive to attack trading partners.\n\nBut this decline of international conflicts doesn’t mean that all armed conflicts have decreased. Quite the opposite! The amount of civil wars and domestic conflicts within countries have actually increased enormously, as the graph below shows. Some international conflicts are also fought ‘in disguise’. Countries avoid declaring official war, and they instead recruit private military and security companies, criminal gangs, and international terrorist groups to perform attacks in other territories. The graph also shows that many civil conflicts involve armies from other countries. Those are often not recorded as international conflicts, despite the foreign army supporting the domestic army against an internal enemy. \n\n[![graph wars between countries ](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5odHakhj8yNHizD6BimWxh\u002Fb12480b007fed7b990febd2fcd3f5386\u002Fgraph_wars_countries.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fnumber-of-state-based-conflicts?country=~OWID_WRL)\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nPeople have a tendency to think that the world today is full of international conflicts like it has always been. The fact that a third world war has been prevented so far is probably the most important fact in the world. It’s only if we realize what a blessing world peace actually is, that we start paying attention to maintaining it. Not understanding how international conflicts has changed since the UN was formed, makes it easy to underestimate the UN’s contribution. The UN is not perfect. But it is the only really effective way we have found for resolving border disputes in diplomatic way instead of with violence.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nIn the news, we hear about countries mobilizing troops or flying over others’ territories, and and we easily get the impression that there must be more international conflicts now than ever before. It can lead us to think that war today is the same as in the history books, films and documentaries about the two world wars.\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes. It comes from the most reputable source, the Uppsala Conflict Data Program which defines 'State-based' conflicts as: “a contested incompatibility that concerns government and\u002For territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in at least 25 battle-related deaths in a calendar year.” You can access their full catalogue of conflicts and see exactly their criteria in each case. [Since the 1950s, the number of conflicts between states has declined, while the number of civil conflicts has increased a lot.](https:\u002F\u002Fucdp.uu.se\u002Fdownloads\u002F)\n","Wars turned domestic!","Since the UN came into existence, there have been fewer wars between countries (but actually more wars within!)",{"metadata":908,"sys":916,"fields":928},{"tags":909,"concepts":915},[910,912],{"sys":911},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":913},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},"partnership",[],{"space":917,"id":919,"type":14,"createdAt":920,"updatedAt":921,"environment":922,"publishedVersion":924,"revision":925,"contentType":926,"locale":27},{"sys":918},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"cfbf78952cb7a1ef2f32b6d5c3cec550","2022-01-05T11:03:51.334Z","2026-01-22T09:12:03.021Z",{"sys":923},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},290,32,{"sys":927},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":929,"answers":930,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":931,"questionText":932,"statistics":933,"veryWrongStatistics":935,"correctSentence":937,"youWereWrong":938,"youWereRight":939,"dataSourceShortText":940,"dataSourceLinkLongText":941,"extendedAnswerText":942,"headingVeryWrong":943,"youWereVeryWrong":944,"headingWrong":943},"111",[],"Aid from charity","Of all financial aid received by the least developed countries, how much comes from charity and philanthropy?",[934],"uk 0.78",[936],"uk 0.33","Just a tiny fraction, 5%, comes from charities and philanthropies.","You overestimate private charities' aid to the poorest countries by 5 times!","They overestimate the aid from private charities to the poorest countries.","Source: OECD","This data comes from the OECD and tracks the flows of Official Development Assistance (ODA) from governmental agencies to countries who are eligible, on the OECD Development Assistance Committees list of countries. This list is updated every three years and is based upon per capita income.\n\nOECD statistics are the only source of official, verified and comparable data on aid reported by 30 members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC) and about 80 other providers of development cooperation, including other countries, multilateral organizations and private foundations.\n\nFor private philantropies and charities, the OECD DAC statistics include project-level information from 33 of the largest foundations working for development. These foundations report data on their grant making and programme-related investments (PRIs) for development following the same statistical standards and definitions as ODA.\n\nIn our calculations [2] we have imported the data on aid by different sectors (DAC & NON-DAC countries, private donors, charities & philanthropies) and total aid by recipient\u002Fdestination. We then compiled aid given to the least developed countries and calculated the share of charities and philanthropies as a percentage of total aid.  \n\nIt is more difficult to track private aid than it is for aid supplied by governmental agencies, and this data only looks at the largest 33 private aid givers, so it is likely that not all private aid is accounted for in this data. \nDespite these issues, four independent experts we consulted on this question agreed that this OECD data was the best available.\n\n[1]  [OECD](https:\u002F\u002Fstats.oecd.org\u002FIndex.aspx?DataSetCode=DV_DCD_PPFD#) \n\n[2]  [Gapminder calculations using data from OECD](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1NHGdIPHK3yNrpOPHsjfrWBjgXHgERYQwYgWSLKgn9w8\u002Fedit#gid=1523503229)","While charity and philanthropy are important for development in poor countries, they play a much smaller role than most people imagine, and make up around 5% of all the total aid received by the least developed countries. The rest comes from governmental aid from other countries. Generous donations from private individuals rightly get publicity, but foreign aid from rich countries plays a critical role in developing things such as infrastructure, healthcare and education in poor countries.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf people assume that a large share of the financial aid poor countries receive comes from charities and private philanthropists then they probably assume that governments of rich countries aren't sending much financial aid at all. So they are probably unaware of the huge role that financial aid from other countries has played and continues to play in building and improving infrastructure and basic services in poor countries.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this? \nWhen we see extensive coverage of individuals and foundations and their private philanthropy work it is easy to think this accounts for far more development aid than it does in reality.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. But it is important to recognize that it may not tell the entire story. The data we use comes from the OECD which shows aid reported by 30 members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee and about 80 other providers of development cooperation, including other countries, multilateral organizations and private foundations. \nIt is more difficult to track private aid than it is for aid supplied by governmental agencies, and this data only looks at the largest 33 private aid givers, so it is likely that not all private aid is accounted for in this data. \nDespite these issues, four independent experts we consulted on this question agreed that this OECD data was the best available.\n","Almost all aid comes from tax","We hear a lot about charities and it's easy to get the impression that their contribution to the poorest countries is much more than 5%.",{"metadata":946,"sys":949,"fields":958},{"tags":947,"concepts":948},[],[],{"space":950,"id":952,"type":14,"createdAt":953,"updatedAt":953,"environment":954,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":112,"contentType":956,"locale":27},{"sys":951},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"24hFYErmskIiX3SbrjhzVS","2025-01-22T13:44:14.112Z",{"sys":955},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":957},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":959,"slug":959,"questions":960},"sdg-course-test-cert",[119,164,241,275,346,385,419,457,564,597,640,676,721,752,790,827,865,907],{"metadata":962,"sys":965,"fields":974},{"tags":963,"concepts":964},[],[],{"space":966,"id":968,"type":39,"createdAt":969,"updatedAt":970,"environment":971,"publishedVersion":973,"revision":808,"locale":27},{"sys":967},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1Wj7tDVbqmldrxgZxVBs25","2020-10-27T14:38:16.474Z","2025-01-22T13:44:10.097Z",{"sys":972},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},48,{"title":975,"file":976},"UN Goals Essential",{"url":977,"details":978,"fileName":982,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1Wj7tDVbqmldrxgZxVBs25\u002F9c52364874725bb91954e0ab0a6f31b5\u002Fsdg.svg",{"size":979,"image":980},3985,{"width":981,"height":981},133,"sdg.svg","image\u002Fsvg+xml","cover",[986],{"metadata":987,"sys":990,"fields":1002},{"tags":988,"concepts":989},[],[],{"space":991,"id":993,"type":14,"createdAt":994,"updatedAt":995,"environment":996,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":998,"contentType":999,"locale":27},{"sys":992},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"10kYrQB4J2xwv4mqHvTDBW","2025-01-13T13:27:53.019Z","2026-01-20T21:29:42.156Z",{"sys":997},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},3,{"sys":1000},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},"chapter",{"name":1003,"title":1003,"challenges":1004},"SDG Main Course",[1005,1050,1069,1134,1196,1258,1319],{"metadata":1006,"sys":1009,"fields":1021},{"tags":1007,"concepts":1008},[],[],{"space":1010,"id":1012,"type":14,"createdAt":1013,"updatedAt":1014,"environment":1015,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":91,"contentType":1018,"locale":27},{"sys":1011},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7As6BlxJLCpRJ6YwJa7eW6","2026-01-20T21:27:48.476Z","2026-01-20T22:47:13.744Z",{"sys":1016},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},23,{"sys":1019},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},"challenge",{"isHidden":96,"globalId":1022,"title":1023,"slug":1024,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":1025,"pitchImage":1026,"desktopImage":961,"mobileImage":961,"estimatedTimeToComplete":1047,"introSequence":1048,"combos":1049},"short-intro-sdg-course","Short Intro","short-intro",true,{"metadata":1027,"sys":1030,"fields":1037},{"tags":1028,"concepts":1029},[],[],{"space":1031,"id":1033,"type":39,"createdAt":1034,"updatedAt":1034,"environment":1035,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":112,"locale":27},{"sys":1032},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5ilQKsoAMO3DdPDuRIT3Ye","2025-01-22T13:44:10.122Z",{"sys":1036},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":1038,"description":48,"file":1039},"intro v4",{"url":1040,"details":1041,"fileName":1046,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5ilQKsoAMO3DdPDuRIT3Ye\u002F353d4d4daf71af131925e8f1832d0224\u002Fintro_v4.png",{"size":1042,"image":1043},1875221,{"width":1044,"height":1045},1500,1495,"intro v4.png","3 min",[],[],{"metadata":1051,"sys":1054,"fields":1064},{"tags":1052,"concepts":1053},[],[],{"space":1055,"id":1057,"type":14,"createdAt":1058,"updatedAt":1059,"environment":1060,"publishedVersion":741,"revision":998,"contentType":1062,"locale":27},{"sys":1056},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"18P7QRn2LXsXHwnJbdFJ8v","2025-01-13T13:27:53.176Z","2026-01-20T22:22:11.956Z",{"sys":1061},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1063},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"isHidden":96,"globalId":1065,"title":1066,"slug":1065,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchTitle":1067,"pitchImage":1026,"desktopImage":1026,"mobileImage":1026,"introSequence":1068},"sdg-main-course-intro","Introduction"," ",[],{"metadata":1070,"sys":1073,"fields":1084},{"tags":1071,"concepts":1072},[],[],{"space":1074,"id":1076,"type":14,"createdAt":1077,"updatedAt":1078,"environment":1079,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":45,"contentType":1082,"locale":27},{"sys":1075},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"69tbcrUTw1vzlbWbD60iZx","2025-01-22T13:44:14.249Z","2026-01-20T22:22:01.554Z",{"sys":1080},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},22,{"sys":1083},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"isHidden":96,"globalId":1085,"title":1086,"slug":1085,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":1025,"pitchImage":1087,"desktopImage":1111,"mobileImage":1111,"estimatedTimeToComplete":1131,"introSequence":1132,"combos":1133},"sdg-main-course-part1","Part 1 - People",{"metadata":1088,"sys":1091,"fields":1100},{"tags":1089,"concepts":1090},[],[],{"space":1092,"id":1094,"type":39,"createdAt":1095,"updatedAt":1096,"environment":1097,"publishedVersion":1099,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":1093},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3GYe4VoAyDLLX1CP1ldk5A","2025-01-22T13:44:10.207Z","2025-02-13T00:49:57.720Z",{"sys":1098},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},11,{"title":1101,"description":48,"file":1102},"People SDGs 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many countries (of 195) have some form of soci","How many countries (of 195) have some form of social security benefits for people with disabilities?",[1422],"uk 0.95",[375],"186 countries have some form of social security system for people with disabilities.","You thought a lot of countries don’t try to help their most vulnerable citizens, but they do.\n","They are overly skeptical about how much countries care for people with disabilities.\n","Source: ILO","Of the 186 countries who offer some benefits, 175 do so with periodic cash payments and 11 offer one lump sum. There are big regional variations, with 98% of people in Eastern Europe with disabilities receiving cash benefits and only 8% of people in Africa receiving financial support. The ILO says that only 39% of people worldwide with severe disabilities have effective access to disability benefits. \n\n[1]  [ILO World Social Protection Report 2024-2026](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002F2024-09\u002FWSPR_2024_EN_WEB_1.pdf) p.146","Lack of opportunities, independence and money are problems that people with disabilities have always faced. Today, nearly every country in the world offers at least some financial help to people with disabilities. Benefits can give better access to things like education, public transport and the job market. In all countries these can be improved, but at least some basic recognition of shared responsibility exists in most places.\n\n### Why are so many wrong about this?\nMany take it for granted that most countries are too poor to help all their own citizens. They might also think that many countries are completely dysfunctional, and they hear about corrupt leaders and benefit schemes that don’t reach the beneficiaries. Of course, there are lots of those problems but in reality most countries now have basic institutions to help the vulnerable, which they didn’t have some decades ago.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nMany people believe that the world is getting worse. That makes them lose their hope that a better world is worth struggling for. If they realize that today people with disabilities are getting better support than ever before, they can probably realize that those benefits can be made even better, instead of thinking that disability is something that others don’t care about.\n\n### Will people think everything is fine now?\nWhen talking about this fact, we need to remember that even though it is much more common with disability benefits than we think, there’s still a long way to go to make sure that people with disabilities get the benefits they need.\n\n### How different is disability support in different countries?\nEighty-four countries base disability payments on financial contributions made through taxes, and that means the benefits may not go to children or people working in the informal sector. So while nearly every country has some disability support written into law, the ILO says only 39% of people worldwide with severe disabilities receive some form of payment.\nThe level of support and how disability is defined varies a lot by country and region. There has been some amazing progress in recent years, with countries such as  Brazil, Chile, Mongolia and Uruguay offering [universal schemes to cover people with disabilities](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.social-protection.org\u002Fgimi\u002Fgess\u002FRessourcePDF.action?ressource.ressourceId=54887).\n\n### How can so many countries care for people with disabilities? \nThe level of support that exists in most countries today is far from perfect, but it would have been unimaginable 100 years ago, when disabilities were not recognized in the same way and countries weren’t wealthy enough to support their citizens.\n"," A more supportive world","You thought most countries don’t try to help their most vulnerable citizens, but they do.\n",{"metadata":1433,"sys":1440,"fields":1450},{"tags":1434,"concepts":1439},[1435,1437],{"sys":1436},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1438},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1441,"id":1443,"type":14,"createdAt":1444,"updatedAt":1445,"environment":1446,"publishedVersion":733,"revision":1270,"contentType":1448,"locale":27},{"sys":1442},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"bed5ce52f8fdfc07054fbb71adb44e77","2021-11-11T07:06:24.013Z","2024-01-22T13:05:12.003Z",{"sys":1447},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1449},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":1451,"answers":1452,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":1453,"questionText":1454,"statistics":1455,"veryWrongStatistics":1457,"correctSentence":1459,"youWereWrong":1460,"youWereRight":1461,"dataSourceShortText":940,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1462,"extendedAnswerText":1463,"headingVeryWrong":1464,"youWereVeryWrong":1465,"headingWrong":1464},"23",[],"On average, how many of those aged 65 or older liv","Of all people aged 65 or older in high-income countries, how many live below the poverty line?",[1456],"uk 0.80",[1458],"uk 0.43","14% of people in high-income countries aged over 65 live below the national poverty level.","You thought one third of seniors live in poverty in rich countries. If that was true, it would be very costly to help them all. But that isn’t the case!","They overestimate poverty among the old, so they probably think it’s too costly to help them all.","The data comes from the OECD and it defines poverty in this case as an income below half the national median wage. This income is spread across the number of people living in a household, so it reflects poverty in a household rather than an individual (they are the same if a person lives in a single-person household, of course). \n\nThere is a huge range across the data and very different circumstances in some countries, which is explained in more detail by the OECD[2]. Three independent experts we contacted agree that despite the differences between countries, they recognize the average we use as being correct. You can see our calculations to see how we came to the figure we use[1]. \n\n[1]  [Gapminder calculations](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F11Za8yLm6RgPvcFLCJv1HynmFyJdOA58pKlnntrEJzkk\u002Fedit#gid=0)  \n[2]  [OECD Pensions at a Glance 2019](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org\u002Fdocserver\u002Fb6d3dcfc-en.pdf?expires=1604047891&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=57B07CBF5DC9544E2EAEE9EE4685F4E3 )(page 186)  \n[3]  [Congressional Research Service - Poverty Among Americans Aged 65 and Older](https:\u002F\u002Ffas.org\u002Fsgp\u002Fcrs\u002Fmisc\u002FR45791.pdf)  \n[4]  [Wikipedia - Median income](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMedian_income)\n","When people overestimate how many are in need of help, they may believe the problem is too big to solve. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this? \nPeople have big misconceptions about the share of over 65s in high-income countries and also about the share living in poverty. If they think their country is sliding towards an older, poorer population they could lose hope about both now and the future. It also means they haven’t noticed that it is the younger generation (aged 18-25) who are more likely to be in poverty today.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe hear a lot about an ageing population in high-income countries. It is true that populations are ageing, but people get the proportions completely wrong. The more media coverage something gets, the bigger the problem people think it is. It is completely logical. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. Data from high-income countries is typically robust and reliable. The surveys have been carried out for many years and three independent experts we contacted didn’t identify any issues with either the data or the methods of collection.\n\n### Are old people the poorest age group in rich countries?\nOn average, there are higher levels of poverty in the older age group than the general population, BUT in high-income countries during recent years, the poverty among young people aged 18-25 has increased more than among the old.\n\n### What are the differences across countries?\nThere is a big difference between countries. The poverty rate for seniors ranges from 3% in Iceland to more than 40% in South Korea. Meanwhile, in the US there is no universal health coverage, so paying for treatments also raises the poverty rate. The [OECD](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd-ilibrary.org\u002Fdocserver\u002Fb6d3dcfc-en.pdf?expires=1604047891&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=57B07CBF5DC9544E2EAEE9EE4685F4E3) has US pensioner poverty at over 20%, whereas the [US](https:\u002F\u002Ffas.org\u002Fsgp\u002Fcrs\u002Fmisc\u002FR45791.pdf) has it at 9%, or 14% when factoring in healthcare costs.\n\n### What is a “national poverty line”?\nNational poverty lines are different in each country, and in rich countries they are often based on the income of the total population and used as a criteria for eligibility for social welfare programs. Normally they are around half the median wage in their country. Median wage is the income of the person in the middle of the income distribution.\nPoverty in these rich countries is not the same as the extreme poverty in very poor countries, where it means lack of access to things like food, water, electricity and healthcare.\n\n### What is included when counting income?\nSome old people may have assets like a mortgage-free home which are not included in their income, but make a difference to how much money they have to spend each month.\n","Poor grandma","You thought almost half of seniors live in poverty in rich countries. If that was true, it would be very costly to help them all. But that isn’t the case!",{"metadata":1467,"sys":1474,"fields":1486},{"tags":1468,"concepts":1473},[1469,1471],{"sys":1470},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1472},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1475,"id":1477,"type":14,"createdAt":1478,"updatedAt":1479,"environment":1480,"publishedVersion":1482,"revision":1483,"contentType":1484,"locale":27},{"sys":1476},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"229f69e6aa33d7b4b5cb8bcf9cc80d3b","2021-11-11T07:01:44.473Z","2024-09-30T09:07:15.008Z",{"sys":1481},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},268,70,{"sys":1485},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":1487,"answers":1488,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"ruleOfThumbs":1489,"name":1490,"questionText":1491,"statistics":1492,"veryWrongStatistics":1526,"correctSentence":1560,"youWereWrong":1561,"youWereRight":1562,"dataSourceShortText":1563,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1564,"extendedAnswerText":1565,"headingVeryWrong":1566,"youWereVeryWrong":1561,"headingWrong":1566},"2",[],[],"How did the number of deaths per year from natural","How did the number of deaths per year from natural disasters change over the last hundred years?",[1493,1494,1495,1496,1497,1498,1499,1500,1501,1502,1503,1504,1505,1506,1507,1508,1509,1510,1511,1512,1513,1514,1515,1516,1517,1518,1519,1520,1521,1522,1523,1524,1525],"uk 0.85105","usa 0.8671","arg 0.9","aus 0.8531","bel 0.95005","bra 0.878","can 0.88655","chn 0.5795","fra 0.958","deu 0.93255","hun 0.967","idn 0.8783","ita 0.915","jpn 0.84655","mex 0.846","pol 0.8562","rus 0.8323","sau 0.7366","sgp 0.8092","kor 0.8642","esp 0.8901","swe 0.8511","tur 0.8386","mys 0.8389","egy 0.7206","are 0.7685","col 0.846","rou 0.8663","per 0.8298","jor 0.6375","mar 0.7291","fin 0.83","nor 0.84",[1527,1528,1529,1530,1531,1532,1533,1534,1535,1536,1537,1538,1539,1540,1541,1542,1543,1544,1545,1546,1547,1548,1549,1550,1551,1552,1553,1554,1555,1556,1557,1558,1559],"uk 0.3613","usa 0.4353","arg 0.5420","aus 0.3968","bel 0.5285","bra 0.5840","can 0.4913","chn 0.2831","fra 0.5712","deu 0.5328","hun 0.6610","idn 0.5629","ita 0.4939","jpn 0.4553","mex 0.5180","pol 0.4311","rus 0.3912","sau 0.3633","sgp 0.4016","kor 0.4416","esp 0.5323","swe 0.4186","tur 0.5219","mys 0.5599","egy 0.4611","are 0.3693","col 0.5020","rou 0.4950","per 0.4568","jor 0.4384","mar 0.5020","fin 0.45","nor 0.48","Annual disaster deaths dropped to less than half over the past 100 years (actually less than 10%).","Today, fewer live in extreme poverty, which means fewer are ill prepared for natural disasters.","They didn’t realize deaths have dropped to a tenth of what they were. Today humanity is better prepared for disasters than ever before!\n","Sources: Based on EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database","Since the numbers of disasters and their strength is not the same every year, we compare the average annual deaths during ten-year periods[1].\nWe included all deaths from the EM-DAT which includes death toll estimates for thousands of disasters recorded worldwide since 1900. All known emergency events have been categorized as follows: Animal accident, Complex disasters, Drought, Earthquake, Extreme temperature, Flood, Fog, Impact, Insect infestation, Landslide, Mass movement (dry), Storm, Volcanic activity, Wildfire.\nThe list of currently ongoing disasters is constantly updated on ReliefWeb’s website[3].\n\n[1]  [Gapminder’s calculation of average annual deaths for 10-year periods.](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1pFJqAKWJP8GTkrYK-VPTdBDs6MLdZXZ5qkgROD4a6o4\u002Fedit?pli=1#gid=1282928700)  \n[2]  [EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database - Université catholique de Louvain (UCL) - CRED, D. Guha-Sapir, Brussels, Belgium.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.emdat.be\u002F)    \n[3]  [ReliefWeb’s list of ongoing disasters](https:\u002F\u002Freliefweb.int\u002Fdisasters)  \n[4]  [Flood Forecasting & Warning Centre - Bangladesh Water Development Board](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.ffwc.gov.bd\u002Findex.php)  \n[5]  [“The global role of natural disaster fatalities in decision-making: statistics, trends and analysis from 116 years of disaster data compared to fatality rates from other causes” abstract from the EGU General Assembly 2016.](https:\u002F\u002Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu\u002Fabs\u002F2016EGUGA..18.2021D\u002Fabstract)  \n[6]  For this question, we consulted Billy Tusker Haworth of the University of Manchester and Johan Von Schreeb of the Karolinska Institute.","As most societies have gotten much richer, they have become better at predicting disasters and huge resources have been invested in preparing for them. Infrastructure, such as buildings and roads, have been improved and evacuation plans are taught across society, from schools through to office buildings. \n\nDuring the past 100 years, the average number of deaths per year has dropped to less than 10%, from 520,000 to 45,000. This is even more amazing if you consider that the world's population got four times larger. \nThe monitoring of river levels and the early warning given to people in Bangladesh about flooding through mobile phone messages and the media is just one amazing example of crisis preparedness that has saved lots of lives. \n\nOf course, it is impossible to prevent all deaths. The number of people dying from earthquakes, for example, has stayed fairly constant over 100 years because they don’t happen as often as things like floods and so aren’t a priority for government spending in the same way.\nThe fact remains, though, that we are better prepared than ever before for natural disasters and more able to react when something terrible does happen.\n\nHelicopters can reach people in affected areas and international support can be mobilized to supply food, clean water and accommodation to mitigate the worst impacts and save lives that could have been lost in the aftermath of a disaster.\nMoney invested ahead of time, means lives saved when disaster strikes!\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWhen we see victims of disasters and we believe that humans have no chance of protecting ourselves, we might step back from our responsibility to help, as the problem seems overwhelming. But if people realized that measures designed to increase survival from disasters have never been more effective, then they may be more willing to help.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nFirst, people have an easy time remembering recent catastrophes that they have seen on the news, but they don’t remember catastrophes from the past. This intuitive mistake also happens with other kinds of bad things, like wars, terrorism and crime waves. We often have the impression that bad things keep increasing.\nSecond, natural disasters are often used to scare people about the consequences of not caring for the environment. But that is magical thinking. As most people are aware that humanity has caused a lot of harm, they probably have an easy time imagining the “revenge” from nature must be brutal.\n\n### Natural disasters are becoming more common, right?\nThe question we asked is about the number of deaths, not the number of disasters. Counting human lives lost to disasters is not trivial, many victims are never found and sometimes it’s difficult to know if indirect deaths should be blamed on the disaster. \n\n### Humans are causing more natural disasters, right? \nAlmost no natural disasters are directly triggered by human activities. Some are indirectly triggered by human-caused changes to the climate and nature. Some kinds of disasters increase because of human activities, like storms and heatwaves, which can be blamed on climate change. But this question is asking about death tolls and, nowadays, these kinds of disasters don’t kill as many, unless they hit the poorest communities. Earthquakes (especially in Haiti and Nepal) account for the highest death tolls during the past two decades, and it doesn’t seem as if those can be blamed on human activities.\n","Mother nature kills fewer",{"metadata":1568,"sys":1575,"fields":1587},{"tags":1569,"concepts":1574},[1570,1572],{"sys":1571},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1573},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1576,"id":1578,"type":14,"createdAt":1579,"updatedAt":1580,"environment":1581,"publishedVersion":1583,"revision":1584,"contentType":1585,"locale":27},{"sys":1577},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"b0b876e7a51ff7f659d8e75b908bcf78","2021-11-11T07:06:26.478Z","2023-11-23T14:26:46.202Z",{"sys":1582},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},43,12,{"sys":1586},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":1588,"answers":1589,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"name":1590,"questionText":1591,"statistics":1592,"veryWrongStatistics":1594,"correctSentence":1595,"youWereWrong":1596,"youWereRight":1597,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1599,"extendedAnswerText":1600,"headingVeryWrong":1601,"youWereVeryWrong":1596,"headingWrong":1601},"24",[],"How many people in the world cook using stoves tha","How many people in the world cook using stoves that don't produce smoke?",[1593],"uk 0.77",[449],"Globally, around 70% of people cook using stoves that don’t produce harmful smoke.","As soon as people can afford to, they buy smokeless stoves. But you probably didn’t realize how many people are rich enough to afford that.","They probably didn’t realize how many people are now rich enough to buy smokeless stoves.","Source: WHO","\nThe data from the WHO is compiled using surveys and, where data is unavailable for a certain year, it is modeled. It also doesn’t take into account that households may have access to clean fuels but don’t use them because of their high costs. Also, homes that report using clean fuels may continue to use biomass as secondary energy sources. The data uncertainties are why we created large differences between our three options and used “around 70%” instead of an exact number. We also consulted three independent experts who agreed that the correct answer in our question and the source of the data represent the most accurate picture of how things are when it comes to the use of clean cooking fuels and technology in the world.\n\n[1]  [WHO - Tracking SDG 7 website](https:\u002F\u002Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org\u002Fresults?p=Access_to_Clean_Cooking&i=Clean_cooking_access_rate_for_Total_area_(%25)) \n\n[2]  [2023 Tracking SDG 7 Report (p.69)](https:\u002F\u002Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org\u002Fdownloads)\n\n[3]  [WHO - Population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies.\nData by country](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FEG.CFT.ACCS.ZS)  \n","Historically everyone cooked over open fires, but as many got richer and stove technology improved, more and more started cooking in safer, more efficient ways with cooking fuels like gas and on stoves that were electric. But most people think a majority still cook over an open fire. \n\nThe false idea that most other people live under primitive conditions is ruining our ability to collaborate with other countries. In reality, most countries have modernized faster than people can imagine. \n\nIt’s time we start realizing that almost everyone now has a modern lifestyle. That last share of people in extreme poverty - who are living in huts and breathing in smoke from their earliest years and dying of preventable pneumonia - they also dream of having a healthier, modern life.\n\n### Why are stoves that produce smoke a problem?\nThere are two main reasons. The first, is that it is hugely damaging to people’s health. Millions die every year from the effects of household air pollution and it particularly impacts women, children and the elderly as they are more likely to be indoors. The second reason is environmental. The people who cook their food over a fire (mainly using charcoal) are actually the main users of so-called “traditional bioenergy” which is often considered a renewable energy. That energy isn’t renewable unless the forest is replanted, which mostly isn’t the case. Those people are fewer than most believe and in the energy transition we need to realize who is using what kind of energy for what purpose, so that we can better plan for a realistic change.\n\n### Why are people wrong?\nIn the media, there’s an overrepresentation of images from other countries showing people living in traditional ways as this is often romanticized as a preferable way of living compared to a modern way of life in cities. Very seldom do the media show a regular kitchen from Latin America or Africa, and instead the images of indigenous, traditional ways of living are what is imagined when people are asked about life in other places. To compensate for these stereotypes, Gapminder has collected thousands of photos of everyday life across the world, to show what life actually looks like, which fits much better with the statistics. They reveal the world as it actually is - that most people have basic modern solutions for core home functions.\n\n### What stoves are not considered clean and why?\nIt refers to fuel type and technology. So, as well as open fires, it includes the use of traditional stoves with fuels like biomass, coal, and kerosene. When fuels such as these are burnt in houses with poor ventilation, emissions can be up to 100 times higher than what the WHO recommends to be safe.\n\n### Discover more\n\nRead more about indoor air pollution at [Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Findoor-air-pollution#:~:text=The%20world%20is%20making%20progress,of%20solid%20fuels%20for%20cooking)\n\nExplore stoves across different income levels on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=stoves&media=image)\n\nExplore kitchens across different income levels on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=kitchens&media=image)\n","Smoky stoves are so 1900!",{"metadata":1603,"sys":1610,"fields":1620},{"tags":1604,"concepts":1609},[1605,1607],{"sys":1606},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1608},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1611,"id":1613,"type":14,"createdAt":1614,"updatedAt":1615,"environment":1616,"publishedVersion":436,"revision":44,"contentType":1618,"locale":27},{"sys":1612},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5AtdyVMfhwhsNrXiuj6k3V","2023-03-29T09:42:44.804Z","2025-09-15T08:31:56.171Z",{"sys":1617},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1619},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1621,"answers":1622,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":1623,"questionText":1624,"statistics":1625,"veryWrongStatistics":1627,"correctSentence":1629,"youWereWrong":1630,"youWereRight":1630,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1631,"extendedAnswerText":1632,"headingVeryWrong":1633,"youWereVeryWrong":1634,"headingWrong":1633},"1530",[],"Middle-income poverty share","Of all people in the world living in extreme poverty, with less than $3 a day, how many live in middle-income countries?",[1626],"uk 0.76",[1628],"uk 0.219","Around 60% of all people in extreme poverty live in middle-income countries.","Even though most people in middle-income countries today can afford the basics, there are still many millions of extremely poor whose lives still haven’t caught up. ","Extreme poverty is defined as living on less than $3 USD per day. Estimates of extreme poverty are never exact, because the settings where extreme poverty exists don’t allow for exact measures. The data needed to estimate the extreme poverty rate is also lagging a few years. Read more here, and check our calculations, as well as World Bank. Despite that unreliability, the trends are still clear and our “correct” answer is still far closer to being right than the other options, which we deliberately make very different.\n\n[1]  [World Bank – The World Bank in Middle Income Countries](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fcountry\u002Fmic\u002Foverview#1)  \n[2]  [World Bank – Poverty and Inequality Platform](https:\u002F\u002Fpip.worldbank.org\u002Fhome)  \n[3]  [Gapminder – Income mountains](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$chart-type=mountain&url=v1)  \n[4]  [Our World In Data – Explore data on Poverty](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fpoverty#explore-data-poverty)  \n","Intuitively, people think of countries as either rich or poor. Around 75% of the world’s population live in middle-income countries. And that is where around 60% of all the people with an income of $3 a day or less live. \n\nIntuitively, people think of countries as either rich or poor. Around 75% of the world’s population live in middle-income countries. And that is where around 60% of all the people with an income of $3 a day or less live. \n\nAround half of all those 650 million extremely poor people live in just five countries.\n\nThree of those (India, Nigeria, Bangladesh) are big countries where the average income has grown so they are classified as middle-income, but where there are still tens of millions of very poor people living on less than $3 a day.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\n\nSeeing the real progress in average incomes in countries like India, Nigeria and Bangladesh can mask the huge number of people left behind and still living in extreme poverty. Those are the people who need the most help and it would be a mistake to think that because most people are able to afford things like food, basic healthcare and electricity, that extreme poverty has gone away.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey assume - understandably - that the poorest people mostly live in the poorest countries.\n\n### What are middle-income countries?\nMiddle-income countries are defined by the World Bank as countries in 2023 with an average income per person of between $1,136 and $13,935 per year. They are divided into lower and upper-middle-income. They are spread across each continent and have a huge diversity in their economies and the living circumstances of their people. You can see which countries fit into each category [here](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups)  \n\n### What is extreme poverty?\nIt is living on less than $3 a day, according to the World Bank definition. It means having too little money to meet the basic needs that most of us take for granted, such as food, water, electricity and basic healthcare.\n\nYou can see how life looks like for people in extreme poverty and on all other incomes across the world on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street) \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but income data has a big margin of error, particularly when it comes to the numbers of people living in extreme poverty. Extreme poverty is defined as living on less than $3 USD per day. Estimates of extreme poverty are never exact, because the settings where extreme poverty exists don’t allow for exact measures. The data needed to estimate the extreme poverty rate is also lagging a few years. Read more here, and check our calculations, as well as World Bank. Despite that unreliability, the trends are still clear and our “correct” answer is still far closer to being right than the other options, which we deliberately make very different.\n","Poverty among the progress","Even though most people in middle-income countries today can afford the basics, there are still many millions of people extremely poor whose lives still haven’t caught up. ",{"metadata":1636,"sys":1643,"fields":1654},{"tags":1637,"concepts":1642},[1638,1640],{"sys":1639},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1641},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1644,"id":1646,"type":14,"createdAt":1647,"updatedAt":1648,"environment":1649,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":22,"contentType":1652,"locale":27},{"sys":1645},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2E39wELyqitHzdZIDuctOm","2023-05-12T11:51:14.180Z","2024-01-11T14:03:31.366Z",{"sys":1650},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},31,{"sys":1653},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1655,"answers":1656,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":657,"name":1657,"questionText":1658,"shortQuestionText":1659,"statistics":1660,"veryWrongStatistics":1662,"correctSentence":1664,"dataSourceShortText":1665,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1666,"extendedAnswerText":1667},"1640",[],"Nordic poverty lines","Globally, an income of less than $2 a day is considered extreme poverty. In the Nordics (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland) national poverty lines are roughly:","Globally, extreme poverty is an income of less than $2 a day. In the Nordic countries national poverty lines are around:",[1661],"uk 0.64",[1663],"uk 0.229","National poverty lines in the Nordic countries are around $30 a day.","Source: The World Bank ","[1]  [The World Bank – Assessing the Impact of the 2017 PPPs\non the International Poverty Line and Global Poverty\n](https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F353811645450974574\u002Fpdf\u002FAssessing-the-Impact-of-the-2017-PPPs-on-the-International-Poverty-Line-and-Global-Poverty.pdf)   \n[2]  [World Bank via Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhigher-poverty-global-line#an-additional-higher-poverty-line-of-30-per-day)   ","[![Skärmavbild 2023-05-12 kl. 13.49.21](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4V7KEE0VBG4g7UlbOAvWwG\u002F4abeb3bc724be3a11d8ae264c76f31e4\u002FSka__rmavbild_2023-05-12_kl._13.49.21.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F353811645450974574\u002Fpdf\u002FAssessing-the-Impact-of-the-2017-PPPs-on-the-International-Poverty-Line-and-Global-Poverty.pdf)  \n\nSource [here](https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F353811645450974574\u002Fpdf\u002FAssessing-the-Impact-of-the-2017-PPPs-on-the-International-Poverty-Line-and-Global-Poverty.pdf)  ",{"metadata":1669,"sys":1676,"fields":1686},{"tags":1670,"concepts":1675},[1671,1673],{"sys":1672},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1674},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1677,"id":1679,"type":14,"createdAt":1680,"updatedAt":1681,"environment":1682,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":998,"contentType":1684,"locale":27},{"sys":1678},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5SsO96SW6dj5ii2TPMWczr","2023-04-13T08:57:18.145Z","2023-11-23T14:32:07.834Z",{"sys":1683},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1685},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1687,"answers":1688,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1689,"name":1690,"questionText":1691,"statistics":1692,"veryWrongStatistics":1694,"correctSentence":1696,"youWereWrong":1697,"youWereRight":1698,"dataSourceShortText":1699,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1700,"extendedAnswerText":1701,"headingVeryWrong":1702,"youWereVeryWrong":1697,"headingWrong":1702},"1556",[],73,"Rural electricity access","Worldwide, how many people living in rural areas have some access to electricity?",[1693],"usa 0.729",[1695],"usa 0.422","More than 70% of the world’s rural population have some access to electricity.","You haven’t kept pace with the amazing developments in India, which is a big part of the global figure. Back in 2005, only around 40% of homes in India had electricity. Today that figure is close to 100%!","They haven’t kept pace with the amazing developments in India, which is a big part of the global figure. Back in 2005, only around 40% of homes in India had electricity. Today that figure is close to 100%!","Source: The Energy Progress Report","A majority of the world’s rural population, 83%, had some access to the electricity grid in their countries in 2020 according to The Energy Progress Report, which tracks the progress of SDG7. We rounded this down to “more than 70%” percent to avoid overstating progress. The term “access” is defined differently in all their underlying sources. In some extreme cases, households may experience an average of 60 power outages per week and still be listed as “having access to electricity.” The question, accordingly, talks about “some” access.\n\n[1]  [The Energy Progress Report (collaboration between World Bank, International Energy Agency, the WHO, UN and International Renewable Energy Agency)](https:\u002F\u002Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org\u002Fresults)  \n[2]  [“The journey towards universal electrification in India” by Debajit Palit of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi in October 2019.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.friendsofeurope.org\u002Finsights\u002Fthe-journey-towards-universal-electrification-in-india)  \n","Sub-Saharan Africa is still lagging way behind when it comes to access in rural areas but India’s incredible achievement shows it can be done. The amount of electricity people have access to in some of these poor rural areas may not be much compared to high-income countries, but the difference between one electric light in a house compared to none or between no cooling for food and an electric refrigerator is huge!","Incredible electrification!",{"metadata":1704,"sys":1711,"fields":1721},{"tags":1705,"concepts":1710},[1706,1708],{"sys":1707},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1709},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1712,"id":1714,"type":14,"createdAt":1715,"updatedAt":1716,"environment":1717,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":91,"contentType":1719,"locale":27},{"sys":1713},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5CDrZ6d4ZmUnzTlhdADB1V","2023-06-29T14:18:03.494Z","2023-11-23T14:32:40.903Z",{"sys":1718},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1720},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1722,"answers":1723,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":409,"name":1724,"questionText":1725,"shortQuestionText":1726,"statistics":1727,"veryWrongStatistics":1728,"correctSentence":1730,"dataSourceShortText":1731,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1732},"1686",[],"Selling hectares ","Governments sometimes sell land to foreign companies. Since 2009, the total reported number of hectares sold annually worldwide has:","Governments sometimes sell land to foreign companies. Since 2009, the reported hectares sold annually worldwide has:",[151],[1729],"uk 0.725","The amount of land sold by governments to foreign companies each year has dropped to less than half since 2009.","Source: Land Matrix","[1]  [Land Matrix data compiled by Gapminder ](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1__MTd3mnw5536sB4YOD9pevy6w9tkByNWMCNTS9rDXk\u002Fedit#gid=0)    ",{"metadata":1734,"sys":1741,"fields":1751},{"tags":1735,"concepts":1740},[1736,1738],{"sys":1737},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1739},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1742,"id":1744,"type":14,"createdAt":1745,"updatedAt":1746,"environment":1747,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":91,"contentType":1749,"locale":27},{"sys":1743},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7zjef21q7uKrinyLUNDmX9","2023-09-04T10:01:23.768Z","2025-09-15T09:22:11.255Z",{"sys":1748},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1750},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1752,"answers":1753,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1754,"name":1755,"questionText":1756,"statistics":1757,"veryWrongStatistics":1759,"correctSentence":1761,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1762},"1725",[],49,"National poverty lines","Globally, a person with less than $3 a day is said to be living in extreme poverty. In the 40 richest countries, the national poverty lines are roughly:\n",[1758],"uk 0.49",[1760],"uk 0.222","The national poverty lines in the world’s 40 richest countries are roughly $20 a day.\n","[1]  [World Bank – Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022 ](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fserver\u002Fapi\u002Fcore\u002Fbitstreams\u002Fb96b361a-a806-5567-8e8a-b14392e11fa0\u002Fcontent)     \n[2]  [World Bank,Policy Research Working Paper 9941 Assessing the Impact of the 2017 PPPs on the International Poverty Line and Global Poverty, Page 14](https:\u002F\u002Fdocuments1.worldbank.org\u002Fcurated\u002Fen\u002F353811645450974574\u002Fpdf\u002FAssessing-the-Impact-of-the-2017-PPPs-on-the-International-Poverty-Line-and-Global-Poverty.pdf)  \n",{"metadata":1764,"sys":1774,"fields":1784},{"tags":1765,"concepts":1773},[1766,1768,1771],{"sys":1767},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1769},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":1770},"population",{"sys":1772},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1775,"id":1777,"type":14,"createdAt":1778,"updatedAt":1779,"environment":1780,"publishedVersion":1754,"revision":1246,"contentType":1782,"locale":27},{"sys":1776},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"HMb943Pl1kmnKi4suk43C","2023-09-05T08:23:03.772Z","2024-08-28T08:59:57.637Z",{"sys":1781},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1783},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1785,"answers":1786,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":1787,"questionText":1788,"questionImage":1789,"statistics":1811,"veryWrongStatistics":1813,"correctSentence":1815,"dataSourceShortText":1665,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1816},"1729",[],"Pop by income image","In this image the world population is split into three income groups, divided at $2\u002Fday and $24\u002Fday. Which option, A, B or C, best shows the groups' sizes in 2022?",{"metadata":1790,"sys":1793,"fields":1801},{"tags":1791,"concepts":1792},[],[],{"space":1794,"id":1796,"type":39,"createdAt":1797,"updatedAt":1798,"environment":1799,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":91,"locale":27},{"sys":1795},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7qNzYNSsGZTQ5k0QJ0xXjB","2023-09-05T13:48:13.111Z","2024-08-28T08:59:54.461Z",{"sys":1800},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":1802,"description":48,"file":1803},"1",{"url":1804,"details":1805,"fileName":1810,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F7qNzYNSsGZTQ5k0QJ0xXjB\u002Fad94b08dfca96d94e62b69211c86aa7d\u002F1.png",{"size":1806,"image":1807},108947,{"width":1808,"height":1809},512,466,"1.png",[1812],"usa 0.80",[1814],"usa 0.3099","Around 10% of all people live on a daily income of less than $2 a day. Around 20% have a daily income of more than $24 a day.","\n[1]  [The World Bank]( https:\u002F\u002Fpip.worldbank.org\u002Fhome)    \n\n[2]  [Gapminder income mountains ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$billy$encoding$selected$data$;;;;;;&chart-type=mountain&url=v1)    \n\nNowadays, most people live in middle-income countries. Even though only a small share live in extreme poverty, [around half the world’s population live on less than $7 a day.](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fdevelopmenttalk\u002Fhalf-global-population-lives-less-us685-person-day) \n\nThe income mountain below shows how much people earn each day across the world. \n\n[![unnamed (3)](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6TZki5WVXEfKaPJ4OCY6bP\u002Fb524970803215769cb8bfeb621470436\u002Funnamed__3_.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$billy$encoding$selected$data$;;;;;;&chart-type=mountain&url=v1)\n",{"metadata":1818,"sys":1825,"fields":1836},{"tags":1819,"concepts":1824},[1820,1822],{"sys":1821},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":1823},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":128},[],{"space":1826,"id":1828,"type":14,"createdAt":1829,"updatedAt":1830,"environment":1831,"publishedVersion":1833,"revision":925,"contentType":1834,"locale":27},{"sys":1827},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"57FQEv7qMu71FFcGk7YJhh","2022-01-12T10:56:14.227Z","2026-01-27T09:37:59.785Z",{"sys":1832},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},260,{"sys":1835},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":1837,"answers":1838,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"name":1840,"questionText":1841,"statistics":1842,"veryWrongStatistics":1875,"correctSentence":1908,"youWereWrong":1909,"youWereRight":1910,"dataSourceShortText":1911,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1912,"extendedAnswerText":1913,"headingVeryWrong":1914,"youWereVeryWrong":1915,"headingWrong":1914},"118",[],89,"Proportion of people living in extreme poverty","In the last 20 years, the proportion of people living in extreme poverty has...",[1843,1844,1845,1846,1847,1848,1849,1850,1851,1852,1853,1854,1855,1856,1857,1858,1859,1860,1861,1862,1863,1864,1865,1866,1867,1868,1869,1870,1871,1872,1873,1874,1524],"nor 0.75","usa 0.92405","arg 0.934","aus 0.91605","bel 0.9401","bra 0.898","can 0.90105","chn 0.4769","fra 0.9505","deu 0.92655","hun 0.98","idn 0.8543","ita 0.9359","jpn 0.87505","mex 0.938","pol 0.8842","rus 0.9302","sau 0.8423","sgp 0.8051","kor 0.9201","esp 0.95405","swe 0.7383","tur 0.9363","mys 0.7623","egy 0.9162","are 0.8743","uk 0.89705","col 0.954","rou 0.9281","per 0.8595","jor 0.9455","mar 0.8586",[1876,1877,1878,1879,1880,1881,1882,1883,1884,1885,1886,1887,1888,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893,1894,1895,1896,1897,1898,1899,1900,1901,1902,1903,1904,1905,1906,1907,1559],"uk 0.5458","usa 0.5827","arg 0.8040","aus 0.6057","bel 0.6504","bra 0.6040","can 0.6132","chn 0.1954","fra 0.6962","deu 0.6397","hun 0.77","idn 0.5988","ita 0.6551","jpn 0.3833","mex 0.7320","pol 0.5010","rus 0.6188","sau 0.5629","sgp 0.4274","kor 0.4576","esp 0.7437","swe 0.4356","tur 0.7749","mys 0.4774","egy 0.7585","are 0.6028","col 0.7680","rou 0.6307","per 0.5730","jor 0.8507","mar 0.7032","fin 0.58","The share of people living in extreme poverty more than halved over the last 20 years.\n\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F882865827>\n","When you think that extreme poverty has stayed the same, you may think a huge part of humanity is destined to live in extreme poverty forever.","But most people get this wrong. Maybe they think that a huge part of humanity is destined to live in extreme poverty forever.","Source: World Bank and Gapminder estimates","Since June 2025, extreme poverty is defined as living on less than $3 USD per day. It had previously been $2.15. Estimates of extreme poverty are never exact, because the settings where extreme poverty exists don’t allow for exact measures. The data needed to estimate the extreme poverty rate is also lagging a few years. Read more [here](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Fdoc_epovr), and check our [calculations](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1bNi-ot52w2mnzms6-j1-fyTQ0SKoh5w4P9ClpzMRD4c\u002Fedit?pli=1&gid=1045671135#gid=1045671135), as well as [World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fopendata\u002Fapril-2022-global-poverty-update-world-bank). Despite that unreliability, the trends are still clear and our “correct” answer is still far closer to being right than the other options, which we deliberately make very different.\n\n[1]  [Extreme Poverty Rate](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1bNi-ot52w2mnzms6-j1-fyTQ0SKoh5w4P9ClpzMRD4c\u002Fedit?pli=1&gid=1045671135#gid=1045671135)  ","Back in 2005, 28% of people lived in extreme poverty. That fell to 10% by 2025. Even though Coronavirus set progress back, it didn’t change the fact that life has continually improved for most people over the decades.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf they have missed the historic decline in extreme poverty, they might assume the world stands still and countries that were poor will always be poor. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nGradual change can be hard to follow, and many of us carry around outdated views based on what we learned in school or stereotypes we see in films, books and in the news.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but it is important to understand what is being measured and the uncertainty around the numbers. As of June 2025, extreme poverty was defined as living on less than $3 USD per day. It had previously been set at  Estimates of extreme poverty are never exact, because the settings where extreme poverty exists don’t allow for exact measures. The data needed to estimate the extreme poverty rate is also lagging a few years. Check [our calculations](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1bNi-ot52w2mnzms6-j1-fyTQ0SKoh5w4P9ClpzMRD4c\u002Fedit?pli=1&gid=1045671135#gid=1045671135), as well as [World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fopendata\u002Fapril-2022-global-poverty-update-world-bank). Despite that unreliability, the trends are still clear and our “correct” answer is still far closer to being right than the other options, which we deliberately make very different.\n\n### What is extreme poverty?\nIt is living on less than $3 a day. It means having too little money to meet the basic needs that most of us take for granted, such as food, water, electricity and basic healthcare.\n\n### Where do the extremely poor live?\nRoughly half of them live in Africa and half in Asia. You can [see their homes on Dollar Street.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street?max=100)\n\n### Where can I learn more?\nYou can see how countries moved out of poverty [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$chart-type=bubbles&url=v1)\nYou can visit homes and see what life is like for the extremely poor on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street)\nRead more about extreme poverty [at Our World In Data.](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fpoverty#key-insights-on-poverty)   ","A historic drop in the poverty rate!","When you think that extreme poverty has increased, you may think a huge part of humanity is destined to live in extreme poverty forever.",{"metadata":1917,"sys":1920,"fields":1930},{"tags":1918,"concepts":1919},[],[],{"space":1921,"id":1923,"type":14,"createdAt":1924,"updatedAt":1925,"environment":1926,"publishedVersion":889,"revision":998,"contentType":1928,"locale":27},{"sys":1922},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6WSCKIDDsoeTh7WZqYlvGy","2024-09-10T13:46:43.940Z","2024-09-10T13:49:38.816Z",{"sys":1927},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1929},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1931,"answers":1932,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"veryWrongPercentage":1934,"name":1935,"questionText":1936,"statistics":1937,"veryWrongStatistics":1939,"correctSentence":1941,"dataSourceShortText":1942,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1943,"extendedAnswerText":1944},"1792",[],85,60,"Rich to poor historic","If POOR means people with less than $2\u002Fday, and RICH means more than $200\u002Fday. Today the number of POOR per RICH is…\n",[1938],"us 0.85",[1940],"us 0.60","Globally, the number of very poor people to wealthy people is smaller than any other time in history.\n","Source: World Bank via Gapminder","The number of very poor people with an income of less than $2 per day for every person earning over $200 per day was the lowest it had ever been in 2023 (15 poor for every rich). Back in 1815, it was more than 21,000 poor for every rich person. \n\nFor these figures we use income data estimates extracted from Gapminder's income mountains and The World Bank. Income is measured as mean household income (or consumption) per person per day, in dollars adjusted for inflation over time and price differences in year 2017. The further back in time, the more unreliable the estimates are. Still, we have shown these figures to many experts over the years and two independent experts have seen this specific question and agreed that our correct answer is the most correct of the three options.\n\n[1] [Gapminder calculations](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1JDaoHXRm9AfAeLwouRp_kgUT8Dal_3erpws5oFM0rzw\u002Fedit?gid=1298638791#gid=1298638791)\n\n[2] [World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform](https:\u002F\u002Fpip.worldbank.org\u002Fhome) \n\n[3] [Gapminder Income Mountains](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$billy$encoding$selected$data$;;;;;;&chart-type=mountain&url=v2)","The chart below shows how the number of very poor to rich has declined over the decades.\n\n![Poor to rich chart](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F2M5s2OodZK7Jrf0Kk1YaqY\u002F06a9a383b430b9ae752d36706aeed1c0\u002FScreen_Shot_2024-09-10_at_15.30.02.png)\n\nYou can see how average incomes have increased over time in our [income mountains](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$billy$encoding$selected$data$;;;;;;&chart-type=mountain&url=v2). ",{"metadata":1946,"sys":1949,"fields":1958},{"tags":1947,"concepts":1948},[],[],{"space":1950,"id":1952,"type":14,"createdAt":1953,"updatedAt":1953,"environment":1954,"publishedVersion":1246,"revision":112,"contentType":1956,"locale":27},{"sys":1951},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"62PgflMlErMjh45SHFUSSU","2024-09-10T07:28:41.034Z",{"sys":1955},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1957},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1959,"answers":1960,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"veryWrongPercentage":845,"name":1961,"questionText":1962,"statistics":1963,"veryWrongStatistics":1965,"correctSentence":1967},"1791",[],"ReliefWeb reports","ReliefWeb is the UN's service to coordinate disaster relief work worldwide, day and night. How many humanitarian situation reports did it publish in 2023?\n",[1964],"uk 0.71",[1966],"uk 0.30","In 2023, ReliefWeb published around 10,000 humanitarian situation reports from across the world.\n",{"metadata":1969,"sys":1972,"fields":1982},{"tags":1970,"concepts":1971},[],[],{"space":1973,"id":1975,"type":14,"createdAt":1976,"updatedAt":1977,"environment":1978,"publishedVersion":442,"revision":45,"contentType":1980,"locale":27},{"sys":1974},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6dkq8Xa1QTI98H0QX4LP0S","2024-08-27T09:35:05.799Z","2024-08-27T09:37:37.532Z",{"sys":1979},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":1981},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":1983,"answers":1984,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1689,"veryWrongPercentage":364,"name":1985,"questionText":1986,"statistics":1987,"veryWrongStatistics":1989,"correctSentence":1991,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":1992,"extendedAnswerText":1993},"1779",[],"Rural poverty share","Of all people living in extreme poverty worldwide (on less than $2 a day), how many are refugees or people living in urban slums?\n",[1988],"us 0.73",[1990],"us 0.25","Around 20% of all people living in extreme poverty worldwide are refugees or living in urban slums.","For this question we used a World Bank paper that looks at where people in extreme poverty live in 16 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Those countries are where 60% of the world's extreme poor live. Despite the data not covering all of the world's people living in extreme poverty, two independent experts we consulted for this questions agreed that the correct answer of \"Around 20%\" is the most correct. \n\n [1]  [World Bank, \"Where Is Poverty Concentrated?\" published in November 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fserver\u002Fapi\u002Fcore\u002Fbitstreams\u002Fa6d8a818-2368-4c69-8471-6ab409ab9cb8\u002Fcontent) ","Although the share of extremely poor people that live in cities varies between countries, the vast majority of the world's very poor people live in rural areas. There are around 700 million people today that have to live on less than $2 a day. Refugees (at around 40 million people) only make up a small portion of the world's very poor. ",{"metadata":1995,"sys":1998,"fields":2008},{"tags":1996,"concepts":1997},[],[],{"space":1999,"id":2001,"type":14,"createdAt":2002,"updatedAt":2003,"environment":2004,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":45,"contentType":2006,"locale":27},{"sys":2000},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ZFOV4bWMoYMekUZyqKey9","2024-08-26T10:56:35.387Z","2026-02-04T10:13:21.624Z",{"sys":2005},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2007},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2009,"answers":2010,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2011,"veryWrongPercentage":2012,"name":2013,"questionText":2014,"statistics":2015,"veryWrongStatistics":2017,"correctSentence":2019,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2020},"1778",[],90,46,"Majority in extreme poverty","What share of the world’s population live in countries where the majority are extremely poor, living with less than $3 a day?\n",[2016],"us 0.90",[2018],"us 0.46","Less than 5% of the world’s population live in countries where the majority of the population are in extreme poverty.\n","\n[1]  [World Bank – Poverty headcount ratio at $3 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSI.POV.DDAY?most_recent_value_desc=true)        \n\n[2]  [Gapminder calculations, via World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1bNi-ot52w2mnzms6-j1-fyTQ0SKoh5w4P9ClpzMRD4c\u002Fedit?gid=890490314#gid=890490314)  \n",{"metadata":2022,"sys":2025,"fields":2034},{"tags":2023,"concepts":2024},[],[],{"space":2026,"id":2028,"type":14,"createdAt":2029,"updatedAt":2029,"environment":2030,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":112,"contentType":2032,"locale":27},{"sys":2027},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"51mjypCYqx0DslUgmJiM1L","2024-08-26T10:39:53.349Z",{"sys":2031},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2033},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2035,"answers":2036,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"veryWrongPercentage":2037,"name":2038,"questionText":2039,"statistics":2040,"veryWrongStatistics":2041,"correctSentence":2043,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2044},"1777",[],41,"MIC extreme poverty","Of all the people in Middle-Income Countries, how many live in extreme poverty (with less than $2 a day)?\n",[1938],[2042],"us 0.41","Around 7% of people in middle-income countries live in extreme poverty and are unable to afford basics, such as food, water, electricity, education and medicine. "," [1]  [World Bank – Most of the world’s extreme poor live in middle income countries – but not for long](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fopendata\u002Fmost-worlds-extreme-poor-live-middle-income-countries-not-long) \n [2]  [Gapminder Income Mountains](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$mountain$data$filter$dimensions$geo$\u002F$or@$geo$\u002F$in@=africa&=americas&=asia&=europe&=upper_middle_income&=lower_middle_income;;;;;;;;&encoding$color$scale$type:null&domain:null&zoomed:null;;&frame$speed:1179;;;&billy$encoding$selected$data$;;;;;;&chart-type=mountain&url=v2)  ",{"metadata":2046,"sys":2049,"fields":2060},{"tags":2047,"concepts":2048},[],[],{"space":2050,"id":2052,"type":14,"createdAt":2053,"updatedAt":2054,"environment":2055,"publishedVersion":2057,"revision":45,"contentType":2058,"locale":27},{"sys":2051},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5IiaPnvAvb6nNSsDwbzaLT","2023-05-02T15:17:58.624Z","2026-02-04T10:24:38.796Z",{"sys":2056},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},39,{"sys":2059},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2061,"answers":2062,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":442,"name":2063,"questionText":2064,"statistics":2065,"veryWrongStatistics":2066,"correctSentence":2068,"youWereWrong":2069,"youWereRight":2070,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2071,"extendedAnswerText":2072,"headingVeryWrong":2073,"youWereVeryWrong":2074,"headingWrong":2073},"1615",[],"Extreme poverty share in LIC","What share of people in low-income countries live in extreme poverty (with less than $3 a day)?",[447],[2067],"uk 0.41","Around 60% of people in low-income countries live in extreme poverty.","Just because a country is categorized as low income, it doesn’t mean everyone in the country is extremely poor. Just like in other countries, there are people on many income levels. ","They wrongly assume that most people in low-income countries are extremely poor.","[1]  [World Bank – Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublication\u002Fpoverty-and-shared-prosperity)   \n[2]  [World Bank – Poverty headcount ratio at $3 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population) ](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSI.POV.DDAY?locations=XM)\n\n[3]  [Gapminder calculations](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1bNi-ot52w2mnzms6-j1-fyTQ0SKoh5w4P9ClpzMRD4c\u002Fedit?gid=64516208#gid=64516208)  ","Counting people in extreme poverty is hard as people move in and out of extreme poverty and this last 10% of the global population who are extremely poor are often in the remotest areas. The very poorest countries have a lot of very poor people and we have no intention of trivializing the problem. Therefore, we use a higher number as our correct answer option (“Around 60%”). That high estimate is still way lower than most people imagine.","Not everyone is extremely poor","Just because a country is categorized as low income, it doesn’t mean everyone in the country is extremely poor. Just like in other countries, there are people on many income levels.",{"metadata":2076,"sys":2079,"fields":2089},{"tags":2077,"concepts":2078},[],[],{"space":2080,"id":2082,"type":14,"createdAt":2083,"updatedAt":2084,"environment":2085,"publishedVersion":364,"revision":1584,"contentType":2087,"locale":27},{"sys":2081},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"d5226f720a5fb7f30b2abeb131bf3502","2021-11-11T07:12:24.426Z","2023-11-16T13:39:31.590Z",{"sys":2086},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2088},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":2090,"heading":2091,"slug":2092,"questions":2093,"certificateText":2094},"sdg_world_01_cert","UN Goal 1: No poverty Certificate","sdg-world-01-cert",[1432,1397,1466,164,119,1567,419,1635,1703,1733,1763,1817],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 1: No poverty, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":2096,"sys":2099,"fields":2108},{"tags":2097,"concepts":2098},[],[],{"space":2100,"id":2102,"type":39,"createdAt":2103,"updatedAt":2104,"environment":2105,"publishedVersion":845,"revision":2107,"locale":27},{"sys":2101},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4BIbv35h5oNeS93K7Chx00","2020-11-17T09:40:32.644Z","2023-09-04T10:02:11.243Z",{"sys":2106},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},8,{"title":2109,"description":2110,"file":2111},"1. No poverty","No poverty icon",{"url":2112,"details":2113,"fileName":2117,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4BIbv35h5oNeS93K7Chx00\u002F97439e7a6ed547b25e0a49b896971dad\u002Fsdg_01",{"size":2114,"image":2115},17647,{"width":2116,"height":187},177,"sdg_01","contain","#E5243B",[2121],{"metadata":2122,"sys":2125,"fields":2135},{"tags":2123,"concepts":2124},[],[],{"space":2126,"id":2128,"type":14,"createdAt":2129,"updatedAt":2130,"environment":2131,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":45,"contentType":2133,"locale":27},{"sys":2127},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2nylSWcHhzDoq6aLjyrEh4","2022-10-06T08:46:12.145Z","2023-09-04T10:02:14.743Z",{"sys":2132},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2134},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":2136,"title":2136,"challenges":2137},"UN Goal 1",[2138],{"metadata":2139,"sys":2142,"fields":2152},{"tags":2140,"concepts":2141},[],[],{"space":2143,"id":2145,"type":14,"createdAt":2146,"updatedAt":2147,"environment":2148,"publishedVersion":1099,"revision":998,"contentType":2150,"locale":27},{"sys":2144},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2VPw9MgY0BBaamCZ8cQ84w","2022-10-06T08:46:08.840Z","2023-09-04T10:02:14.795Z",{"sys":2149},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2151},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":2153,"title":1375,"slug":2154,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":2155,"combos":2177},"sdg_world_goal_1","sdg-world-goal-1",{"metadata":2156,"sys":2159,"fields":2167},{"tags":2157,"concepts":2158},[],[],{"space":2160,"id":2162,"type":39,"createdAt":2163,"updatedAt":2164,"environment":2165,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":2161},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3nBuF83S3k9tCgvjQQvWzz","2022-10-06T08:46:00.474Z","2023-09-04T10:02:11.261Z",{"sys":2166},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":2168,"description":48,"file":2169},"SDG icon 1-03",{"url":2170,"details":2171,"fileName":2176,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3nBuF83S3k9tCgvjQQvWzz\u002F827e2c9cc1fdbdd0c68b6fc2c27715ba\u002FSDG_icon_1-03.png",{"size":2172,"image":2173},19346,{"width":2174,"height":2175},973,972,"SDG icon 1-03.png",[],{"metadata":2179,"sys":2182,"fields":2193},{"tags":2180,"concepts":2181},[],[],{"space":2183,"id":2185,"type":14,"createdAt":2186,"updatedAt":2187,"environment":2188,"publishedVersion":2190,"revision":1330,"contentType":2191,"locale":27},{"sys":2184},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"44gNevkqy8mwL17W6Mol1o","2020-11-19T19:37:33.665Z","2024-09-03T08:34:17.098Z",{"sys":2189},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},38,{"sys":2192},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":2194,"name":2195,"slug":2194,"tests":2196,"diplomaTest":2918,"icon":2938,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":2960,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":2961},"sdg-world-02","UN Goal 2: Zero hunger",[2197],{"metadata":2198,"sys":2201,"fields":2211},{"tags":2199,"concepts":2200},[],[],{"space":2202,"id":2204,"type":14,"createdAt":2205,"updatedAt":2206,"environment":2207,"publishedVersion":2057,"revision":1390,"contentType":2209,"locale":27},{"sys":2203},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"75ef96c2941eeef2129f6d2e835061c8","2021-11-11T07:12:26.298Z","2024-10-14T12:35:45.346Z",{"sys":2208},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2210},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":2212,"heading":2195,"slug":2213,"questions":2214},"sdg_world_02_t1","sdg-world-02-t1",[2215,2291,2325,2360,2395,2431,2466,2498,2530,2560,2590,2617,2642,2665,2692,2718,2747,2770,2791,2815,2838,2868],{"metadata":2216,"sys":2224,"fields":2235},{"tags":2217,"concepts":2223},[2218,2220],{"sys":2219},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2221},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},"hunger",[],{"space":2225,"id":2227,"type":14,"createdAt":2228,"updatedAt":2229,"environment":2230,"publishedVersion":2232,"revision":1389,"contentType":2233,"locale":27},{"sys":2226},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"52582237702cdc0ab2416e45895fa95f","2021-11-11T07:17:15.141Z","2025-09-15T09:07:38.972Z",{"sys":2231},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},270,{"sys":2234},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":2236,"answers":2237,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":442,"ruleOfThumbs":2238,"name":2239,"questionText":2240,"shortQuestionText":2241,"statistics":2242,"veryWrongStatistics":2261,"correctSentence":2282,"youWereWrong":2283,"youWereRight":2284,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2286,"extendedAnswerText":2287,"headingVeryWrong":2288,"youWereVeryWrong":2289,"headingWrong":2290},"12",[],[],"What share of the world’s population don't have en","What share of the world’s population don't have enough food to meet their daily energy needs?","What share of the world’s population don't have enough food to meet their daily needs?",[2243,2244,2245,2246,2247,2248,2249,2250,2251,208,2252,2253,2254,204,2255,2256,2257,2258,2259,2260],"swe 0.7379038972397249","nor 0.7435213842058541","fin 0.864613827399947","dnk 0.73396947534042","gbr 0.8513999999999999","usa 0.83","bra 0.76","fra 0.82","deu 0.85","mex 0.91","rus 0.59","esp 0.85","mar 0.79","zaf 0.84","ind 0.7","pak 0.73","nga 0.88","phl 0.79",[2262,2263,2264,2265,2266,2267,2268,2269,2270,2271,2272,2273,2274,2275,2276,2277,2278,2279,2280,2281],"phl 0.48","nga 0.68","pak 0.49","ind 0.38","zaf 0.67","nor 0.31","fin 0.42","dnk 0.3","mar 0.5","swe 0.34","esp 0.53","rus 0.4","mex 0.7","jpn 0.48","deu 0.46","fra 0.5","bra 0.5","usa 0.41","gbr 0.4575","mys 0.35","Around 11% of the world’s population don’t have enough food.\n\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F885172015>","In most people’s heads there are more hungry mouths than in reality. Before the pandemic, 9% were hungry worldwide, which was of course too many. Now it’s 11%, but you thought the problem was twice as large.","In most people’s heads there are more hungry mouths than in reality. The problem of starvation must seem impossible to solve for them as they  overestimate it by two or three times.","Source: UN","The estimates of undernourishment in 2024 are far from exact[1]. But even if the correct answer 11% is just an estimate, the wrong options are definitely not correct.\n\nWe have checked these assumptions against three different methods to estimate hunger based on three different kinds of data: 1. Available food, 2. Body weights and heights of children, 3. Extreme poverty. Each of  these datasets have large uncertainties, but the estimates for wasted children (7% in 2024) and extreme poverty (10% in 2025) are both lower than 11%, which indicates that hunger is probably in that range, and certainly not as high as the wrong option to this question of 23%.\nFAO[1] estimates the number of hungry people based on the number of calories available in each country each year, as documented in food balance sheets. These calories are then assumed to be purchased by the population based on the income of people, which in 2024 results in a rough estimate of the number of people who couldn’t afford enough food of 8.2% of the world population.\n\nOne measure of child malnutrition is wasting: the share of children with low body weight for height (indicating thinness). In 2024 the global wasting number was 7% of all children under age five, according to UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank [2]. This estimate indicates how many families who often experience food shortage.\n\nThe number of people in extreme poverty, with less than $3\u002Fday, was 10% in 2025, according to the World Bank[3], calculated from data based on household income surveys from recent years and taking into account the corona pandemic effect.\n\n[1]  [Hunger estimate from The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025, by UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization FAO, together with IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.fao.org\u002Fserver\u002Fapi\u002Fcore\u002Fbitstreams\u002F4eed749b-81f8-49c9-ba32-f09c66988d54\u002Fcontent\u002Fstate-food-security-and-nutrition-2025\u002Fending-hunger-food-security.html#gsc.tab=0)  \n[2]  [Wasting data from Joint Child Malnutrition estimates by UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSH.STA.WAST.ZS)  \n[3]  [Extreme poverty rate – World Bank via Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fopendata\u002Fjune-2025-global-poverty-update-from-the-world-bank--2021-ppps-a)  \n[4] We consulted three independent experts about this question, including Jessica Fanzo of Johns Hopkins University.","Most of us don’t want to trivialize suffering and it’s common that people overestimate the numbers when guessing about any kind of victims. It can have the unintended consequence of ruining our hope if the problem ends up seeming larger than it actually is.\n\nIn 2024, around 11% of the world population (more than 700 million people) didn’t have enough food. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWhen we hear that hunger increases in the world we might think the problem is too big to be solved. But, even after the increase, the number of people in need is still much smaller than most people realize, and ending hunger can be done.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nBecause they have empathy. Images of famine and starvation are horrifying and stick in our minds and lead us to think a huge amount of the world’s population don’t have enough to eat.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but the estimates are far from exact. But even if the correct answer 11% is just an estimate, the wrong options are definitely not correct.\n\nWe have checked these assumptions against three different methods to estimate hunger based on three different kinds of data: 1. Available food, 2. Body weights and heights of children, 3. Extreme poverty. Each of  these datasets have large uncertainties, but the estimates for wasted children (7% in 2024) and extreme poverty (10% in 2025) are both lower than 11%, which indicates that hunger is probably in that range, and certainly not as high as the wrong option to this question of 23%.\n\nThe FAO estimates the number of hungry people based on the number of calories available in each country each year, as documented in food balance sheets. These calories are then assumed to be purchased by the population based on the income of people, which in 2024 results in a rough estimate of the number of people who couldn’t afford enough food of 8.2% of the world population.\n\nOne measure of child malnutrition is wasting (the share of children with low body weight for height, indicating thinness). In 2024 the global wasting number was 7% of all children under age five, according to UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank. This estimate indicates how many families who often experience food shortage.\n\nThe number of people in extreme poverty, with less than $3 per day, was estimated to be around 10% in 2025, calculated from data based on household income surveys from recent years.\n\n### Discover more\n[See plates of food on different income levels](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=plates-of-food) from all over the World. \n\n[Read more about hunger](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fcc3017en\u002Fonline\u002Fcc3017en.html) at FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations).\n","The world would be terrible if you were right!","In most people’s heads there are more hungry mouths than in reality. Around 11% of people don't have enough to eat which is too many, but you thought the problem was three times larger.","You have too many starving in your head",{"metadata":2292,"sys":2299,"fields":2309},{"tags":2293,"concepts":2298},[2294,2296],{"sys":2295},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2297},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2300,"id":2302,"type":14,"createdAt":2303,"updatedAt":2304,"environment":2305,"publishedVersion":1483,"revision":1390,"contentType":2307,"locale":27},{"sys":2301},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3f46e1824f80d52dda434c8e06ff9d0a","2021-11-11T07:06:28.879Z","2024-10-09T08:28:30.644Z",{"sys":2306},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2308},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":2310,"answers":2311,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"name":2312,"questionText":2313,"statistics":2314,"veryWrongStatistics":2316,"correctSentence":2318,"youWereWrong":2319,"youWereRight":2320,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2322,"extendedAnswerText":2323,"headingVeryWrong":2324,"youWereVeryWrong":2319,"headingWrong":2324},"25",[],"For every 100kg of food produced in the world, how","For every 100kg of food produced in the world, how much is transported to a different country?",[2315],"uk 0.89",[2317],"uk 0.56","Globally, 17% of all food produced is exported internationally.","You have probably heard of many kinds of foods travelling the globe for no good reason but, in reality, most food doesn’t travel abroad.","They have probably heard of many kinds of foods travelling the globe for no good reason but, in reality, most food doesn’t travel abroad.","Source: FAO","In the article “Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers” in Science in February 2019, J. Poore and T. Nemecek calculated the share of food that is transported internationally using data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) 2013 food balance sheets. They had a figure of 17%. We used their calculations as a template using 2019 FAO data and that is how we got the same figure of 17kg of every 100kg of food produced being transported internationally (It had actually increased to 18% in 2017 but has gone back to 17kg again). FAO data is reported by each country and as such the accuracy varies. If you focus on the share of calories from food transported internationally rather than the number of kgs, the answer will be higher than 17%, closer to [23%](https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1002\u002F2014EF000250), but this is still far lower than the wrong options to our question, which were 37% and 57%, which most people guessed. \nTwo independent experts we contacted agree that the figure we use for the correct answer appeared accurate and had no objections either to the source or the way it was calculated. \n\n[1]  Source for the correct answer: [FAO data calculated by Gapminder.](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1PMW0ILMg1gFMOywtgPBUUR3ADF9NE75fhsIBkJkOceY\u002Fedit#gid=0)  \n[2]  Inspiration for our calculations:\n[“Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers” article published in Science on 22 February 2019 by J. Poore and T. Nemecek.](https:\u002F\u002Fjosephpoore.com\u002FScience%20360%206392%20987%20-%20Accepted%20Manuscript.pdf)  \n[3]  [Our World In Data. “You want to reduce the carbon footprint of your food? Focus on what you eat, not whether your food is local.”](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffood-choice-vs-eating-local)  \n[4]  [“Hand peeling of North Sea shrimp not going away…” - source for hand peeling shrimp in expanded section](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.undercurrentnews.com\u002F2016\u002F09\u002F16\u002Fklaas-puul-ceo-hand-peeling-of-north-sea-shrimp-not-going-away\u002F)  \n[5]  [Financial Times article from July 9, 2019 - “Environmental criticism mounts over EU-South America trade deal”](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002F055ac66c-9d9e-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb) \n","We constantly hear about globalization and see many food items we buy in stores that come from all over the world. We forget, though, to check where the staple foods we eat most come from. They are usually not as exotic and are from closer to home. \n\nCheck out hundreds of [food plates](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=plates-of-food&media=image) from all over the world, across different income levels.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe concept that most food is transported makes it seem like the whole food system must be changed. This leads to more drastic changes than are actually needed. Most of the world’s food system does not depend on unsustainable transport. And even if there is too much transporting of food which leads to unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions, [exaggerating those emissions](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffood-choice-vs-eating-local) can take the focus away from larger sources of greenhouse gasses.\n\n### Food transport is the worst for the environment, right?\nRoughly a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions come from food production, but [transportation is not more than 6%](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffood-ghg-emissions) of all emissions from food production. For many products, like beef, transportation is just 0.5%. Therefore, eating locally produced food often doesn’t reduce emissions as much as people imagine. To reduce emissions, switching away from beef, lamb and dairy will have a [much larger impact](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffood-choice-vs-eating-local#where-do-the-emissions-from-our-food-come-from) than switching from imported to local meat.\n\n### How representative are the media images of food transport?\nStories in the media about foods being transported a long way are what stick in people’s minds, such as extremely unsustainable activities like [shrimp caught in the North Sea being transported to Africa or China for peeling](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.undercurrentnews.com\u002F2016\u002F09\u002F16\u002Fklaas-puul-ceo-hand-peeling-of-north-sea-shrimp-not-going-away\u002F ) before coming back for sale, or [meat being imported to Europe from South America](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ft.com\u002Fcontent\u002F055ac66c-9d9e-11e9-9c06-a4640c9feebb). These exceptions represent a very small fraction of all food, but they are so mind-boggling that we remember them and we fail to realize that most of our food comes from home.","Most foods are not globetrotters",{"metadata":2326,"sys":2333,"fields":2343},{"tags":2327,"concepts":2332},[2328,2330],{"sys":2329},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2331},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2334,"id":2336,"type":14,"createdAt":2337,"updatedAt":2338,"environment":2339,"publishedVersion":1389,"revision":1584,"contentType":2341,"locale":27},{"sys":2335},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"b49813ade9d7bf7d0872c9a50aab02a3","2021-11-11T07:06:35.651Z","2024-09-03T08:34:17.623Z",{"sys":2340},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2342},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":2344,"answers":2345,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":2346,"questionText":2347,"statistics":2348,"veryWrongStatistics":2350,"correctSentence":2352,"youWereWrong":2353,"youWereRight":2354,"dataSourceShortText":2355,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2356,"extendedAnswerText":2357,"headingVeryWrong":2358,"youWereVeryWrong":2359,"headingWrong":2358},"28",[],"Region underweight children","Which of the following regions has the largest share of children under 5 who are dangerously underweight?",[2349],"uk 0.85",[2351],"uk 0.206","South Asia has the highest share of children under 5 years old who are dangerously underweight.","When asked about hunger, you instinctively think “Africa”, don’t you? But undernourished children are actually more common in South Asia.","They probably think of hunger as a synonym for Africa and they can’t imagine there are more undernourished children elsewhere. ","Sources: UNICEF, WHO and World Bank","The prevalence of underweight, (low weight for age, also called wasting) is above 15% in India, which is a middle-income country. In Sub-Saharan Africa the number is around 6%.\nThe data is taken from nationally representative household surveys which are done infrequently (typically every 3 to 5 years). An issue when it comes to wasting is that it is an acute illness that can change frequently and quickly over the course of a year. As such, there is unreliability in the estimates, but we still know what the proportions are.\nThere are places in Africa where the problem is just as big as in South Asia, like in Sudan for example. \nWe consulted three independent experts about the data from the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates and, while they pointed out its limitations, they did not object to using the data and often use it themselves to show measures of hunger among children.\n\n[1]  [UNICEF\u002FWHO\u002FThe World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fdata\u002Fgho\u002Fdata\u002Fthemes\u002Ftopics\u002Fjoint-child-malnutrition-estimates-unicef-who-wb?id=402)  \n[2]  [WHO Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Wasting Policy Brief](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnutrition\u002Ftopics\u002Fglobaltargets_wasting_policybrief.pdf)  \n[3]  [Emergency Nutrition Network.  “South Asia and child wasting – unravelling the conundrum” by Harriet Torlesse and Minh Tram Le from 2020](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ennonline.net\u002Fattachments\u002F3673\u002FFEX-63-Web_FINAL_7-12.pdf)  \n[4]  We consulted three independent experts about the source and data used in this question, including Ziad El-Khatib of the Karolinska Institute and the Medical University of Vienna.","Because countries in South Asia (including India and Pakistan) have been making so much progress in many ways, this problem hasn’t had the attention it deserves. Children in South Asia are more than twice as likely (14%) to be underweight than children in Sub-Saharan Africa (around 6%) and North Africa and the Middle-East (also around 6%).\n\nWhen we think of children who are so thin that their skin is stretched tight across their ribs and their heads seem too heavy for their bodies, it is no surprise Sub-Saharan Africa or war-torn countries in the Middle East come into our minds. After all, that is where a lot of the world’s poverty is and where we most often see images of hungry children.\n\nIt’s harder to see the amount of hunger that is hidden in poor communities across South Asia, in the outskirts of affluent cities or distant rural areas there are lots of “pockets of poverty” adding up to slightly more underweight children than there are in all of Africa. In South Asia, including Pakistan and India, 25 million children under age 5 have gotten too little food, which puts them at risk of infection and death.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe stereotypical idea that all hunger problems are in Africa make people ignore a huge problem - the large share of children in South Asia who sometimes have too little food and risk dying because they are too thin.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nFor many people, Africa is synonymous with hunger. There has been a lot of attention paid in the media and in charity campaigns to poor African countries with starving children.\n\n### Why is there a much higher rate in South Asia than anywhere else?\nMiddle-income countries like India still have a lot of poverty and more than 15% of children there have a serious lack of nutrition. In India, as well as Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and the Maldives, there hasn’t been much progress in helping children who are dangerously underweight over the last decade.\n\nOften the problem in these countries is that children are born very small because their mothers are very thin and undernourished. It might be because they are very young when they have babies or that they are so poor they don’t have enough food to eat while they are pregnant. And, in those countries, there are many small babies who don’t get enough of the healthy foods that will help them develop into strong children if they aren’t breastfed.\n\n### Where can I see this data for countries?\n[This bubble chart](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F2KRQuA3) shows you how countries in South Asia stand out with a very high share of undernourished children, compared to other countries on that income level. Play the graph over time, and see how this form of suffering is fortunately being reduced in most countries.\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes - but be realistic about how certain numbers are. The data is taken from nationally representative household surveys which are done infrequently (typically every 3 to 5 years). It is presented in the Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates database as a collaboration between UNICEF, the WHO and World Bank. An issue when it comes to wasting is that it is an acute illness that can change frequently and quickly over the course of a year. As such, there is unreliability in the estimates, but we still know what the proportions are.\n\n### What does dangerously underweight mean?\nThe technical term is “wasting”. The WHO defines wasting as “a symptom of acute undernutrition, usually as a consequence of insufficient food intake or a high incidence of infectious diseases, especially diarrhoea. Wasting in turn impairs the functioning of the immune system and can lead to increased severity and duration of and susceptibility to infectious diseases and an increased risk for death.”","Hunger is NOT a synonym for Africa","When asked about hunger, you instinctively think “Africa”, don’t you? But undernourished children are actually more common in South Asia. ",{"metadata":2361,"sys":2368,"fields":2380},{"tags":2362,"concepts":2367},[2363,2365],{"sys":2364},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2366},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2369,"id":2371,"type":14,"createdAt":2372,"updatedAt":2373,"environment":2374,"publishedVersion":2376,"revision":2377,"contentType":2378,"locale":27},{"sys":2370},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"f6e85e66d3d4147b950bac57933b6ce2","2021-11-11T07:06:31.072Z","2024-09-03T08:34:17.809Z",{"sys":2375},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},33,13,{"sys":2379},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":2381,"answers":2382,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":2383,"questionText":2384,"statistics":2385,"veryWrongStatistics":2386,"correctSentence":2388,"youWereWrong":2389,"youWereRight":2390,"dataSourceShortText":2391,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2392,"extendedAnswerText":2393,"headingVeryWrong":2394,"youWereVeryWrong":2389,"headingWrong":2394},"26",[],"Worldwide, how many children under age 5 are overw","Worldwide, how many children under age 5 are overweight?",[666],[2387],"uk 0.38","Globally, 6% of children under 5 years of age are overweight.","When you’re aware of a big problem you easily lose track of proportions. You know the health risks of being overweight, so too many children become overweight in your mind.","They know that too many children are overweight but they overestimate it by more than four times.","Source: UNICEF, WHO and World Bank","The correct answer is a global estimate for 2019. The data is taken from nationally representative household surveys which are done infrequently (typically every 3 to 5 years) and then compiled into a report [2]. This report was published in March 2020. The big differences between the three answer options here guarantee that even if this figure underestimates the issue, we still have a large enough margin for the two wrong answers to not possibly be correct.\n\n[1]  [UNICEF, WHO and the World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Fresources\u002Fjoint-child-malnutrition-estimates-interactive-dashboard-2020\u002F )  \n[2]  [WHO\u002FUNICEF\u002FWB full report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789240025257)  \n[3]  [Oxfam\u002FInstitute of development studies](https:\u002F\u002Fopendocs.ids.ac.uk\u002Fopendocs\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.12413\u002F12190\u002FPrecariousLives_Online.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y )  \n[4]  We consulted five independent experts for this question, including Harry Rutter of the University of Bath and Wolfgang Ahrens of the Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology.","The instinct for sugar and fat is very strong in most of us, that’s how we survived prehistoric times. When there was food, we ate as much as we could. But today we have an abundance of food and children being overweight is a growing problem. We also have an abundance of sensational news, which makes us easily get an overdramatized worldview. \n\n### Why is it a problem if many are wrong about this?\nMany people answer that almost half of all children are overweight when the true number is closer to 6%. Such bingeing on dramatic news stories is just as harmful as the bingeing on sugar and fat. It makes us less functional when it comes to solving problems. Where would you even begin to solve a problem that affects almost half of the world’s children? 6% of children on the other hand, while still a lot of children, seems a smaller (and easier) problem to solve. \n\n### Why are many wrong about this?\nWe have seen reports about the numbers of overweight children and we know it’s a big problem, so it gets inflated in our minds. \n\n### Do people underestimate the amount of underweight children?\nPeople tend to overestimate all kinds of unusual problematic conditions. Many people seem to assume that half of all children are overweight, and the other half are underweight. Of course this is impossible, there would be almost no children at a normal, healthy weight if this were true! In fact, 85% of children are what is considered a healthy weight. \n\n### Is the amount of overweight children very different across regions?\nThere are huge differences, but even in the countries with the highest share of overweight children, their percentage is still lower than what most people believe the world figure is. See [UNICEF map of overweight children](https:\u002F\u002Finfogram.com\u002F1pmq0j9gv7jmqmf3ee53xv6ek1izrmpd7el).\n\n ### How common is being overweight among older children?\nIn children 5-19 years, levels of overweight and obesity is higher: roughly 18%. In 1975 only 4% in that age group were overweight or obese.\n\n### Why are more children overweight nowadays?\nIn some ways the story of overweight children is a burden of the success of global development. The number of overweight children grew worldwide because billions of people escaped extreme poverty and started being able to afford more than enough food and sweets. When people start getting some money, they tend to spend it on status food like meat, fast foods and sweets that are not so good for them. Fast food is widely available and often targets the vulnerable markets with cheap, low nutrition foods that drive obesity rates. At the same time, for several different reasons, children have become less physically active.\n\n### What does overweight mean, exactly?\nOverweight is not just measuring a person's weight, but it also takes into account that person's height. Those two numbers are combined into a measure called body mass index (BMI), which make it possible to  compare body weight across people of very different heights. \n\n### Is overweight the same as obesity?\nObesity is higher.  \n\n### If people learn the problem is smaller, will they take it less seriously then?\nWe are by no means trying to downplay the significance of these global trends in overweight children. Instead, we show these numbers to highlight that the problem is one that can be approached and worked on without losing hope that it is completely out of control and impossible to solve.\n","Overdramatic overweight",{"metadata":2396,"sys":2403,"fields":2413},{"tags":2397,"concepts":2402},[2398,2400],{"sys":2399},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2401},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2404,"id":2406,"type":14,"createdAt":2407,"updatedAt":2408,"environment":2409,"publishedVersion":2012,"revision":734,"contentType":2411,"locale":27},{"sys":2405},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5978d7f050bad8d170b9b8b079d162cf","2021-11-11T07:06:38.446Z","2025-10-13T08:18:26.854Z",{"sys":2410},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2412},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":2414,"answers":2415,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":2416,"questionText":2417,"shortQuestionText":2418,"statistics":2419,"veryWrongStatistics":2420,"correctSentence":2422,"youWereWrong":2423,"youWereRight":2424,"dataSourceShortText":2425,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2426,"extendedAnswerText":2427,"headingVeryWrong":2428,"youWereVeryWrong":2429,"headingWrong":2430},"29",[],"In 1995, all countries together spent 4,600 millio","In 1995, all countries together spent 4,600 million US dollars on agriculture export subsidies. How much was spent in 2023?","In 1995, all countries spent 4,600 million US dollars total on agriculture export subsidies. How much was spent in 2023?",[666],[2421],"uk 0.436","Since 1995, agricultural export subsidies globally have fallen from 4,590 million USD, to 25 million USD in 2023.","The use of tax money to export the harvest surplus has almost stopped completely, but you thought it only halved.","People think export subsidies are still very common. This outdated view can prevent people from realizing other issues in the global agricultural sector.  ","Source: World Trade Organization","This data comes from member countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO)[1]. The data is completely self-reported by the countries and no calculations or amendments to the data are made by the WTO.  Export subsidies are defined as “export subsidies, budgetary outlays, and quantities” as notified by WTO Members.\n\nAlthough all WTO members are committed to eliminating agricultural export subsidies, some members have questioned other countries over concerns that agricultural subsidies are being disguised and reported as another form of subsidy or scheme.[2]\n\n[1]  [WTO Agricultural export subsidies - via UNstats SDG indicators database](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Findicators\u002Fdatabase\u002F) (indicator 2.b.1)  \n[2]  [WTO Agriculture committee meeting report - 21-23 September 2020](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wto.org\u002Fenglish\u002Fnews_e\u002Fnews20_e\u002Fagri_23sep20_e.htm)","In the last 25 years, export subsidies have decreased to less than 5%, yet people think it increased. Stable agricultural prices are valuable for farmers to predict their incomes. Some 25 years ago, enormous sums of money in the form of subsidies were used from tax money to “dispose” of the surplus of agricultural products to other countries. This was useful to avoid dropping the domestic prices of farm products in rich countries. As a result, the poorest countries’ food prices jumped up and down because of cheap imported food from rich countries. Poor farmers, already handling unpredictable harvests, could suddenly be bankrupted by unfair global price jumps. In 2015, WTO members agreed to end agricultural export subsidies for good. And today the total amount is just a fraction of what it was 25 years ago. Global trade collaboration can benefit not only the richest, but also the poorest.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf people don’t realize that progress is being made, they won’t realize more progress is possible. The stereotype of rich countries as ruthless business partners may be well deserved, but when they improve it’s important to recognize it, so that the richest see that it’s worth behaving responsibly.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nAcute problems are reported much more than slow progress. Therefore we often have a skewed understanding. To know what is going on in the moment, we need the news. For the big picture we need data: global trends and proportions we will not get by looking out the window or in  dramatic news flashes. \n\n### How can the subsidies have dropped so much? \nOver recent years, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has worked to significantly reduce export subsidies as they can discourage food production in the poorer importing countries. In 2015, WTO members agreed to end agricultural export subsidies for good. The fact that people have not realized the huge decrease of export subsidies makes them focus too much on that instead of focusing on other important issues remaining to be solved for agriculture: import tariffs and domestic subsidies. \n\n### What is an export subsidy? \nGet a lengthy explanation at Wikipedia [here](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FExport_subsidy). \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, even though the data is reported by countries themselves to the World Trade Organization, it is generally of good quality. However, even though export subsidies have decreased dramatically, other practices of distorting trade still exist, such as domestic subsidies and export restrictions.\n","Less fake food prices ","The use of tax money to export the harvest surplus has almost stopped completely, and you thought it increased four times.","Less fake food prices",{"metadata":2432,"sys":2439,"fields":2450},{"tags":2433,"concepts":2438},[2434,2436],{"sys":2435},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2437},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2440,"id":2442,"type":14,"createdAt":2443,"updatedAt":2444,"environment":2445,"publishedVersion":2447,"revision":2377,"contentType":2448,"locale":27},{"sys":2441},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"debba105f7e2643b5a203a1b53340328","2021-11-11T07:06:33.364Z","2025-03-18T08:47:07.558Z",{"sys":2446},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},56,{"sys":2449},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":2451,"answers":2452,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":2453,"questionText":2454,"statistics":2455,"veryWrongStatistics":2457,"correctSentence":2459,"youWereWrong":2460,"youWereRight":2461,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2462,"extendedAnswerText":2463,"headingVeryWrong":2464,"youWereVeryWrong":2465,"headingWrong":2464},"27",[],"How many countries worldwide have holdings of plan","How many countries worldwide have holdings of plant genetic materials conserved in genebanks?",[2456],"uk 0.8",[2458],"uk 0.48","More than 100 of the world’s countries have plant material stored in genebanks.","The DNA evolves with every new generation of a plant. Many countries are smart to keep backups of earlier plant versions, just in case.\n","More than half the world’s countries have plant material stored away in genebanks. Yet, most people think only a few countries are capable of doing this.","This number[1] comes from countries directly reporting how many samples of plant material they have stored in genebanks to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) for SDG indicator 2.5.1[2]. \n\nThere is potential for the number to be higher than 115, because this data only counts plant material stored in medium or long-term facilities and because not all countries report to the FAO each year. \nFor example, China is listed as having no plant accessions in their labs, even though the China National Genebank houses  “The Living Database of Animal and Plant Resources”[4].\n\nThis data does not take into account the quality or security of the genebanks and the level of risk of losing gene samples within the bank. \n\n[1]  [FAO SDG Progress Report 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.fao.org\u002Fitems\u002Fbc1775eb-b738-470e-b56a-be47a7dee5d9)  \n[2]  [UNstats SDG indicator database - Indicator 2.5.1](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Findicators\u002Fdatabase\u002F?indicator=2.5.1)  \n[3]  [Genebank Standards for Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fdocuments\u002Fcard\u002Fen\u002Fc\u002F7b79ee93-0f3c-5f58-9adc-5d4ef063f9c7\u002F)  \n[4]  [China National Genebank - The Living Database of Animal and Plant Resources](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cngb.org\u002Fbrc-pam.html)  \n[5]  [Explainer: What is a gene bank? Science News for Students](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencenewsforstudents.org\u002Farticle\u002Fexplainer-what-gene-bank)","Many wrongly assume that only a few countries care for the future of the planet and that the rest are ignoring it. In reality, more than half the world’s countries have plant material stored in genebanks. \nHaving these genes preserved could prove vital to humans in the future as they can help to rebuild populations of rare species and increase genetic diversity to overcome events that might otherwise potentially wipe a species out. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nAgricultural biodiversity is much better managed in most countries, than people realize. This indicates a widespread, disrespectful concept of “other people”, as if they are not understanding or taking responsibility for future food security.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople have lots of ideas about starvation and bad governance in other parts of the world, and they expect mismanagement to be wider spread than it is. But they probably haven't heard much about genebanks, and as it is news to them, they assume it’s very rare.\n\n### How can so many countries have genebanks?\nMost countries have become much richer during the past decades and a majority have strategic plans for future food security and biodiversity, which is managed by educated agronomists.\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, even though the data is based on reports from countries, it is considered to be reliable. \n\n### Where can I learn more?\n-Learn [What agronomy is](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FAgronomy) \n-Learn [what genebanks are for](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencenewsforstudents.org\u002Farticle\u002Fexplainer-what-gene)","Backup plants","The DNA evolves with every new generation of a plant. Many countries are smart to keep backups of earlier plant versions, just in case.",{"metadata":2467,"sys":2474,"fields":2485},{"tags":2468,"concepts":2473},[2469,2471],{"sys":2470},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2472},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2475,"id":2477,"type":14,"createdAt":2478,"updatedAt":2479,"environment":2480,"publishedVersion":2482,"revision":2377,"contentType":2483,"locale":27},{"sys":2476},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"R8eqWSiEKmseHGnbhfVbY","2022-11-04T09:42:04.851Z","2024-09-03T08:34:18.671Z",{"sys":2481},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},91,{"sys":2484},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2486,"answers":2487,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":2488,"questionText":2489,"statistics":2490,"veryWrongStatistics":2491,"correctSentence":2492,"youWereWrong":2493,"youWereRight":2493,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2494,"extendedAnswerText":2495,"headingVeryWrong":2496,"youWereVeryWrong":2497,"headingWrong":2496},"1511",[],"African food production","How much of the food eaten by people in Africa is produced in Africa?",[1626],[1458],"More than 80% of the food eaten by people in Africa is produced in Africa.","In Africa, just like everywhere else, most of the food eaten is locally produced. Some food is imported because farmers are unable to grow crops, but most is imported because diets have changed as people have gotten richer.","As with any average, the overall figure can hide big differences between individual countries and regions. For example, a lot more of the food eaten by people in North Africa is imported rather than grown there. The data we use comes from the FAO. The main source is official statistics from member countries which is collected yearly. The figure refers to the weight of food produced, as opposed to the calories consumed. We consulted several independent experts for this question who pointed out the differences between food requirements versus food choices and how there are different scenarios across the African continent. Despite the caveats, the experts agreed that the FAO data is trustworthy and the most reliable available.\n\n[1]  [FAO - Food Balance Sheets](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Ffaostat\u002Fen\u002F#data\u002FFBS)  \n[2]  [FAO - Food self-sufficiency and international trade: a false dichotomy?](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fi5222e\u002Fi5222e.pdf)  ","Africa is a vast continent and each country is different. Yet people often seem to stereotype everyone in Africa as victims. The perception that \"Africa cannot feed itself\" can lead people to believe it's not worth investing in Africa. There can be resistance to even try to increase productivity in African agriculture, because the continent is perceived to be doomed from the start. The reality is different! African countries do produce their own crops, but their ability to keep producing more food is sensitive to climate change, and that needs to be taken very seriously as the world becomes warmer. \n\nThe images we see of hungry people in extreme poverty are not fake but they are not representative of an entire continent of a billion people. There are very poor people who do rely on food aid, but a lot of the food imported from abroad is actually due to choice rather than necessity. \n\nNorth Africa is where most food is imported. Egypt has been importing a lot of wheat, partly because it has sold bread at a subsidized low price. All North African countries import maize to feed chickens. And barley imports have been booming, due to an increase in breweries making beer! People in other parts of Africa (mostly in urban areas) also prefer rice and want to eat instant noodles, pasta and fried chicken instead of traditional local staples – which make up a big share of the imported food. \n### Why are people wrong about this?\nIf you don't live in Africa, you hear the media talk about it as if it's a country instead of a continent. The images we often see are from disasters, diseases, wars, terror and hunger. It creates an image in our heads of a place where nothing works and where Africa depends on the rest of the world sending food and trained staff to come to their rescue. In fact, in most countries, economic growth has been happening faster over the past couple of decades than in Europe. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt's true that Africa has a lot of extreme poverty and it still struggles with a lot of problems. But, in most places, countries in Africa have enough educated people to take care of most of their country’s problems. Most people have an incredibly outdated view of Africa that is damaging not just to African people, governments and businesses, but also to the people holding those outdated views. It means they will miss out on incredible opportunities to work, study, travel and invest in vibrant, modernizing countries. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but like any average, the overall figure can hide big differences between individual countries and regions. For example, a lot more of the food eaten by people in North Africa is imported rather than grown there, compared to Sub-Saharan Africa. The data we use comes from the FAO. The main source is official statistics from member countries which are collected yearly. The figure refers to the weight of food produced, as opposed to the calories consumed. We consulted several independent experts for this question who pointed out to us the differences between food requirements versus food choices and how there are different scenarios across the African continent. Despite the caveats, the experts agreed that the FAO data is trustworthy and the most reliable available.\n\n### Resources\nDollar Street: See [plates of food](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=plates-of-food&regions=af) from different income levels in many countries in Africa \n","Africa can feed Africa","In Africa, just like everywhere else, most of the food eaten is local. Some food is imported because farmers are unable to grow crops, but most is imported because people’s diets are changing as they have gotten richer.",{"metadata":2499,"sys":2506,"fields":2516},{"tags":2500,"concepts":2505},[2501,2503],{"sys":2502},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2504},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2507,"id":2509,"type":14,"createdAt":2510,"updatedAt":2511,"environment":2512,"publishedVersion":402,"revision":44,"contentType":2514,"locale":27},{"sys":2508},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2CL5hee37mDmYDyHwTk1Pn","2022-11-09T09:22:12.940Z","2024-09-03T08:34:18.834Z",{"sys":2513},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2515},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2517,"answers":2518,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1754,"name":2519,"questionText":2520,"statistics":2521,"veryWrongStatistics":2523,"correctSentence":2525,"youWereWrong":2526,"youWereRight":2526,"dataSourceShortText":940,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2527,"extendedAnswerText":2528,"headingVeryWrong":2529,"youWereVeryWrong":2526,"headingWrong":2529},"1513",[],"Food aid vs R&D","Between 2005 and 2020, $57 billion was spent on food aid for poor countries. How much was spent researching new crops that could yield more food or survive extreme weather?",[2522],"uk 0.4893",[2524],"uk 0.117","Around $9 billion was spent researching new crops that could yield more food or survive extreme weather between 2005 and 2020. ","Over the past couple of decades, there has been six times more money spent giving food to poor countries than research into new types of crops that could help reduce the need for aid. ","The original data comes from the OECD. The figures for agricultural research show Official Development Assistance from governments plus flows from private philanthropy. Agricultural research conforms to the OECD definition, which includes: Plant breeding, physiology, genetic resources, ecology, taxonomy, disease control, agricultural bio-technology; including livestock research (animal health, breeding and genetics, nutrition, physiology). The data we use was processed by Ceres2030 and International Food Policy Research Institute.\n\nFood aid is described by the OECD as:” Conventionally, food aid includes grants and concessional loans that conform to official development assistance (ODA)” and it is categorized as described [here](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.oecd.org\u002Foda\u002Ffood-aid.htm)\n\nThe chart used for this question was originally published in the Goalkeepers 2022 report in an [essay by Bill Gates](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gatesfoundation.org\u002Fgoalkeepers\u002Freport\u002F2022-report\u002F#BillEssay). We consulted three independent experts regarding the source and the data and they all agreed that it was a correct and reliable representation of food aid and agricultural research.\n\n[1]  [OECD – Food Aid](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.oecd.org\u002Foda\u002Ffood-aid.htm)  \n[2]  [OECD – Creditor Reporting System](https:\u002F\u002Fstats.oecd.org\u002Findex.aspx?DataSetCode=CRS1)  \n[3]  [“The Future of Progress” - Bill Gates essay as part of Goalkeepers 2022 report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gatesfoundation.org\u002Fgoalkeepers\u002Freport\u002F2022-report\u002F)  ","Giving food aid is important. It is a sign of successful global collaboration that countries come together to help to feed people in places where crops haven’t been growing and there isn’t enough food to feed the population, whether that is because of droughts or floods, or war. \n\nAt the same time, it is also vitally important to spend money researching new ways to innovate so that more food can be grown with less resources and effort. So much more food today is produced on the same amount of land as 60 years ago, thanks to improvements in fertilizer, irrigation and machinery. And there have been some incredible improvements in seeds that are better adapted to a country’s climate and able to help farmers produce food in places that are hot and dry.\n\nThe aim should be for there to be no need for food aid. So, at the same time as countries in need are helped, more money needs to be spent researching the technology that can help these countries feed their populations as the climate changes.\n\nThe chart below shows the stark difference in spending on food aid compared to research between 2005 and 2020.\n\n[![foodaid vs R&D](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3ZbMMyYzUu29hkOGnkQ436\u002F2e85a47af02087177ea2a3d4f4c75384\u002Ffoodaid_vs_R_D.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gatesfoundation.org\u002Fgoalkeepers\u002Freport\u002F2022-report\u002F#BillEssay)  \n\nSource for chart: [Goalkeepers 2022 report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gatesfoundation.org\u002Fgoalkeepers\u002Freport\u002F2022-report\u002F#BillEssay).\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey assume that more work and investment is being done in the background to combat the worst effects of climate change. We have found the same when it comes to the transition to clean energy. But, unfortunately, the urgency and finance have so far been lacking. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe global temperature is warming and that will mean more issues when it comes to growing food, particularly in countries that are already hot and dry. Investing in research now is hugely important if we are going to be able to feed a growing population and reduce countries’ need for food aid. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. The original data comes from the OECD. The figures for agricultural research show Official Development Assistance from governments plus flows from private philanthropy. Agricultural research conforms to the OECD definition, which includes: Plant breeding, physiology, genetic resources, ecology, taxonomy, disease control, agricultural bio-technology; including livestock research (animal health, breeding and genetics, nutrition, physiology). The data we use was processed by Ceres2030 and International Food Policy Research Institute.\n\nFood aid is described by the OECD as: “Conventionally, food aid includes grants and concessional loans that conform to official development assistance (ODA)” and it is categorized as described [here](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.oecd.org\u002Foda\u002Ffood-aid.htm)\n\nThe chart used for this question was originally published in the Goalkeepers 2022 report in an [essay by Bill Gates](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gatesfoundation.org\u002Fgoalkeepers\u002Freport\u002F2022-report\u002F#BillEssay). We consulted three independent experts regarding the source and the data and they all agreed that it was a correct and reliable representation of food aid and agricultural research.\n","Aid over investment",{"metadata":2531,"sys":2538,"fields":2548},{"tags":2532,"concepts":2537},[2533,2535],{"sys":2534},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2536},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2539,"id":2541,"type":14,"createdAt":2542,"updatedAt":2543,"environment":2544,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":91,"contentType":2546,"locale":27},{"sys":2540},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1VgyarvIY4m71lvujA9heg","2023-04-27T11:47:14.299Z","2024-09-03T08:34:18.995Z",{"sys":2545},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2547},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2549,"answers":2550,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":146,"name":2551,"questionText":2552,"statistics":2553,"veryWrongStatistics":2555,"correctSentence":2557,"dataSourceShortText":2558,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2559},"1604",[],"obese children in Europe","How many children in Europe (including Russia and Türkiye) are obese today?",[2554],"uk 0.867",[2556],"uk 0.419","In Europe (including Russia and Turkey), around 10% of children aged 5-19 are obese.","WHO","[WHO – Prevalence of obesity among children aged 5-19](https:\u002F\u002Fapps.who.int\u002Fgho\u002Fdata\u002Fview.main.BMIPLUS2REGv?lang=en)   ",{"metadata":2561,"sys":2568,"fields":2578},{"tags":2562,"concepts":2567},[2563,2565],{"sys":2564},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":2566},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":2222},[],{"space":2569,"id":2571,"type":14,"createdAt":2572,"updatedAt":2573,"environment":2574,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":2107,"contentType":2576,"locale":27},{"sys":2570},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4S1aejkB2el1eTO3a3ThIx","2023-05-11T12:39:24.466Z","2024-11-28T20:30:14.910Z",{"sys":2575},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2577},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2579,"answers":2580,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":2581,"questionText":2582,"statistics":2583,"veryWrongStatistics":2585,"correctSentence":2587,"dataSourceShortText":2588,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2589},"1632",[],"Share of deaths by overweight\u002Fobesity","Globally, what share of deaths is caused by overweight and obesity?",[2584],"usa 0.84",[2586],"usa 0.3537","Around 8% of deaths globally are caused by overweight and obesity. It is the fifth leading health risk worldwide.","Source: IHME","[1]  [IHME (via Our World In Data) ](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fobesity#8-of-global-deaths-are-the-result-of-obesity)    ",{"metadata":2591,"sys":2594,"fields":2604},{"tags":2592,"concepts":2593},[],[],{"space":2595,"id":2597,"type":14,"createdAt":2598,"updatedAt":2599,"environment":2600,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":998,"contentType":2602,"locale":27},{"sys":2596},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2S6Fl02tYLVsV5SooTXpD7","2023-12-07T11:06:12.441Z","2024-09-03T08:34:19.339Z",{"sys":2601},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2603},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2605,"answers":2606,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2607,"veryWrongPercentage":2608,"name":2609,"questionText":2610,"statistics":2611,"veryWrongStatistics":2613,"correctSentence":2615,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2616},"1766",[],51,28,"Food production since 1960","What happened to the average amount of food produced from a field with potatoes, cassava, maize, rice and wheat since 1960?",[2612],"usa 0.51",[2614],"usa 0.28","Compared to 1961, the average amount of food produced from fields of key crops had nearly doubled by 2021. ","\n[1]  [FAO (via Our World In Data) – Crop yields, World, 1961 to 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fkey-crop-yields)                        \n",{"metadata":2618,"sys":2621,"fields":2631},{"tags":2619,"concepts":2620},[],[],{"space":2622,"id":2624,"type":14,"createdAt":2625,"updatedAt":2626,"environment":2627,"publishedVersion":364,"revision":45,"contentType":2629,"locale":27},{"sys":2623},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6D90IQb6f3d02KEdpuRYOJ","2024-08-30T12:59:12.101Z","2024-09-03T08:34:19.520Z",{"sys":2628},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2630},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2632,"answers":2633,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"veryWrongPercentage":1754,"name":2635,"questionText":2636,"statistics":2637,"veryWrongStatistics":2639,"correctSentence":2640,"dataSourceShortText":1427,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2641},"1784",[],81,"Social protection in US and Europe","In the United States and Europe, how many children are covered by some kind of social protection program in case their parents can't give them food?\n",[2638],"uk 0.81",[1758],"More than 85% of children in Europe and the US are covered by some kind of social protection program in case their parents can't give them food."," [1]  [ILO Statistics Explorer (SDG 1.3.1)](https:\u002F\u002Frshiny.ilo.org\u002Fdataexplorer47\u002F?lang=en&id=SDG_0131_SEX_SOC_RT_A) \n\n [2]  [UN Statistics for SDG 1.3.1](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Freport\u002F2019\u002Fgoal-01\u002F)",{"metadata":2643,"sys":2646,"fields":2656},{"tags":2644,"concepts":2645},[],[],{"space":2647,"id":2649,"type":14,"createdAt":2650,"updatedAt":2651,"environment":2652,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":998,"contentType":2654,"locale":27},{"sys":2648},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"51bkIPgmNIX3Yh8Eg7D8cy","2024-08-30T09:32:33.741Z","2024-09-03T08:34:19.682Z",{"sys":2653},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2655},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2657,"answers":2658,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"veryWrongPercentage":2037,"name":2660,"questionText":2661,"correctSentence":2662,"dataSourceShortText":2663,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2664},"1783",[],88,"School feeding programs","Of the 195 countries in the world, how many have some kind of school feeding program?\n","More than 150 countries have some kind of school feeding program.","Source: UN World Food Programme ","[1] [WFP – The State of School Feeding Worldwide 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wfp.org\u002Fpublications\u002Fstate-school-feeding-worldwide-2022) ",{"metadata":2666,"sys":2669,"fields":2680},{"tags":2667,"concepts":2668},[],[],{"space":2670,"id":2672,"type":14,"createdAt":2673,"updatedAt":2674,"environment":2675,"publishedVersion":2677,"revision":91,"contentType":2678,"locale":27},{"sys":2671},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3uJLAIIdvblFCoUQwlwZg","2024-09-02T08:48:15.023Z","2024-09-04T13:08:43.898Z",{"sys":2676},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},36,{"sys":2679},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2681,"answers":2682,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"veryWrongPercentage":845,"name":2683,"questionText":2684,"statistics":2685,"veryWrongStatistics":2687,"correctSentence":2689,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2690,"extendedAnswerText":2691},"1786",[],"Agricultural yield","Since 1961, the land used for crop agriculture worldwide has increased by 13%. What has happened to the annual amount of grains (corn, wheat, rice etc) produced?",[2686],"us 0.66",[2688],"us 0.30","Between 1960 and 2022 the annual production of wheat, corn, oats, rice, barley, and rye increased by 240%.\n","[1] [FAO](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Ffaostat\u002Fen\u002F#data\u002FQCL?regions=5000&elements=2510&items=44,56,75,27,71,15&years=1970,1980,1990,2020,2021,2022&output_type=table&file_type=csv&submit=true)\n\n[2] [Our World In Data, Change in cereal production, yield, land use and\npopulation, World](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Findex-of-cereal-production-yield-and-land-use) ","![Change in cereal production, yield, land use and population, World](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3GmEJeu8vGVuCUaw1pvGX2\u002F7aa3039b6215886c16a602b56de6c395\u002FScreen_Shot_2024-09-04_at_13.58.05.png)\nThe chart above uses FAO data and was published by [Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Findex-of-cereal-production-yield-and-land-use)",{"metadata":2693,"sys":2696,"fields":2706},{"tags":2694,"concepts":2695},[],[],{"space":2697,"id":2699,"type":14,"createdAt":2700,"updatedAt":2701,"environment":2702,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":998,"contentType":2704,"locale":27},{"sys":2698},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6YoYUvkQE9vbCEGzUFs82l","2024-08-29T14:37:51.037Z","2024-09-03T08:34:20.404Z",{"sys":2703},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2705},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2707,"answers":2708,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"veryWrongPercentage":2709,"name":2710,"questionText":2711,"statistics":2712,"veryWrongStatistics":2714,"correctSentence":2716,"dataSourceShortText":2588,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2717},"1782",[],29,"Malnutrition deaths in Africa","Of all deaths in Africa, what share is caused by a lack of food?\n",[2713],"us 0.75",[2715],"us 0.29","Less than 2% of all deaths in Africa are due to a lack of food.\n","[1] [IHME, Global Burden of Disease](http:\u002F\u002Fihmeuw.org\u002F6lsx)",{"metadata":2719,"sys":2722,"fields":2731},{"tags":2720,"concepts":2721},[],[],{"space":2723,"id":2725,"type":14,"createdAt":2726,"updatedAt":2726,"environment":2727,"publishedVersion":1370,"revision":112,"contentType":2729,"locale":27},{"sys":2724},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4DDGtxqspL0oCQWsyqKSDr","2024-09-03T07:48:37.661Z",{"sys":2728},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2730},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2732,"answers":2733,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"veryWrongPercentage":2376,"name":2734,"questionText":2735,"statistics":2736,"veryWrongStatistics":2738,"correctSentence":2739,"youWereWrong":2740,"youWereRight":2741,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2742,"extendedAnswerText":2743,"headingVeryWrong":2744,"youWereVeryWrong":2745,"headingWrong":2746},"1787",[],"Economy from agriculture, forestry and fishing","How much of the world's economy comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing?",[2737],"uk 0.88",[936],"Around 4% of the world’s economy comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing.","When you buy a product just a tiny fraction of the price goes to producers of the raw ingredients and raw materials. Poor countries won’t get rich from such exports.","They don’t realize what a tiny fraction of the economy comes from production of ingredients and raw materials.","The share of the world’s economy which is made up of agriculture, fishing and forestry[1] is only 4%, because almost all money made today comes from services and manufacturing. This is based on national accounts[2] data which is of poorer quality in poorer countries where the informal sector is larger. But this data problem doesn’t influence the global number much, as most of the value is generated in middle- and high-income countries, where data is of higher quality, and in high-income countries, only 1.3% of GDP comes from the combined value of agriculture, fishing and forestry. \nOver the last 200 years, most countries increased their incomes and as they did they have followed very similar declines of agriculture as a share of their economies[3]. It’s hard to know exactly what the global percentage was at the start of the industrial revolution, but probably around 50%. That’s where a few extremely poor countries still are today.\n\n[1] [International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC)](https:\u002F\u002Filostat.ilo.org\u002Fresources\u002Fconcepts-and-definitions\u002Fclassification-economic-activities\u002F)\n\n[2] [Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - World Bank national accounts data and OECD National Accounts data files.](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FNV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=XM-XP-XD-1W)\n\n[3] [Share of agriculture in GDP vs GDP per capita, 1801 to 2016, Our World in Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fgdp-vs-agriculture-gdp?country=DNK~GBR~USA~ESP~DEU~JPN~BEL~SWE~NLD)","During the last 200 years, the share of the world’s economy that comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing has been dropping steadily.\n\nOver the last 200 years, most countries increased their average incomes a lot, and as they did agriculture became a smaller and smaller part of their economy. There’s no country that has become rich without reducing agriculture’s share of incomes, by replacing it with other production. Refining raw material into products, manufacturing and services, or by extracting some valuable natural resource like oil.\nTo our great surprise, many people in rich countries believe that nearly half of the world’s money still comes from production of wood and the raw ingredients in food. When they buy food, they don’t realize what a tiny fraction of the price goes to the farmer or the fisherman. Almost all the money goes to the food manufacturers and the services who process, package, transport and sell the food to consumers.\nToday, most countries are middle-income or high-income, and their economies rely on some combination of manufacturing and services. Working in factories on average pays much better than farming, fishing and forestry. And services on average pay even more (such as jobs in shops, restaurants, banks, education, healthcare, real estate or entertainment industries). Seeing wages from agriculture as a big part of the global economy is an incredibly outdated view. Incomes from agriculture haven’t been 50% of the world economy for 200 years and they haven’t been around 30% for probably 100 years! \nIf you don't realize that most countries today have service-based economies, you are probably missing incredible opportunities to work in other places or do business, study and travel.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nJust a few countries today are heavily reliant on agriculture, forestry and fishing to support their economies. If we don’t realize this then we miss the great opportunities available to invest in developing economies globally. We must look at the service industries, modern technologies and manufacturing industries in developing economies today for investment. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople often think there are far more poor people in the world than there are and that the poorer countries are 100 or even 200 years behind where they are, and still heavily reliant on farming, fishing and forestry. People don’t want to overlook the work done in these countries and so overestimate the contribution of agriculture, forestry and fishing to the world’s economy.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but we must understand there are caveats. Firstly, this is a global figure and so we must remember there will be variations in this data between regions and countries. Generally poorer countries are still more reliant on agriculture, forestry and fishing than richer countries. Nonetheless, as these countries progress they will transition towards manufacturing and service industries to support their economies and so investments must be made in these sectors to ensure they prosper over the coming decades. \n\nThis data went up a bit in 2020 compared to 2019 (from 3.8% to 5.5%), however generally these trends do not change rapidly over time and so we can be confident this figure is close to the reality today.\n","200 years wrong","Agriculture, forestry and fishing haven’t been a major part of the world economy since the industrial revolution. Poor countries today won’t get rich from such exports.","100 years wrong",{"metadata":2748,"sys":2751,"fields":2760},{"tags":2749,"concepts":2750},[],[],{"space":2752,"id":2754,"type":14,"createdAt":2755,"updatedAt":2755,"environment":2756,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":112,"contentType":2758,"locale":27},{"sys":2753},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4dh3cEKGDAAkkZ9lCdzCnE","2024-09-04T08:00:39.613Z",{"sys":2757},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2759},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2761,"answers":2762,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"veryWrongPercentage":2107,"name":2763,"questionText":2764,"statistics":2765,"veryWrongStatistics":2766,"correctSentence":2768,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2769},"1788",[],"African share without nutritious food ","What share of Africa's population aren't able to access enough nutritious food every day?\n",[2686],[2767],"us 0.08","Around 60% of Africa's population aren't able to access enough nutritious food every day.\n","[1] [FAO – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024, page 153](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.wfp.org\u002Fapi\u002Fdocuments\u002FWFP-0000160501\u002Fdownload\u002F?_ga=2.34804388.463944285.1724848857-1652046613.1724848857&_gac=1.90901096.1724918253.CjwKCAjwuMC2BhA7EiwAmJKRrIObnuhPM6EzYJRiYrybaNYbNbpnCKDQhSeirs2cHU8O9YvVGgXpzhoCD7kQAvD_BwE)",{"metadata":2771,"sys":2774,"fields":2783},{"tags":2772,"concepts":2773},[],[],{"space":2775,"id":2777,"type":14,"createdAt":2778,"updatedAt":2778,"environment":2779,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":112,"contentType":2781,"locale":27},{"sys":2776},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4JfqkQWJXqX1gl81F9TNpv","2024-09-04T11:59:48.916Z",{"sys":2780},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2782},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2784,"answers":2785,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"veryWrongPercentage":845,"name":2786,"questionText":2787,"statistics":2788,"veryWrongStatistics":2789,"correctSentence":2689,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2790,"extendedAnswerText":2691},"1789",[]," Agricultural yield","Since 1961, the land used for crop agriculture worldwide has increased by 13%. What has happened to the annual amount of grains (corn, wheat, rice etc) produced?\n",[2686],[2688],"[1] [FAO Statistics](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Ffaostat\u002Fen\u002F#data\u002FQCL?regions=5000&elements=2510&items=44,56,75,27,71,15&years=1970,1980,1990,2020,2021,2022&output_type=table&file_type=csv&submit=true)",{"metadata":2792,"sys":2795,"fields":2804},{"tags":2793,"concepts":2794},[],[],{"space":2796,"id":2798,"type":14,"createdAt":2799,"updatedAt":2799,"environment":2800,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":112,"contentType":2802,"locale":27},{"sys":2797},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3B8y81NwnRJu3x3gHona4I","2024-08-29T12:59:50.563Z",{"sys":2801},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2803},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2805,"answers":2806,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"veryWrongPercentage":1389,"name":2807,"questionText":2808,"statistics":2809,"veryWrongStatistics":2811,"correctSentence":2813,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2814},"1781",[]," Undernourishment in high-income countries","What share of people in high-income countries can't afford enough food for their daily energy needs?",[2810],"us 0.77",[2812],"us 0.42","Less than 2.5% of people in high-income countries are unable to afford enough food to meet their daily energy needs.\n","[1] [The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 (page 152)](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.fao.org\u002Fserver\u002Fapi\u002Fcore\u002Fbitstreams\u002F1f66b67b-1e45-45d1-b003-86162fd35dab\u002Fcontent)",{"metadata":2816,"sys":2819,"fields":2828},{"tags":2817,"concepts":2818},[],[],{"space":2820,"id":2822,"type":14,"createdAt":2823,"updatedAt":2823,"environment":2824,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":112,"contentType":2826,"locale":27},{"sys":2821},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3hwf28BY39wnURDD0QeU7Z","2024-08-29T08:58:08.116Z",{"sys":2825},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2827},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2829,"answers":2830,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1689,"veryWrongPercentage":1651,"name":2831,"questionText":2832,"statistics":2833,"veryWrongStatistics":2834,"correctSentence":2836,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2837},"1780",[],"Share without nutritious food ","What share of the world's population aren't able to access enough nutritious food every day?\n",[1988],[2835],"us 0.31","Around 30% of the world’s population were unable to afford nutritious food at some time during 2023.\n"," [1]  [State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.wfp.org\u002Fapi\u002Fdocuments\u002FWFP-0000160501\u002Fdownload\u002F?_ga=2.34804388.463944285.1724848857-1652046613.1724848857&_gac=1.90901096.1724918253.CjwKCAjwuMC2BhA7EiwAmJKRrIObnuhPM6EzYJRiYrybaNYbNbpnCKDQhSeirs2cHU8O9YvVGgXpzhoCD7kQAvD_BwE) \n\n [2]  [SDG 2.1.2 Metadata](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Fmetadata\u002Ffiles\u002FMetadata-02-01-02.pdf) ",{"metadata":2839,"sys":2842,"fields":2851},{"tags":2840,"concepts":2841},[],[],{"space":2843,"id":2845,"type":14,"createdAt":2846,"updatedAt":2846,"environment":2847,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":112,"contentType":2849,"locale":27},{"sys":2844},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6rb4dTgTEJTgvCMyx1W1cm","2023-04-17T10:10:34.252Z",{"sys":2848},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2850},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2852,"answers":2853,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":2855,"questionText":2856,"statistics":2857,"veryWrongStatistics":2859,"correctSentence":2860,"youWereWrong":2861,"youWereRight":2862,"dataSourceShortText":2863,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2864,"extendedAnswerText":2865,"headingVeryWrong":2866,"youWereVeryWrong":2867,"headingWrong":2866},"1569",[],74,"undernourished children","Worldwide, how many children under 5 are dangerously underweight because of lack of food or serious illness?",[2858],"uk 0.74",[2387],"Globally, around 8% of all children aged under 5 are dangerously underweight.\nMost wrongly think that more than a quarter of the world’s young children are dangerously underweight.\n","You probably believe there’s not enough food to feed everyone and the campaigns to help starving children over the years haven’t worked. Luckily, dangerously underweight children are just a quarter of what you thought.","People think hungry children are four times more common than they are, which means they think it’s a harder problem to solve.","UNICEF\u002FWHO\u002FWorld Bank Group Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates ","The correct answer “around 8%” is a based on a global estimate for 2020, of 6.7%. The data is taken from nationally representative household surveys which are done infrequently (typically every 3 to 5 years). An issue when it comes to dangerous underweight is that it is an acute illness that can change frequently and quickly over the course of a year. As such, there is unreliability in the estimates and that is why we built in big differences between our three answer options. No matter how things change throughout a year 2020, a correct answer around 7% or 8%, is much more correct than the other two answer options. We gathered feedback from three independent experts who confirmed this.\n\n[UNICEF\u002FWHO\u002FThe World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Fresources\u002Fjoint-child-malnutrition-estimates-interactive-dashboard-2021\u002F)\n","### Why is it a problem if many are wrong about this?\nIf we believe more children are underweight than there actually are, we might be overwhelmed and think there is no chance all of them can get food. In reality, the global share of dangerously underweight children has now become so small, help can be better targeted than in the past to the places where most of the food scarcity is. A lot of undernourishment is caused by diseases, and proper measures are easier today to put in place to prevent young children getting sick in the first place. The world has been winning this fight – we just need to keep pushing to help that last 7%!\n\n### Why are many wrong about this?\nWe see frequent images of starving children in news stories. The empathy we feel when seeing their vulnerable bodies ends up distorting our global perception and it generates an exaggerated image of just how much malnutrition there is among children. Instead of realizing these are exceptions where we need to take action, we may end up thinking they are too many to be helped.\n\n### Why do children become dangerously underweight? \nThe reasons why children become dangerously underweight is an interplay of poor diet and poor health. Poor diet means lack of food, especially lack of healthy food with for example enough protein and vitamins. Poor health is a result of getting diseases like malaria and diarrhea. It starts already from birth. Some children are born dangerously underweight because their mothers did not have enough food. Some become dangerously underweight as infants because of lack of breastfeeding (or other appropriate feeding alternative). \n\n### What is the problem of dangerous underweight? \nBeing dangerously underweight weakens a child’s immune system, makes them more susceptible to infections, which in turn can make them more underweight through low appetite and diarrhea. The result is a high risk of death, but also long-term developmental impairment. \n\n### How can it be prevented? \nDangerous underweight can be prevented if children have access to clean water, proper sanitation to prevent illness, proper treatments for these illnesses and enough breast milk or proper food to promote healthy growth. The earlier a dangerously underweight child is treated with life-saving medications, the less likely s\u002Fhe is to die. \n\n### Do people underestimate the amount of overweight children?\nWe know from our surveys that people overestimate the number of underweight children AND also overestimate the number of overweight children. Some people think that as many as 50% of children are overweight and 50% are underweight. There would be no normal weight children if this were true! In fact, 85% of children are of normal weight.\n\n### What does dangerous underweight mean, exactly?\nDangerous underweight in children is not just measuring a person's weight, but it also takes into account that person's height. If a child weighs much less than children with the same height normally do, they are then considered to be dangerously underweight.\n\n### What is wasting? \nThe technical term for dangerous underweight is “wasting”. Read more about it here: https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FWasting\n\n### If people learn the problem is smaller, will they take it less seriously then?\nWe are by no means trying to downplay the significance of the dangerously underweight children. Instead, we show these numbers to highlight that the problem is one that can be approached and worked on without losing hope that it is completely out of control and impossible to solve.\n","Far less children than you think are going hungry!","You probably believe there’s not enough food to feed everyone and the campaigns to help starving children over the years haven’t worked. Luckily, dangerously underweight children are just a fraction of what you thought.",{"metadata":2869,"sys":2872,"fields":2881},{"tags":2870,"concepts":2871},[],[],{"space":2873,"id":2875,"type":14,"createdAt":2876,"updatedAt":2876,"environment":2877,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":112,"contentType":2879,"locale":27},{"sys":2874},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6ihauiEcKFJkZjJMneUq0","2023-04-14T09:39:07.668Z",{"sys":2878},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2880},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":2882,"answers":2883,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":2884,"questionText":2885,"questionImage":2886,"statistics":2908,"veryWrongStatistics":2909,"correctSentence":2911,"youWereWrong":2912,"youWereRight":2913,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":2914,"extendedAnswerText":2915,"headingVeryWrong":2916,"youWereVeryWrong":2917,"headingWrong":2916},"1558",[],"Global obesity","The man in the picture is what doctors call 'obese'. How many adults in the world are obese?",{"metadata":2887,"sys":2890,"fields":2898},{"tags":2888,"concepts":2889},[],[],{"space":2891,"id":2893,"type":39,"createdAt":2894,"updatedAt":2895,"environment":2896,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":2892},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3vM2uH0Fyn0Jn4E5wvMWAT","2023-04-14T09:00:25.020Z","2023-04-14T09:02:14.942Z",{"sys":2897},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":2899,"description":48,"file":2900},"obesity",{"url":2901,"details":2902,"fileName":2907,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3vM2uH0Fyn0Jn4E5wvMWAT\u002F96bf23efd2f293f924a1e5464bf4a509\u002FScreenshot_2023-04-14_at_10.56.35.png",{"size":2903,"image":2904},1192127,{"width":2905,"height":2906},1122,810,"Screenshot 2023-04-14 at 10.56.35.png",[666],[2910],"uk 0.25","Globally, around 15% of adults are obese. ","Maybe you confused overweight and obesity? Obesity is a big global health problem that has been growing, but it isn’t (yet) as widespread as you imagined. ","Maybe you confused overweight and obesity? Obesity is a big global health problem that has been growing, but it isn’t (yet) as widespread as they imagined. ","The most recent global average from the WHO is from 2016 and shows the prevalence of obesity among adults aged over 16 was 13%. Obesity is defined using the measure of Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of their height in meters (kg\u002Fm2). Obesity is a BMI greater than or equal to 30 (overweight is a BMI greater than or equal to 25). BMI has its critics as, for example, people who are extremely muscular and therefore very heavy for their height may be defined as obese. However, it is currently the best measure of obesity that allows for comparison among a population. The figures used by the WHO come from the NCD Risk Factor Collaboration which created obesity estimates using population studies of more than 100 million participants and whose findings were published in the Lancet medical journal[4].\n\n[1]  [WHO – Prevalence of obesity among adults](https:\u002F\u002Fapps.who.int\u002Fgho\u002Fdata\u002Fview.main.CTRY2450A?lang=en)  \n[2]  [Our World In Data – Obesity](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fobesity)  \n[3]  [WHO – Obesity and Overweight](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fen\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fobesity-and-overweight) \n[4]  [ (NCD-RisC in The Lancet, “Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults”, published in October 2017.) ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fen\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fobesity-and-overweight) ","Back in 1975, just 3% of men and 6% of women were obese. By 2016, that had increased to 11% of men and 15% of women. That is a problem! Obesity increases the likelihood that a person will get heart disease or diabetes, have a stroke, or get some kinds of cancers.\n\nThere are huge variations between countries when it comes to this. For example, in the US 36% of adults were obese in 2016. Whereas in India it was just 4%. \n\nGenerally, the richer a country gets the more obesity there is. That isn’t always the case (for example, there are low levels of obesity in Japan and South Korea), but it is common for populations of countries to consume more foods high in sugar and salt and do less physically demanding jobs as average income increases.\n\nThe good news when it comes to this, is that it is preventable. Through public education campaigns about healthy eating and exercise, and encouraging regular physical activity at school and at work, it is possible to reduce obesity in the population.\n","One in every six adults are obese","Maybe you confused overweight and obesity? Obesity is a big global health problem that has been growing, but isn’t anywhere close to being as widespread as you imagined. ",{"metadata":2919,"sys":2922,"fields":2932},{"tags":2920,"concepts":2921},[],[],{"space":2923,"id":2925,"type":14,"createdAt":2926,"updatedAt":2927,"environment":2928,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":2377,"contentType":2930,"locale":27},{"sys":2924},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"c83798af9ff6305e9b6f1fc1037164dd","2021-11-11T07:12:28.122Z","2024-09-03T08:36:17.417Z",{"sys":2929},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2931},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":2933,"heading":2934,"slug":2935,"questions":2936,"certificateText":2937},"sdg_world_02_cert","UN Goal 2: Zero hunger Certificate","sdg-world-02-cert",[2360,2291,2215,2431,2325,2395,2466,2498,2530,2560,2590,2692,2642,2617,2665,2718],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 2: Zero hunger, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":2939,"sys":2942,"fields":2950},{"tags":2940,"concepts":2941},[],[],{"space":2943,"id":2945,"type":39,"createdAt":2946,"updatedAt":2947,"environment":2948,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":44,"locale":27},{"sys":2944},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3TLr1qzMxEOvyAj9FrKlHj","2020-11-17T09:43:29.686Z","2024-09-03T08:34:16.646Z",{"sys":2949},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":2951,"description":2952,"file":2953},"2. 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2",[2979],{"metadata":2980,"sys":2983,"fields":2993},{"tags":2981,"concepts":2982},[],[],{"space":2984,"id":2986,"type":14,"createdAt":2987,"updatedAt":2988,"environment":2989,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":998,"contentType":2991,"locale":27},{"sys":2985},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6hI80UWANpQg2IT3HoKbgM","2022-10-06T08:45:38.005Z","2024-09-03T08:34:20.615Z",{"sys":2990},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":2992},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":2994,"title":2195,"slug":2995,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":2996,"combos":3016},"sdg_world_goal_2","sdg-world-goal-2",{"metadata":2997,"sys":3000,"fields":3008},{"tags":2998,"concepts":2999},[],[],{"space":3001,"id":3003,"type":39,"createdAt":3004,"updatedAt":3005,"environment":3006,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":3002},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4shoeX7gxcgWe19LuI6fd3","2022-10-06T08:45:22.992Z","2024-09-03T08:34:16.657Z",{"sys":3007},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":3009,"description":48,"file":3010},"SDG icon 2-03",{"url":3011,"details":3012,"fileName":3015,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4shoeX7gxcgWe19LuI6fd3\u002F9910636b2a996d230be0af71eca8624f\u002FSDG_icon_2-03.png",{"size":3013,"image":3014},14965,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 2-03.png",[],{"metadata":3018,"sys":3021,"fields":3031},{"tags":3019,"concepts":3020},[],[],{"space":3022,"id":3024,"type":14,"createdAt":3025,"updatedAt":3026,"environment":3027,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":2377,"contentType":3029,"locale":27},{"sys":3023},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"24JGHEUFje7aJnhpRNMLUd","2020-11-19T19:37:33.648Z","2022-11-24T08:40:08.415Z",{"sys":3028},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3030},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":3032,"name":3033,"slug":3032,"tests":3034,"diplomaTest":4241,"icon":4262,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":4283,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":4284},"sdg-world-03","UN Goal 3: Good health and well-being",[3035],{"metadata":3036,"sys":3039,"fields":3049},{"tags":3037,"concepts":3038},[],[],{"space":3040,"id":3042,"type":14,"createdAt":3043,"updatedAt":3044,"environment":3045,"publishedVersion":616,"revision":2190,"contentType":3047,"locale":27},{"sys":3041},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"e215eb3f15b93aa1f53d981489f96d66","2021-11-11T07:12:30.137Z","2025-03-12T13:54:01.518Z",{"sys":3046},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3048},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":3050,"heading":3033,"slug":3051,"questions":3052},"sdg_world_03_t1","un-goal-3-good-health-and-well-being",[3053,3128,275,3164,3199,3295,3329,3363,3394,3425,3458,3490,3522,3557,3584,3617,3650,3679,3707,3735,3767,3800,3830,3861,3890,241,3921,3945,3971,4004,4030,4059,4089,4115,4140,4163,4193,4218],{"metadata":3054,"sys":3061,"fields":3072},{"tags":3055,"concepts":3060},[3056,3058],{"sys":3057},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3059},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3062,"id":3064,"type":14,"createdAt":3065,"updatedAt":3066,"environment":3067,"publishedVersion":3069,"revision":1651,"contentType":3070,"locale":27},{"sys":3063},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"543ff1467c4a0e04d4e25f0b6fc2c991","2021-11-11T07:17:15.293Z","2024-11-28T20:30:15.386Z",{"sys":3068},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},114,{"sys":3071},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":1802,"answers":3073,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":694,"ruleOfThumbs":3074,"name":3075,"questionText":3076,"statistics":3077,"veryWrongStatistics":3098,"correctSentence":3118,"youWereWrong":3119,"youWereRight":3120,"dataSourceShortText":2588,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3121,"extendedAnswerText":3122,"headingVeryWrong":3123,"youWereVeryWrong":3124,"headingWrong":3125,"starShareText":3126,"starShareTitle":3127},[],[],"What happened to the global suicide rate in the la","What happened to the global suicide rate in the last 20 years?",[3078,3079,3080,3081,3082,3083,3084,3085,3086,3087,3088,3089,3090,3091,3092,3093,3094,3095,3096,3097],"swe 0.934927139494856","nor 0.933216208222417","fin 0.9140637632715091","dnk 0.9587225537558021","gbr 0.9474999999999999","usa 0.9504","bra 0.8855","fra 0.959","deu 0.9117","jpn 0.9503","mex 0.9427","rus 0.6857","esp 0.8884","mys 0.8451","mar 0.8571","zaf 0.883","ind 0.7897","pak 0.817","nga 0.8736","phl 0.82",[3099,706,3100,3101,3102,3103,3104,3105,3106,3107,3108,3109,3110,3111,3112,3113,3114,3115,3116,3117],"gbr 0.81","bra 0.6621","fra 0.7204","deu 0.6108","jpn 0.7025","mex 0.7443","rus 0.3154","esp 0.737","swe 0.6554","mys 0.5276","mar 0.5735","dnk 0.63","fin 0.6","nor 0.66","zaf 0.6869","ind 0.4326","pak 0.6144","nga 0.766","phl 0.5586","The global suicide rate decreased by around 25% during the past 20 years.","Most have the impression that suicides are becoming more common in the world. When you hear more people talk openly about a problem that used to be a taboo topic, like suicide, it is hard to imagine the global rate is decreasing.","Most have the impression that suicides are becoming more common in the world. As finally more people talk openly about suicides, it’s hard to imagine that the global rate is decreasing.","According to the IHME Global Burden of Disease, deaths from suicide globally fell from 13 per 100,000 in 2000 to 9.5 in 2021 [1]. Many countries underreport suicide and mental health, particularly in the 20 countries where suicide is illegal. Nonetheless, trends are definitely improving globally contrary to popular belief. This was confirmed by three independent researchers of mental health, when we requested their feedback about this question.\n\n[1]  [Deaths from self harm per 100 thousand people - Global Burden of Disease - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME)](http:\u002F\u002Fihmeuw.org\u002F6fi5)  \n[2]  [Suicide — Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fsuicide)  \n[3]  [WHO - “Preventing suicide: A global imperative”](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002Fpreventing-suicide-a-global-imperative)   \n[4]  [WHO’s guidlines for helping people who may be considering suicide](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fcampaigns\u002Fworld-health-day\u002F2017\u002Fhandouts-depression\u002Ffamily\u002Fen\u002F)","More and more people talk openly about mental health, which is a great step towards removing stigma and increasing awareness about this huge global health problem. The reasons a person takes their own life are complex and not completely understood. Like with any other problem that historically was a taboo, when we start to talk more about it, we can accidentally get the impression that the problem itself is increasing. But the very fact that we talk about it, may very well be one of the reasons it is decreasing.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThis is just one of many examples of positive global developments that almost nobody knows about. When progress has been made, it often means that more progress is possible. This is an important thing to realize for all the people who think the world is generally getting worse. The world is indeed full of problems, but some things are getting better.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMore and more people talk openly about mental health, which is a great step towards removing stigma and increasing awareness about this huge global health problem. Like with any other problem that historically was a taboo, when we start to talk more about it, we can accidentally get the impression that the problem itself is increasing. It is also part of a phenomenon we see with almost all our questions, almost nobody knows about any of the positive trends we have asked them about. \n\n### Why are suicide rates decreasing?\nThere are many reasons. Many preventive measures have proven to be successful at reducing the rate, such as: Increasing access to help-lines; reducing availability of guns and pesticides; better mental health treatment; less access to alcohol; and more responsible media reporting when someone famous takes their own life. Most importantly, especially in middle income-countries like India and China, recent economic growth has enabled many more people to lead more fulfilling lives.\n\n### Are suicide rates decreasing everywhere?\nNo. First of all, suicide rates differ a lot across the world and across population groups. The rates among women and younger people are generally lower than in older people and men. In almost all high-income countries, the rate among adults went down during recent years, but among teenagers the decrease was much smaller. In a few countries, like the US, the rate has been increasing, especially among middle-aged men.\n\nDespite these large variations, the global decline is clear. Suicides have become much less common in many groups. Some of these groups don’t make the headlines very often but have a huge impact on the global average, such as: 1. Women in China and India; 2. Middle-aged men in Russia; and 3. Older people.\n\n### Will this make people think that suicides are not a problem?\nSuicide rates are decreasing, but the number of suicides since the year 2000 has remained the same (ca 800,000 deaths per year) since the population has been increasing during the same time. When informing about suicides we need to teach how to have two thoughts in our heads at the same time. Things are getting better, but they can still be bad. Much remains to be done.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can, because multiple data sources tell the same story. But you should be aware that global averages hide different local trends, and that data from different countries can be more or less reliable. In general, there is less uncertainty in data from high-income countries. In some countries where suicide is a big taboo, some of these deaths might be reported as other causes, which results in an underestimation of the numbers of suicides reported.\n\n### Where can I see the different countries suicide trends?\nYou can go to the [Global Burden of Disease website](https:\u002F\u002Fvizhub.healthdata.org\u002Fcod\u002F), where global, regional and national trends of causes of deaths (and many other things) can be visualized.  \n\n### How do you know people are wrong about this?\nWe have asked the question to the public in multiple countries and on average, only one in every 10 people got this correct. \n\n### Where can I learn more about suicide rates?\n[Here](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fsuicide)on Our World In Data. \n","It decreased but you think it increased","Most have the impression that suicides are becoming more common in the world. When you hear more people talk openly about a problem like suicide, that used to be taboo, it’s easy to assume the global rate is increasing.","Fewer take their lives","As suicides are so difficult to talk about, almost nobody have heard that the global suicide rate has decreased for many years! Most believe it increased. Please spread this positive fact and help more talk openly about mental health! #worldview_upgrader ","Many need positive news about mental health",{"metadata":3129,"sys":3136,"fields":3146},{"tags":3130,"concepts":3135},[3131,3133],{"sys":3132},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3134},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3137,"id":3139,"type":14,"createdAt":3140,"updatedAt":3141,"environment":3142,"publishedVersion":403,"revision":734,"contentType":3144,"locale":27},{"sys":3138},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"770782b7c60fbe0cde5c62d3852e9a6e","2021-11-11T07:06:41.110Z","2023-11-24T09:04:06.769Z",{"sys":3143},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3145},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3147,"answers":3148,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3149,"name":3150,"questionText":3151,"statistics":3152,"veryWrongStatistics":3154,"correctSentence":3156,"youWereWrong":3157,"youWereRight":3158,"dataSourceShortText":3159,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3160,"extendedAnswerText":3161,"headingVeryWrong":3162,"youWereVeryWrong":3163,"headingWrong":3162},"30",[],86,"The low-income countries of today had a life expec","The low-income countries of today had a life expectancy of 44 years back in 1970. What is it now?",[3153],"uk 0.86",[3155],"uk 0.291","Life expectancy has increased steadily over the past 50 years in low-income countries, no different from the rest of the world.","Life in the poorest countries is hard. But it used to be harder. You couldn’t imagine they actually live 20 years longer now.","They don’t realize how much longer people live nowadays, even in the poorest countries. ","Sources: UN & World Bank","Gapminder[1] has combined similar data from two main sources - IHME[2] and UN Population Division[3] - to estimate life expectancy from 1970 to 2019. These sources use slightly different data but support the same large increase in the poorest countries. They are based on numbers from population censuses and different health surveys.\n\nThe data we use are for 2017, as there is a delay of a number of years between data collection, analysis and publication. This data is not collected annually (usually once every 10 years or so) and, as such, some of the countries’ figures may be slightly outdated. If data were available for every country for this year it is quite likely the average life expectancy would be even higher. A number of low-income countries in 1970 are no longer low-income countries, so if we were to compare the countries over time the change in life-expectancy would be even greater. \n\n[1]  [Gapminder’s Life expectancy data v11](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdata\u002Fdocumentation\u002Fgd004\u002F)  \n[2]  [Data for 1990 to 2019 come from the IHME’s Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Life Expectancy 1990-2019. Seattle, USA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, published 2020.](http:\u002F\u002Fghdx.healthdata.org\u002Frecord\u002Fihmde-data\u002Fgbd-2019-life-expectancy-HALE-1990-2019)  \n[3]  [World Population Prospects 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002F) ","People on average live 20 years longer in poor countries today, mainly because fewer children die. Fifty years ago, almost one in five children died before age 5, and today it’s less than 1 in 20. This amazing improvement happened thanks to the global spread of knowledge about how to stop diseases that used to kill millions every year.\n\nPeople who don’t know this probably suffer from a common pessimistic misconception that “the world is getting worse”. They probably think it’s a waste of resources to try to help the poor. They are wrong.\n\nTo save lives, the most cost effective thing you can do is to invest where people are poor, because what they need is not expensive. They need the basic services that everyone else already has, which have proven to save lots of lives during the past 50 years: Basic education, vaccination programs, mosquito nets, pregnancy checks, public health infrastructure, sewage systems in cities and clean water and safe toilets.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nLow-income countries (home to 9% of the world’s population) are often seen as places where all people are hungry and struggle every day to survive. While this is certainly true in many communities, there have been massive improvements over the past 50 years. However, as long as the suffering of many is still prominent, it is difficult to celebrate a rising average.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nMore people must realize how effective the life saving programmes are that made this possible. If progress isn’t recognized, it can lead to a reduction in support for the most cost-effective ways to save lives: universal primary education, vaccination programs, mosquito nets, pregnancy checks, public health infrastructure, sewage systems in cities and clean water and sanitation. Investments in these basic functions have made lives 20 years longer, on average, in the poorest communities.\n\n### Do people live longer everywhere?\nYes, in all countries on all income levels, lives are longer today than in 1970, because better health has become cheaper to deliver. Medical discoveries and public health research has made it possible to share knowledge that has made it possible to save lives that couldn’t be saved before. Lots of deaths are now preventable through public education, basic health care, vaccinations, access to safe water, mosquito nets, antibiotics, clean water and sanitation etc. The global increase in average lifespans during the past 50 years was driven by sharing knowledge about these methods. And there are still lots of lives that can be saved without new innovations. [See the increase in life expectancy in all countries from 1970 until today](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$time$value=1970;&marker$axis_x$zoomedMin:600;&axis_y$zoomedMin:40&zoomedMax:84;&size$extent@:0.08&:1;;;;&chart-type=bubbles).\n\n### The world is bad in many ways, how can you claim it’s better?\nThere are still tons of problems in the world. We’re NOT trying to deny that. We’re insisting that people should learn about the progress, not to deny the problems. But to solve them. By looking at the solutions that drove the previous progress, we want people to realize that further progress is also possible to solve the many problems that remain. When watching the news from the poorest countries it’s nearly impossible to imagine it used to be worse, but that’s exactly the case. People died at much younger ages on average in all the poorest countries – and in all the other countries. And those who didn’t die suffered from disabilities caused by illnesses for which we have treatment today. But “getting better” is not the same as “being good”. The fact that there used to be more people suffering is no comfort for those who are still stuck in extreme poverty. Every one of them needs a chance to escape the misery and have a shot at a decent life. Providing the essential public services listed above has worked to help many before. See what life is like for the extremely poor [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street?max=60).\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, even though there are some uncertainties since the data used to estimate life expectancy is sometimes collected as seldom as every 10 years. Data is more reliable for countries that have civil registration for births and deaths. Modelling is used to fill gaps in data. No matter what, though, the trend is clear.\n\n### Where can I learn more?\nSee the fantastic increase in average lifespans in this interactive bubble chart: [Life expectancy increase from 1970 until today](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F37zi6lf) in all countries\n\nInteractive bubble chart: [Child mortality since 1970 until today](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F2Js2BUo) in all countries\n\nDollar Street: [See what life is like in extreme poverty](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?max=60) in many countries\n","Long live the poor","Life in the poorest countries is hard. But it used to be harder. You had no clue they live 20 years longer now.",{"metadata":3165,"sys":3172,"fields":3183},{"tags":3166,"concepts":3171},[3167,3169],{"sys":3168},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3170},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3173,"id":3175,"type":14,"createdAt":3176,"updatedAt":3177,"environment":3178,"publishedVersion":3180,"revision":883,"contentType":3181,"locale":27},{"sys":3174},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"c4f3df62e52ed498eb7d9a2f0b3dc8ed","2021-11-11T07:06:43.986Z","2026-01-22T09:12:02.636Z",{"sys":3179},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},106,{"sys":3182},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3184,"answers":3185,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":146,"name":3186,"questionText":3187,"statistics":3188,"veryWrongStatistics":3189,"correctSentence":3191,"youWereWrong":3192,"youWereRight":3193,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3194,"extendedAnswerText":3195,"headingVeryWrong":3196,"youWereVeryWrong":3197,"headingWrong":3198},"31",[],"Worldwide, how many babies are born with a trained","Worldwide, how many babies are born with a trained health worker present, and get at least one vaccination?",[620],[3190],"uk 0.558","Globally, 87% of births are attended by a trained health worker.","Most newborns are welcomed into this world by the hands of a health professional.","When educated health staff help deliver babies, it massively reduces the risks for both mothers and babies. ","According to the World Health Organization, the number in 2024 was 87%. That is based on the most recent data from all countries. But data from some countries is more reliable than from others. Different countries also use very different criteria for what is a “trained” health worker. To account for this we use the correct option “more than 80%”, to ensure we do not overestimate progress.\n\nSince 2004, we have known how many skilled health workers attend births but not their quality. After 2004, there was an increase in births attended by skilled workers, and even though there was a lot of progress, the decline in maternal mortality didn’t reach the 75% by 2015 that was stated in the Millennium Development Goals (The decrease in maternal mortality ratio from 2000 to 2017 was 38% [WHO](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fmaternal-mortality)). This was addressed in 2018, with a [newer definition](https:\u002F\u002Fapps.who.int\u002Firis\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10665\u002F272818\u002FWHO-RHR-18.14-eng.pdf?ua=1) of who is a skilled health worker, which has stricter standards. Our data doesn’t yet take this new definition into account as most of the data was collected before 2018. Due to the issue around the definition of “skilled” we tweaked the question to say “trained” health worker instead, as the definition the data uses still meets that criteria.\nThe enormous differences within countries can be seen in the data from the Center for Equity, Pelotas[2]\n\n[1]  [World Health Organization 2025 data.who.int, Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.who.int\u002Findicators\u002Fi\u002FF835E3B\u002F1772666)  \n[2]  [Maternal health inequalities within countries, Decile data for attended births and income, from International Center for Equity in Health Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil](https:\u002F\u002Fequidade.org\u002Fabsolute_income)","Most people believe that a majority of the world’s population are stuck in poverty with no access to basic health care. That was true 50 years ago!\n\nBasic health care is inexpensive today and most mothers get help during childbirth, which means that fewer mothers and babies die. Even though the average amount of attended births has gone up everywhere, there are enormous inequalities within countries, as we show in [this video](https:\u002F\u002Ftwitter.com\u002FGapminder\u002Fstatus\u002F1319177201087021056).\n\n### Why is it a problem to be wrong about this?\nIf people overestimate the number of mothers who have to give birth alone, it might seem too expensive to help them all have trained staff when they give birth. \n\n### Why are so many wrong about this?\nThey probably believe that a majority of people are stuck in a poverty so deep that they can’t afford assistance when giving birth. But the majority of people in the world are not that poor. Even if many still lack a lot of resources, the majority have access to basic modern health care.\n\n### How can the number of assisted deliveries be so high?\nThis is mostly due to larger numbers of births taking place at a health facility. To reduce maternal deaths, [the need to assist mothers during delivery](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpmnch\u002Ftopics\u002Fmaternal\u002Fknowledge_summaries_14_midwives\u002Fen\u002F) has been a high priority in many countries for many decades. Today, there are more educated doctors, nurses and midwives in the world than ever before.\n\nSee trends for [births attended by skilled health staff](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3mJtzVA) between 1990-2020 for most countries. \n\n### Why is it important to have trained health staff present when giving birth?\nFor many women, giving birth is the most dangerous moment of their life. The first minutes of life are also the most dangerous time for babies. Many things can go wrong. Having a trained health worker by an expectant mother’s side will increase the chance of survival for both mother and baby when things do go wrong. Trained health workers can promote hygiene, give drugs, stop bleedings and identify warning signs of when to go for a caesarean section (if available). \n\nSee how [infant mortality rates](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3gbmwCX) and [maternal mortality](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3lJufZX) rates have decreased over time in most countries. \n\n### Are assisted births common everywhere?\nIn almost all countries in the world, more than 50% of deliveries are assisted by a trained health worker. In a few low- and lower-middle-income countries (like Ethiopia, Nigeria, Haiti and Yemen) fewer than 50% women are assisted while giving birth. But being poor doesn’t always mean that few mothers get help. In the low-income countries Malawi and Rwanda, for instance, 90% of births are assisted by a trained health worker. National averages can hide big differences within countries. It is usually easier to have access to delivery care in cities, compared to the countryside. It’s always the poorest mothers who give birth alone. \n\nSee the recent trends for [the percent of births attended by skilled health staff](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3mJtzVA) between 1990-2020 for most countries.\n\n### Resources\nGapminder Tools: [Births attended by skilled health staff](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3mJtzVA) 1990-2020 for most countries. \n\nGapminder Tools: [Infant mortality rate](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3gbmwCX) 1800-today for most countries\n\nGapminder Tools: [Maternal mortality](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3lJufZX) 1980-today for most countries\n\nUNICEF: [Delivery care](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Ftopic\u002Fmaternal-health\u002Fdelivery-care)\n","You are upside down","More than 80% of newborns are welcomed into this world by the hands of a professional, and you thought it was less than 30%.","Welcomed by professional hands",{"metadata":3200,"sys":3207,"fields":3218},{"tags":3201,"concepts":3206},[3202,3204],{"sys":3203},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3205},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3208,"id":3210,"type":14,"createdAt":3211,"updatedAt":3212,"environment":3213,"publishedVersion":3215,"revision":973,"contentType":3216,"locale":27},{"sys":3209},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6439bc7238dd40e689bade81efd88896","2021-11-11T07:06:48.514Z","2026-01-21T20:31:00.229Z",{"sys":3214},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},204,{"sys":3217},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3219,"answers":3220,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":3221,"questionText":3222,"statistics":3223,"veryWrongStatistics":3257,"correctSentence":3289,"youWereWrong":3290,"youWereRight":3291,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3292,"extendedAnswerText":3293,"headingVeryWrong":3294,"youWereVeryWrong":3290,"headingWrong":3294},"33",[],"How many of the world's 1-year-old children were v","How many of the world's 1-year-old children were vaccinated against some disease in 2024?",[3224,3225,3226,3227,3228,3229,3230,3231,3232,3233,3234,3235,3236,3237,3238,3239,3240,3241,3242,3243,3244,3245,3246,3247,3248,3249,3250,3251,3252,3253,3254,3255,3256],"uk 0.7810666667","usa 0.79965","arg 0.702","aus 0.78715","bel 0.86015","bra 0.704","can 0.8086","chn 0.4867","fra 0.89355","deu 0.90155","hun 0.834","idn 0.6307","ita 0.7938","jpn 0.92205","mex 0.592","pol 0.7046","rus 0.8064","sau 0.6368","sgp 0.6899","kor 0.80225","esp 0.7961","swe 0.7902","tur 0.7172","mys 0.5973","egy 0.6167","are 0.7126","col 0.632","rou 0.6826","per 0.6702","jor 0.5","mar 0.5199","fin 0.88","nor 0.83",[3258,3259,3260,3261,3262,3263,3264,3265,3266,3267,3268,3269,3270,3271,3272,3273,3105,3274,3275,3276,3277,3278,3279,3280,3281,3282,3283,3284,3285,3286,3287,1558,3288],"uk 0.3432","usa 0.3399","arg 0.2180","aus 0.3474","bel 0.3936","bra 0.21","can 0.4058","chn 0.1109","fra 0.4338","deu 0.4338","hun 0.35","idn 0.1916","ita 0.2496","jpn 0.5343","mex 0.1580","pol 0.1737","sau 0.1657","sgp 0.2187","kor 0.2698","esp 0.3484","swe 0.3707","tur 0.2112","mys 0.1945","egy 0.1876","are 0.1896","col 0.1480","rou 0.2575","per 0.2405","jor 0.1280","mar 0.1175","nor 0.46","Around 85% of all 1-year-olds have had at least one vaccination.","Most of the world has modernized a lot, and today almost all babies are reached by basic modern medicine.","They don't realize that most of the world has modernized and modern medicine in its basic form is reaching most babies.","The data comes from the Global Health Observatory data repository of the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. The WHO estimates are based mainly on data from national administrative records and household surveys, such as the Expanded Programme on Immunization cluster survey, the UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, and the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). These surveys assess the vaccination coverage among children aged 12-23 who received a vaccination anytime before the survey. In 2023, an estimated 87% of 1-year olds got at least one vaccine.\n\nGapminder has compiled the estimates on the percentage of 1-year-old children who received nine different vaccinations (Haemophilus influenzae type B, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, tuberculosis BCG, measles, pneumococcal disease, poliomyelitis and rotavirus) for the period 1980-2021 for countries and territories and average global immunization coverage [2].  Global coverage is a weighted sum of WHO\u002FUNICEF estimates of national coverage by target population (which is the national annual number of infants surviving their first year of life) from the United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects [3]. \n\n[1]  [WHO Global Health Observatory](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fdata\u002Fgho\u002Fdata\u002Findicators\u002Findicator-details\u002FGHO\u002Fbcg-immunization-coverage-among-1-year-olds-(-))  \n[2]  [Gapminder: Vaccinations for one-year-olds Dataset](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1Lly6Noee7mpZ1zgyeuj7-ZEeOa77dEdOU8sQCJs40SY\u002Fedit?gid=569008164#gid=569008164)  \n[3]  [United Nations Population Division's World Population Prospects](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002FDownload\u002FStandard\u002FPopulation\u002F)\n[4]  [UNICEF – The State of the World’s Children 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Fmedia\u002F108161\u002Ffile\u002FSOWC-2023-full-report-English.pdf)","Back in 1980, just over 20% of babies had been vaccinated against at least one disease. Today that number is over 85%!\n\nMany of these babies still don’t get all the vaccines they should, but the high number shows that the basic requirements for modern health care - such as electricity, roads and educated nurses - exist for the vast majority of people. But most people haven’t taken notice of this rapid improvement.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nGlobal development and improvement in basic health care is something that is extremely important, but it improves slowly. The successes don't produce any captivating newsworthy images, and rarely get media attention. So for the most part people don’t notice these huge improvements.\n\n### Why is it a problem people are wrong about this?\nIf you don’t realize the progress in the rest of the world, just because it doesn’t get media attention, you may conclude that all the struggle to improve the world is in vain and progress is impossible. As a majority of people end up with such a pessimistic mindset, that mindset itself becomes the greatest obstacle to progress.\n\n### How come so many children are getting vaccinated today?\nThrough funding of vaccines and improvement to public health systems - particularly in poorer countries - modern medicine has reached most of the world and more and more babies now have access to vaccination.\n\nThe progress that had been made on vaccinating children did reverse a little during the Coronavirus pandemic, as fewer child were able to get their shots due to pressure on health services and staff, and recommendations for people to stay home. The share of children getting at last one vaccine still didn't dip below 80%, though.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. It is of course an estimate but we have calculated our own estimate from the WHO data.","Most babies are modern",{"metadata":3296,"sys":3303,"fields":3313},{"tags":3297,"concepts":3302},[3298,3300],{"sys":3299},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3301},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3304,"id":3306,"type":14,"createdAt":3307,"updatedAt":3308,"environment":3309,"publishedVersion":882,"revision":259,"contentType":3311,"locale":27},{"sys":3305},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"b1857af0ae9eaaae68983e2ad50d645f","2021-11-11T07:06:50.988Z","2023-11-24T09:10:36.010Z",{"sys":3310},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3312},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3314,"answers":3315,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":3316,"questionText":3317,"statistics":3318,"veryWrongStatistics":3319,"correctSentence":3321,"youWereWrong":3322,"youWereRight":3323,"dataSourceShortText":3324,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3325,"extendedAnswerText":3326,"headingVeryWrong":3327,"youWereVeryWrong":3328,"headingWrong":3327},"34",[],"Worldwide, there are around 38 million people livi","Worldwide, there are around 38 million people living with HIV. How many of them got anti-HIV drugs in 2021?",[2349],[3320],"uk 0.53","Worldwide, more than 50% of people living with HIV get anti-HIV drugs.","You would have been correct 15 years ago, but today it’s much better. Across the world, more than half of people with HIV get treatment. A medical triumph!","They didn’t realize how fast HIV treatment became available in most of the world.","Source: UNAIDS","UNAIDS provides estimates  with large uncertainty ranges, since there is a lot of uncertainty in these numbers. In 2021, they estimated the number of people living with HIV to be 38.4 million, with a range of 33.9 million–43.8 million. They estimate around 2 in 10 people don’t know they have HIV. When it comes to the share getting treatment, UNAIDS reported a figure of 75% for 2021, with a range of 66–85%. \n\nTo estimate the total number of people living with HIV, UNAIDS works with countries to develop modelled estimates. Modelled estimates are required because it is impossible to count the exact number of people living with HIV, people who are newly infected with HIV or people who have died from AIDS-related causes in any country. Doing so would require regularly testing every person for HIV and investigating all deaths, which is too costly, difficult and unethical.\n\nWe consulted with two independent experts and two epidemiologists working for UNAIDS when investigating the data for this question. We chose “more than 50%” as our correct answer, because of the uncertainty with the data and to avoid overstating progress.\n\n[1]  [UNAIDS - Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2021 fact sheet](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unaids.org\u002Fen\u002Fresources\u002Ffact-sheet)  \n[2]  [UNAIDS - HIV estimates with uncertainty bounds 1990-2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unaids.org\u002Fen\u002Fresources\u002Fdocuments\u002F2020\u002FHIV_estimates_with_uncertainty_bounds_1990-present)  \n[3]  [UNAIDS - Global Aids Update 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unaids.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fmedia_asset\u002F2022-global-aids-update_en.pdf)  \n[4]  [Our World In Data - HIV\u002FAIDS](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhiv-aids)  \n[5]  [Gapminder Tools](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$marker$axis_y$data=data_wdi&which=sh_hiv_artc_zs&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=bubbles)","HIV used to be a death sentence, but nowadays people can live a relatively normal life if they have treatment. It is one of the greatest medical triumphs in recent memory. There were NO treatments in the 1980s when the virus was discovered and when the treatments were introduced they were so expensive few people could afford them. Today, a majority of people with HIV receive medication.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe development in the treatment of HIV is an incredible achievement. There is still a lot of work to be done to prevent and treat HIV, but things have been moving in the right direction for many years. If we are unaware of what we have achieved so far, there is a risk we lose hope of overcoming any of the other great challenges humans face. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nImprovements almost never get the coverage and attention they deserve. It's hard for most people who remember the Aids crisis of the 1980s to believe that so many people get treatment these days. They remember the worry when HIV first emerged. First, we heard so much about the lack of treatment and then - when it did become available - we heard how expensive treatment was. But as it has become cheaper to treat people, HIV has been talked about less in the media and people understandably don’t realize that incredible progress has been made.\n\n### What impact has the Corona pandemic had on HIV treatment? \nAccording to UNAIDS, there was HIV service disruption in many countries due to the Coronavirus pandemic. That made it difficult for people living with HIV to access treatment in some settings, while in other settings clinics adjusted to provide medicines for a longer period of time in order to reduce visits. There was also some mixed evidence that people living with HIV were more at risk of dying if they are infected with COVID-19. Measures to mitigate Coronavirus also reduced access to HIV prevention and testing services which might potentially have led to higher HIV transmission rates (including to infants and children).\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but there is a lot of uncertainty in these figures, so the estimate of 75% from UNAIDS comes with a wide uncertainty range of 66-85%. That means that UNAIDS estimates that at least 66% of all people living with HIV get treatment, but also that no more than 85% are getting treatment. \n\n### Where can I read more about the changes in HIV infections, deaths and treatment?\nYou can look at data broken down by countries over time in [Gapminder’s tools](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$marker$axis_y$data=data_wdi&which=sh_hiv_artc_zs&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=bubbles). \nOur World In Data have a comprehensive overview of how things have changed over the decades here: [HIV\u002FAIDS](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhiv-aids)\n\n[UNAIDS Fact sheet 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unaids.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fmedia_asset\u002F2021-global-aids-update_en.pdf)\n[UNAIDS data dashboard ](http:\u002F\u002Faidsinfo.unaids.org\u002F) with up-to-date country level data","A death sentence for fewer","You would have been correct 15 years ago, but today more than half of people with HIV get treatment.",{"metadata":3330,"sys":3337,"fields":3347},{"tags":3331,"concepts":3336},[3332,3334],{"sys":3333},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3335},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3338,"id":3340,"type":14,"createdAt":3341,"updatedAt":3342,"environment":3343,"publishedVersion":70,"revision":769,"contentType":3345,"locale":27},{"sys":3339},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4bvrajRPnjflDearOgGqK3","2022-11-24T08:40:09.297Z","2024-10-09T08:28:29.064Z",{"sys":3344},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3346},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3348,"answers":3349,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":3350,"questionText":3351,"statistics":3352,"veryWrongStatistics":3353,"correctSentence":3355,"youWereWrong":3356,"youWereRight":3357,"dataSourceShortText":3358,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3359,"extendedAnswerText":3360,"headingVeryWrong":3361,"youWereVeryWrong":3356,"headingWrong":3362},"1517",[],"Child deaths in Africa vs Europe","Child deaths in Africa today are at the same levels as in Europe in:",[666],[3354],"uk 0.411","Child deaths in Africa today are at the same levels as in Europe in 1950.","Africa today is MUCH more developed than most people realize!","They are at least 100 years behind in their view of Africa. ","Source: UN & Gapminder","The figures for the current under 5 mortality rate in Africa and the figures for Europe in 1950 come from the UN. They are calculated in different ways but mostly rely on birth history data and surveys. The historical data going back to 1800 was compiled and documented by Gapminder’s Mattias Lindgren and Klara Johansson from many sources, but mainly based on [www.mortality.org](https:\u002F\u002Fmortality.org\u002F) and the series of books called International Historical Statistics by Brian R Mitchell.\n\n[1]  [UN World Population Prospects](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002F)  \n[2]  [Gapminder bubble chart of historical and current child mortality - (All countries)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=child_mortality_0_5_year_olds_dying_per_1000_born&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1)  \n[3]  [Mortality.org](www.mortality.org)  ","Most people are completely wrong about Africa today. In 2022, only 6.4% of children died before age five, which is the same level as Europe had in 1955. It is, of course, far too many child deaths, but it is still much less than people in general believe. This is just one of many ways people underestimate African development. Most Africans today have access to food, water, basic healthcare and schooling, which has resulted in enormous improvements in child survival.\n\nPeople in general are also very wrong about European history. They don’t realize how bad things used to be. In 1850, nearly 40% of all children in Europe died before age five. In 1900 the number had decreased slightly to around 33%. Such high levels of child mortality hardly exist anywhere in the world today. \n\nThe enormous decline in mortality rates worldwide is partly an effect of increasing incomes, which means more parents have more resources to save their children. But even in communities that have remained extremely poor, far more children survive today because it has gotten easier to save lives thanks to widespread public health knowledge and inexpensive equipment. Improved hygiene and sanitation, access to vaccines, widespread basic healthcare, and educated mothers means that more and more children survive to celebrate their 5th birthday, and beyond.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost people have a stereotype of Africa in their head, where everything is bad and nothing improves. Most media images from Africa displayed on TV shows, in the news, or in movies, portray people who suffer in conflicts, in extreme poverty or from oppression. These images are almost never fake, but together they give an extremely skewed image of a continent that has improved a lot. In many communities, things are indeed still very bad. Nobody should neglect all the remaining suffering and problems, but still, the average African citizen today is much better off than most people imagine!\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nA hugely misleading stereotype of Africa is not only harmful to its citizens, who are constantly perceived as victims of underdevelopment, but it is also hindering rich countries and companies from realizing the potential in Africa. Across the world, people miss amazing opportunities to travel, study, work and invest in African countries.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but no statistics should be trusted as 100% correct. The African child mortality today and Europe’s in 1955 are both based on estimates. But even if their uncertainty range may be 5%, that doesn’t change which option is the correct answer. There’s no chance Africa today is as bad as Europe was in 1900 or before when it comes to mortality rates among children.\n","You are 100 years wrong","You are 50 years wrong",{"metadata":3364,"sys":3371,"fields":3381},{"tags":3365,"concepts":3370},[3366,3368],{"sys":3367},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3369},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3372,"id":3374,"type":14,"createdAt":3375,"updatedAt":3376,"environment":3377,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":998,"contentType":3379,"locale":27},{"sys":3373},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1ZFYywVOiSSUU9Ni6Ue7N5","2023-04-18T13:34:36.175Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.883Z",{"sys":3378},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3380},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3382,"answers":3383,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":3385,"questionText":3386,"statistics":3387,"veryWrongStatistics":3389,"correctSentence":3391,"dataSourceShortText":3392,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3393},"1573",[],67,"Soap and water access in schools ","In what share of all schools in the world do children have soap and water to wash their hands with?",[3388],"uk 0.67",[3390],"uk 0.469","In around 55% of the world’s schools, children have access to soap and water to wash their hands with ","Source: UNICEF and WHO","The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene is a collaboration between UNICEF and WHO to provide global data on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). They are currently producing data to monitor SDG 6.\nThe JMP data shows a global average of 58% of schools with soap and water for their students to wash their hands with in 2021. This does not monitor the level to which students are actually washing their hands with the available soap and water.\n\n[1]  [JMP WASH dashboard - School data 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fschool#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew)   \n[2]  [JMP WASH Schools Monitoring](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fmonitoring\u002Fschools)   \n",{"metadata":3395,"sys":3402,"fields":3412},{"tags":3396,"concepts":3401},[3397,3399],{"sys":3398},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3400},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3403,"id":3405,"type":14,"createdAt":3406,"updatedAt":3407,"environment":3408,"publishedVersion":21,"revision":22,"contentType":3410,"locale":27},{"sys":3404},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3tG61enFZj4cHbRYlRDytv","2023-04-21T09:12:38.749Z","2023-12-21T16:16:18.494Z",{"sys":3409},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3411},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3413,"answers":3414,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2447,"name":3415,"questionText":3416,"statistics":3417,"veryWrongStatistics":3418,"correctSentence":3419,"youWereWrong":3420,"youWereRight":3421,"dataSourceShortText":2558,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3422,"extendedAnswerText":3423,"headingVeryWrong":3424,"youWereVeryWrong":3420,"headingWrong":3424},"120",[],"smallpox cases","How many cases of smallpox are expected in the world this year?",[2317],[2910],"There have been no cases of smallpox since 1977.\n![f65 smallpox was eradicated](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5UG5BknTiO8vCmrUJJMofg\u002F01d3373fda6502ac16b4816f9bf01206\u002Ff65_smallpox_was_eradicated.png)","The complete eradication of this disease that killed millions each year is a public health triumph everyone should know about!","The complete eradication of smallpox is a public health triumph many people have either forgotten or not heard about.","The last known natural case was in Somalia in 1977. In 1980 WHO declared smallpox eradicated. It is the only infectious disease to have been completely eradicated. There have been no cases since.\n\n[1]  [WHO - Smallpox](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fhealth-topics\u002Fsmallpox#tab=tab_1 )  ","Smallpox was a terrible disease that was still found in 30 countries in the mid-1960s, and each year infected an estimated 10 million people and killed two million. It also left many survivors blind.\n\nIn 1966, the WHO decided to make a big push to end smallpox for good. It went quickly and the last ever natural case was found in Somalia in 1977.\n\nBy 1980, the WHO declared that smallpox was completely eradicated.\n\nIn the end, smallpox was stamped out thanks to a combination of a vaccine, countries being absolutely committed to working together towards one single goal, flexibility to adapt to local conditions, and surveillance and containment, with new cases being investigated.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt is vital to recognize that it is possible for people from across the world to come together to completely eradicate a disease which once killed millions. Successes are important to learn from and to also give hope. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThe mission to end smallpox was so successful that no-one talks about it anymore. Many may be too young to have heard of smallpox. Others might simply have forgotten this remarkable success.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. The WHO waited until three years after the final case to declare smallpox had been completely wiped out.\n","No smallpox for more than 40 years!",{"metadata":3426,"sys":3433,"fields":3443},{"tags":3427,"concepts":3432},[3428,3430],{"sys":3429},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3431},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3434,"id":3436,"type":14,"createdAt":3437,"updatedAt":3438,"environment":3439,"publishedVersion":2608,"revision":91,"contentType":3441,"locale":27},{"sys":3435},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"63pu91RC5X6Z7cmOd4C6pk","2023-04-21T09:16:31.729Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.765Z",{"sys":3440},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3442},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3444,"answers":3445,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":146,"name":3446,"questionText":3447,"statistics":3448,"veryWrongStatistics":3449,"correctSentence":3451,"youWereWrong":3452,"youWereRight":3453,"dataSourceShortText":3454,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3455,"extendedAnswerText":3456,"headingVeryWrong":3457,"youWereVeryWrong":3452,"headingWrong":3457},"119",[],"Indoor air pollution deaths","In 1990, more than 4 million people died from indoor pollution. What has happened to the number who die each year since?",[620],[3450],"uk 0.6","Since 1990, the number of deaths from indoor air pollution have decreased more than 30%. ","As the number of people cooking indoors over open fires has decreased, so too has the number of people dying from indoor air pollution.","Many don’t know that as the number of people cooking indoors over open fires has decreased, so too has the number of people dying from indoor air pollution","Source: IHME Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","We use the IHME’s data for this question from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study, which puts the number of deaths from indoor air pollution in 1990 at 4.36 million. That had decreased to 2.31 million by 2019. They are now closer to the estimates from the World Health Organization, although there are still big differences. However, both put the death from indoor air pollution in the millions. And, despite the uncertainties in the data, the trend in declining deaths is accepted and two independent experts we contacted said they do not have any reason to doubt the data we are using in this question.\n\n[1]  [IHME Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 via Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Findoor-air-pollution)  \n[2]  [WHO - Household air pollution and health](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fhousehold-air-pollution-and-health)  ","Indoor air pollution, caused by people cooking food and heating their homes using wood, coal, waste or dung, is still one of the main causes of deaths in the world. But since 1990, the number of deaths from diseases caused by indoor air pollution has dropped from an estimated 4 million to just over 2 million. \n\nThat drop is even more impressive when you consider that the world’s population increased by more than a third during that time!\n\nThe poorer a country is, the more likely people are to be using these unclean fuels. As the world has become richer in the past 30 years, one of the benefits is that people can afford stoves and forms of heating that don’t damage their health.\n\nHowever, there are still more than two billion people who rely on open fires to cook and that needs to change – but the progress that has already been made should give us hope that it is possible. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt can make them skeptical that it is possible to stop preventable deaths in poor countries. The data shows that huge improvements can be made with something as seemingly simple as a change of cooking fuel.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople are becoming more aware about pollution in big cities and how it is affecting people’s health and probably assume that there is a growing problem with every kind of pollution.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but there are uncertainties in the data. We use the IHME’s data for this question. Estimates for deaths due to indoor air pollution increased by a lot between the IHME’s 2017 and 2019 Global Burden of Disease Studies. There are also differences between the IHME’s estimates and those from the World Health Organization, but both put the number of deaths from indoor air pollution each in the millions. Despite the uncertainties in the data, the trend in declining deaths is accepted and two independent experts we contacted said they do not have any reason to doubt the data we are using in this question.\n\n### Discover more\nRead more about indoor air pollution at [Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Findoor-air-pollution). They also have [a good explanation](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fdata-review-air-pollution-deaths) about the uncertainties in air pollution death data. \n\nExplore stoves across different income levels on  [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street?topic=stoves&media=image) \n\nExplore kitchens across different income levels on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street?topic=kitchens&media=image) \n","More modern stoves means fewer deaths!",{"metadata":3459,"sys":3466,"fields":3476},{"tags":3460,"concepts":3465},[3461,3463],{"sys":3462},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3464},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3467,"id":3469,"type":14,"createdAt":3470,"updatedAt":3471,"environment":3472,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":22,"contentType":3474,"locale":27},{"sys":3468},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"IGy4RyBHjqz4NpRSRDDbV","2023-04-21T09:27:14.359Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.703Z",{"sys":3473},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3475},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3477,"answers":3478,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":3479,"questionText":3480,"statistics":3481,"veryWrongStatistics":3482,"correctSentence":3483,"youWereWrong":3484,"youWereRight":3485,"dataSourceShortText":3486,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3487,"extendedAnswerText":3488,"headingVeryWrong":3489,"youWereVeryWrong":3484,"headingWrong":3489},"95",[],"Child deaths","In 1990, around 9% of children worldwide died before age five. What is the number today?",[3388],[2387],"Today, around 4% of children die before the age of 5 worldwide.","Today, a child almost anywhere in the world has a better chance of making it to their fifth birthday than they did 30 years ago.","Most people don’t realize that today a child almost anywhere in the world has a better chance of making it to their fifth birthday than they did 30 years ago.","Source: UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation","The United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), whose estimates we use as a source for this question includes members from UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Population Division, and the World Bank Group. \n\nUnder-five mortality rate is the probability per 1,000 that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to age-specific mortality rates of the specified year.\n\nUN IGME’s preferred source of data is a country’s civil registry system. If there is not a robust enough civil registry system then data from a thorough sample survey is generally used. UNIGME writes in its explanatory notes: “...in the developing world, most countries do not have well-functioning vital registration systems, and household surveys, such as the UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), the USAID-supported Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and periodic population censuses have become the primary source of data on under-five and infant mortality in developing countries.”\n\nThere is a 90% uncertainty interval in the global estimate we use, which is lower than the usual 95%. Even with the uncertainty, the trend still shows a clear decline in under-5 deaths. The three independent experts we consulted about this question all said they considered the UNIGME estimates to be reliable.\n\n[1]  [UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation - Most Recent stillbirth, child and adolescent mortality estimates](UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation - Most Recent stillbirth, child and adolescent mortality estimates)  \n[2]  [UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation - Level & Trends in Child Mortality 2020 Report](https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.who.int\u002Fmedia\u002Fdocs\u002Fdefault-source\u002Fmca-documents\u002Fchild\u002Flevels-and-trends-in-child-mortality-igme-english_2020_.pdf?sfvrsn=ad8e0376_1&download=true)  \n[3]  [UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation - Explanatory Notes\nChild mortality trend series to 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fchildmortality.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F09\u002FUNIGME-Explanatory-Notes_ENGLISH.pdf)  ","Millions of more children would be dying every year if there hadn’t been any improvements to things like delivery and postnatal care since 1990. After all, around half of the under 5s who die are newborn babies.\n\nThe fact millions of children still die when they are so young is shocking, particularly because they typically die for reasons that are entirely preventable, such as pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria. Children who don’t get enough to eat are far more likely to die from these conditions.\n\nIt is important to recognize the progress that has been made, but there is still more that has to be done. We know that 49 per cent of all under-5 deaths in 2019 occurred in just five countries (Nigeria, India, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ethiopia), so solutions could and should continue to be targeted in those places.\n\nThe good news is, these are often things that we know how to do, such as childbirth delivery care, vaccinations, having malaria nets and regular health visits for children to check they are weighing and growing as much as they should be.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe failure to recognize the progress that has already happened makes it harder to continue to push for even more improvements that could save the lives of millions of babies and young children.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nBecause they care that young children are dying. They are right to be horrified by the death of young children in poorer countries and don’t want it to be trivialized. The deaths that didn’t happen don’t get reported on and are harder for people to recognize.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but be aware though, they are estimates with varying levels of quality and different types of data sources in different countries.There is a 90% uncertainty interval, which is lower than the usual 95%. UN IGME says this has been chosen on purpose though, to create a more meaningful summary. Even with the uncertainty, the trend still shows a clear decline in under-5 deaths. The three independent experts we consulted about this question all said they considered the UNIGME estimates to be reliable.\n\n### Discover more\nSee the changes in child mortality by country over time in [Gapminder’s bubble charts.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=child_mortality_0_5_year_olds_dying_per_1000_born&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1)","Preventable deaths are being prevented!",{"metadata":3491,"sys":3498,"fields":3509},{"tags":3492,"concepts":3497},[3493,3495],{"sys":3494},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3496},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3499,"id":3501,"type":14,"createdAt":3502,"updatedAt":3503,"environment":3504,"publishedVersion":3506,"revision":22,"contentType":3507,"locale":27},{"sys":3500},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3URrZFoPHa8W9uyN0JlAdM","2023-04-21T09:36:37.012Z","2024-01-18T13:29:52.058Z",{"sys":3505},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},111,{"sys":3508},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3510,"answers":3511,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3512,"name":3513,"questionText":3514,"statistics":3515,"veryWrongStatistics":3517,"correctSentence":3519,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3520,"extendedAnswerText":3521},"96",[],68,"Tuberculosis cases","What happened to the number of new tuberculosis cases worldwide between 2000 and 2022?",[3516],"uk 0.682",[3518],"uk 0.441","Worldwide, new tuberculosis cases dropped by more than 20% between 2000 and 2022.","The figures used for this question come from the World Health Organization and includes all forms of TB, including cases in people living with HIV. The figures for poorer countries are less reliable and the WHO uses estimates in cases where the data is sparse in order to allow for international comparison. The figures are therefore not exact, but we mitigate that by putting such large differences between the three answer options. There is little doubt that the trend is downwards, despite the data not being exact and we are confident that our correct answer is the most correct.\n\n[1]  [World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSH.TBS.INCD)  \n[2]  [WHO](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fteams\u002Fglobal-tuberculosis-programme\u002Ftb-reports\u002Fglobal-tuberculosis-report-2022\u002Ftb-disease-burden\u002F2-1-tb-incidence) ","Tuberculosis is both preventable with a vaccine and treatable with medicine and, thanks to improvements in living standards and healthcare, is almost non-existent in wealthier countries today. \n\nDespite it being a disease that can be stopped, millions of people still contract it every year and more than a million die – making it the world's most deadly infectious disease. During the Covid-19 pandemic, tuberculosis cases began to increase for the first time in almost two decades. Despite that recent setback, the fact that TB can be prevented and treated should give us hope that more targeted action and investment in low- and middle-income countries could and should bring the number of infections and deaths down even more.",{"metadata":3523,"sys":3530,"fields":3541},{"tags":3524,"concepts":3529},[3525,3527],{"sys":3526},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3528},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3531,"id":3533,"type":14,"createdAt":3534,"updatedAt":3535,"environment":3536,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":2377,"contentType":3539,"locale":27},{"sys":3532},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2GQO7uRDvwtu3ahCuFdSuY","2023-04-21T09:38:46.743Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.589Z",{"sys":3537},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},34,{"sys":3540},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3542,"answers":3543,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"name":3544,"questionText":3545,"statistics":3546,"veryWrongStatistics":3547,"correctSentence":3549,"youWereWrong":3550,"youWereRight":3551,"dataSourceShortText":3552,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3553,"extendedAnswerText":3554,"headingVeryWrong":3555,"youWereVeryWrong":3556,"headingWrong":3555},"94",[],"Life expectancy","The average length of life worldwide is roughly 72, today. What was the global life expectancy a hundred years ago?",[855],[3548],"uk 0.32","A hundred years ago, the average global life expectancy was just 37 years.","You really underestimated improvements in healthcare and living standards over the past century!","Most people completely underestimate the improvements in healthcare and living standards over the past century.","Source: Gapminder calculations (using IHME and UN)","Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. If a person made it past childhood, they are likely to have lived longer than the average age. Still, this is a good measure of the overall health across the world, that of course hides big differences between countries and regions. We compiled these numbers from a number of sources. For the period between 1970-2019, we use the data from IHME’s Global Burden of Disease 2019. To go back in time we combined the IHME data with our historic data, which was based on 100 sources and compiled by Gapminder’s former head statistician, Mattias Lindgren.\n\n[1]  [Gapminder calculations (using IHME and UN)](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1RheSon1-q4vFc3AGyupVPH6ptEByE-VtnjOCselU0PE\u002Fedit#gid=569008164)  ","The average lifespan of a baby born in the early 1920s was just 37. Of course there were huge differences between different countries and the number of babies who died brought the global average down. Nowadays, most babies get vaccinated and mothers get help from medical professionals while giving birth.\n\nThat doesn’t explain the entire increase in life expectancy that has happened everywhere in the past 100 years. Fewer babies dying, plus most people having access to healthcare, better sanitation and clean water have all contributed. Also, terrible illnesses like smallpox that used to kill millions of people have been eradicated or become nearly non-existent because of widespread vaccination programmes.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt shows a lack of awareness of how big an impact widespread introduction of things we take for granted nowadays - like vaccines, clean water, sanitation and trained health staff - have had on the health of the entire planet.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey underestimate how small incremental changes add up to a huge change over time.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but it is important to know what these numbers represent. Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. If a person made it past childhood, they are likely to have lived longer than the average age. Still, this is a good measure of the overall health across the world, that of course hides big differences between countries and regions. We compiled these numbers from a number of sources. For the period between 1970-2019, we use the data from IHME’s Global Burden of Disease 2019. To go back in time we combined the IHME data with our historic data, which was based on 100 sources and compiled by Gapminder’s former head statistician, Mattias Lindgren.\n\n### Discover more\nYou can see how life expectancy has changed in different countries since 1800 using  [Gapminder’s bubble chart.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$chart-type=bubbles&url=v1) \n","Average lifespans have doubled!","You thought life expectancy had only increased by 15 years during the last century. You have hugely underestimated improvements in healthcare and living standards!",{"metadata":3558,"sys":3565,"fields":3575},{"tags":3559,"concepts":3564},[3560,3562],{"sys":3561},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3563},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3566,"id":3568,"type":14,"createdAt":3569,"updatedAt":3570,"environment":3571,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":998,"contentType":3573,"locale":27},{"sys":3567},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1JLs6Hif5ITatkeZQmTKIv","2023-04-27T11:52:13.341Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.524Z",{"sys":3572},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3574},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3576,"answers":3577,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":3578,"questionText":3579,"statistics":3580,"veryWrongStatistics":3581,"correctSentence":3582,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3583},"1605",[],"Measles vaccine coverage in Europe","How many children in Europe (including Russia and Türkiye) receive the full two doses of the measles vaccine?",[2737],[3548],"In Europe, around 90% of children get the full two doses of the measles vaccine.","[WHO – Measles vaccination coverage](https:\u002F\u002Fimmunizationdata.who.int\u002Fpages\u002Fcoverage\u002Fmcv.html?CODE=EUR&ANTIGEN=MCV2&YEAR=)",{"metadata":3585,"sys":3592,"fields":3602},{"tags":3586,"concepts":3591},[3587,3589],{"sys":3588},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3590},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3593,"id":3595,"type":14,"createdAt":3596,"updatedAt":3597,"environment":3598,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":91,"contentType":3600,"locale":27},{"sys":3594},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4wxshYbMru6lr2eA2pRi4g","2023-03-14T16:10:59.569Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.460Z",{"sys":3599},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3601},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3603,"answers":3604,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":3605,"questionText":3606,"statistics":3607,"veryWrongStatistics":3608,"correctSentence":3610,"youWereWrong":3611,"youWereRight":3612,"dataSourceShortText":3613,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3614,"extendedAnswerText":3615,"headingVeryWrong":3616,"youWereVeryWrong":3611,"headingWrong":3616},"1548",[],"Bed nets in Sub-Saharan Africa","How many children aged under 5 in Sub-Saharan Africa sleep under a bed net to prevent malaria?",[1456],[3609],"uk 0.503","Around 50% of children in Sub-Saharan Africa sleep under a bed net to prevent malaria.","There have been hundreds of millions of bed nets given to families in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past 15 years. Today, more than 50% of under 5s sleep beneath one, safely separated from infected mosquitoes.","They weren’t aware that hundreds of millions of mosquito nets given to families in Sub-Saharan Africa over the past 15 years.","Source: UNICEF","The source is the UNICEF global databases based on data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), Malaria Indicator Surveys (MIS), and other national sources. In some of those surveys, the people completing the survey ask to actually see the mosquito nets rather than simply taking a yes or no answer. One thing that may bias results is the season the survey is taking place. People typically use mosquito nets in the rainy season when there are more mosquitos. Also, some countries’ data is out of date and therefore not included in the latest figures. Despite the limitations of the data, there is little doubt that there has been an increase in children using malaria nets over the past couple of decades.  UNICEF has suggested that the Coronavirus pandemic had a big impact on the distribution of bed nets in 2020 and that is likely to have impacted the number of people who caught malaria. \n\n[1]  [UNICEF – Malaria](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Ftopic\u002Fchild-health\u002Fmalaria\u002F)  \n[2]  [Our World In Data – Malaria ](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fmalaria)  \n[3]  [Janko et al, article in Nature titled: “Strengthening long-lasting insecticidal nets effectiveness monitoring using retrospective analysis of cross-sectional, population-based surveys across sub-Saharan Africa.” Published on 20 November 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-018-35353-z)  \n[4]  [Scates et al, article in Malaria Journal, title: “Costs of insecticide-treated bed net distribution systems in sub-Saharan Africa.” Published on 4 March 2020](https:\u002F\u002Fmalariajournal.biomedcentral.com\u002Farticles\u002F10.1186\u002Fs12936-020-03164-1) \n","Malaria is a terrible disease that is still responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children under 5 in Sub-Saharan Africa. But many thousands of children’s lives have also been saved since the early-2000s thanks to a big increase in resources to try to control malaria. \n\nOne of the cheapest and most effective ways to stop mosquitoes spreading malaria is through the use of insecticide-treated bed nets. According to the WHO, more than 2 billion have been given out in Sub-Saharan Africa since 2004. \n\nAt the same time, there has been a big drop in the spread of malaria and the number of deaths.\n\n[![Skärmavbild 2023-03-14 kl. 17.09.03](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002FFEyFmdYyZo3W8weilZXXq\u002F5e771fb8e1e4b7d35e7907a6ca1e35ac\u002FSka__rmavbild_2023-03-14_kl._17.09.03.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fmalaria)  \n\nSource: [Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fmalaria)  \n\nThe momentum that has been created has to continue if malaria is to be totally wiped out. The bed nets are vital in that fight, but they do get lost to wear and tear, being used for different purposes and being moved out of a target area.\n\nBut, as the progress already made shows, it is possible to get bed nets to millions of families. That, plus the prospect of a malaria vaccine means it is no longer impossible to imagine a day when malaria will no longer kill children in Africa. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nBecause of the images they often see in the media, they choose the worst possible option when it comes to healthcare and development in Sub-Saharan Africa.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nBecause these cheap, effective interventions have saved thousands of children’s lives! It shows what can be done with some investment and some drive to make progress. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, it is the best available but, like any dataset, it isn’t perfect. The figures used come from UNICEF. They are spread across a number of years, with the most recent showing that the share of under 5s using insecticide-treated mosquito nets between 2015-2021 was 53%. In some of the surveys used as a basis for the data, the people completing the survey ask to actually see the mosquito nets rather than simply taking a yes or no answer. One thing that may bias results is the season the survey is taking place. People typically use mosquito nets in the rainy season when there are more mosquitos. Also, some countries’ data is out of date and therefore not included in the latest figures. Despite the limitations of the data, there is little doubt that there has been an increase in children using malaria nets over the past couple of decades.  \n","Half have nets",{"metadata":3618,"sys":3625,"fields":3635},{"tags":3619,"concepts":3624},[3620,3622],{"sys":3621},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3623},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3626,"id":3628,"type":14,"createdAt":3629,"updatedAt":3630,"environment":3631,"publishedVersion":733,"revision":2377,"contentType":3633,"locale":27},{"sys":3627},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2e4kaJO4Uv3uGlVVzyccqi","2022-01-11T14:46:10.645Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.173Z",{"sys":3632},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3634},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":3636,"answers":3637,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":3638,"questionText":3639,"statistics":3640,"veryWrongStatistics":3641,"correctSentence":3643,"youWereWrong":3644,"youWereRight":3645,"dataSourceShortText":3646,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3647,"extendedAnswerText":3648,"headingVeryWrong":3649,"youWereVeryWrong":3644,"headingWrong":3649},"113",[],"LEX shorter than 50 years","What share of the world’s population today live in countries where life expectancy is shorter than 50 years (in 1960, it was around 55%)?",[1626],[3642],"uk 0.31","Today, less than 1% of the world's population live in countries where life expectancy is shorter than 50 years","You have completely missed the incredible increase in life expectancy over the past few decades.","But a majority get this wrong. They have completely missed the incredible increase in life expectancy over the past few decades.","Source:  IHME and UN Population Division","Based on data from IHME and UNPOP, we found  that around 55% of the world population lived in countries where life expectancy was below 50 years in 1960  and no countries have had life expectancy below 50 years since 2017.  Even in the year 2020 , where we’ve taken into consideration the impact of covid 19, no countries had a life expectancy below 50 years. As uncertainty is higher, we went on and use the estimates of  life expectancy, 95% lower uncertainty bound from IHME to estimate the population in countries where life expectancy is below 50. Using  the 95% lower uncertainty bound  estimates of life expectancy, we found that  only 2 countries (Lesotho and Central African Republic) had a life expectancy below 50 years in 2019. The share of population in these countries was  0.1% of the global population. We have also tested the share of population in countries with life expectancy below 55 years to be able to confirm this fact. Four countries were in this category, with a population share of 0.3%. Based on different scenerios, we can confirm that the share of world population that live in countries where life expectancy is shorter than 50 years range from 0 to 1%, but not more that.  \n\n[1]  [Share of world population in countries  where life expectancy is below 50 years](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1NFJ8rJ_wEOakMqSDr42rDmy8kXEiY5Aq4Nvv4mup6vA\u002Fedit#gid=0)  ","Back in 1960, there were 71 countries where life expectancy was less than 50. In 2020, there are just two countries (Lesotho and the Central African Republic) where life expectancy was so low. Obviously, it is awful that people in those two countries still live such short lives, but the improvements in health and access to medicine that there have already been should give us hope that average lives in those countries can be longer. After all, it has been done before in countries where there was mass poverty, famine and disease.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt makes it very hard to think that big challenges can be solved and progress can be made if we don't know about the gradual improvements that have gone before. Even though life is still bad in many places, it shows that things can also get better.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe never hear about gradual improvements in the news and we can get stuck with views that are decades out of date.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, even though there are some uncertainties since the data used to estimate life expectancy is sometimes collected as seldom as every 10 years. Data is more reliable for countries that have civil registration for births and deaths. Modelling is used to fill gaps in data. We looked at data from both IHME and the UN for this question and they both give different answers for the number of countries with a life expectancy below 50. We used the most pessimistic figures to come to a figure of 2 countries with a life expectancy below 50, as we didn't want to overstate progress.  No matter what, though, the trend is clear. ","Longer lives everywhere!",{"metadata":3651,"sys":3658,"fields":3668},{"tags":3652,"concepts":3657},[3653,3655],{"sys":3654},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3656},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3659,"id":3661,"type":14,"createdAt":3662,"updatedAt":3663,"environment":3664,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":998,"contentType":3666,"locale":27},{"sys":3660},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3RRWGiSLNDwL4SA66IZzzq","2023-05-12T12:10:05.361Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.114Z",{"sys":3665},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3667},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3669,"answers":3670,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":3671,"questionText":3672,"statistics":3673,"veryWrongStatistics":3674,"correctSentence":3676,"dataSourceShortText":3677,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3678},"1641",[],"Life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa","What is the average life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa? ",[2737],[3675],"uk 0.523","The average life expectancy is around 60 years in Sub-Saharan Africa.","Source: IHME & UN","[1]  [IHME – Life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2019 ](https:\u002F\u002Fvizhub.healthdata.org\u002Fgbd-results?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink\u002F91df6a54ffc0df9ff177bf2e669ccec7)         \n[2]  [Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Sub-Saharan Africa](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=ZG)   ",{"metadata":3680,"sys":3687,"fields":3697},{"tags":3681,"concepts":3686},[3682,3684],{"sys":3683},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3685},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3688,"id":3690,"type":14,"createdAt":3691,"updatedAt":3692,"environment":3693,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":998,"contentType":3695,"locale":27},{"sys":3689},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4z8VZHs5Y0fCN1Ab8He8o4","2023-05-24T14:31:15.324Z","2023-11-24T09:10:35.057Z",{"sys":3694},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3696},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3698,"answers":3699,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":3700,"questionText":3701,"statistics":3702,"veryWrongStatistics":3703,"correctSentence":3705,"dataSourceShortText":2588,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3706},"1655",[],"share of deaths from drugs ","Worldwide, what share of all deaths are directly caused by illegal drug use?",[934],[3704],"uk 0.54","In 2019, less than 1% of all deaths were caused by people overdosing on illegal drugs. ","[1]  [IHME](http:\u002F\u002Fghdx.healthdata.org\u002Fgbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink\u002Fba1d5935942dc77a75792a695f334fec)     ",{"metadata":3708,"sys":3715,"fields":3725},{"tags":3709,"concepts":3714},[3710,3712],{"sys":3711},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3713},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3716,"id":3718,"type":14,"createdAt":3719,"updatedAt":3720,"environment":3721,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":998,"contentType":3723,"locale":27},{"sys":3717},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"72YexILtsjV9k6thZe2yI4","2023-05-24T14:41:22.478Z","2023-11-24T09:10:34.999Z",{"sys":3722},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3724},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3726,"answers":3727,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":3728,"questionText":3729,"statistics":3730,"veryWrongStatistics":3731,"correctSentence":3733,"dataSourceShortText":3613,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3734},"1656",[],"pregnancy check-up","Of all pregnant women in the world, how many give birth without first being examined by an educated midwife, nurse or doctor?",[2737],[3732],"uk 0.42","Worldwide, around 15% of all pregnant women in the world give birth without first being examined by an educated midwife, nurse or doctor.","[1]  [UNICEF – Antenatal care](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Ftopic\u002Fmaternal-health\u002Fantenatal-care\u002F)  ",{"metadata":3736,"sys":3743,"fields":3753},{"tags":3737,"concepts":3742},[3738,3740],{"sys":3739},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3741},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3744,"id":3746,"type":14,"createdAt":3747,"updatedAt":3748,"environment":3749,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":91,"contentType":3751,"locale":27},{"sys":3745},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2iHFLYYANFgpsytUCvo8nf","2023-04-14T10:16:18.460Z","2023-11-24T09:10:34.879Z",{"sys":3750},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3752},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3754,"answers":3755,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":3756,"questionText":3757,"statistics":3758,"veryWrongStatistics":3760,"correctSentence":3761,"youWereWrong":3762,"youWereRight":3762,"dataSourceShortText":3763,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3764,"extendedAnswerText":3765,"headingVeryWrong":3766,"youWereVeryWrong":3762,"headingWrong":3766},"1560",[],"babies born in health facilities","How many babies in the world are born in health facilities?",[3759],"uk 0.84",[2458],"Globally, around 80% of babies are born in health facilities.","Nowadays, most babies are born in hospitals and health clinics.","Sources: UNICEF & WHO","The data is about the number of women aged 15-49 years with a live birth in the last 2 years. It is based on Unicef’s MICS, DHS and other nationally representative household surveys. There is significant variability in this average, lowest in parts of Africa and highest in western Europe. There is no clear definition of \"health facility\" and it also doesn’t necessarily say anything about the quality of care or staff. The decline in maternal mortality hasn’t declined in line with more access to trained staff and health facilities so we have kept the correct answer at “around 80%” in order to not exaggerate progress. The data also excludes those women who may have had a safe, attended home delivery.\n\n[1]  [ UNICEF\u002FWHO – Delivery Care ](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Ftopic\u002Fmaternal-health\u002Fdelivery-care\u002F)  \n","Giving birth in a health facility helps prevent the serious illness and deaths of mothers and babies from some kind of complication, if there is the right equipment and trained medical staff. The share of babies born in health facilities increased from around 50% in 2007 to 80% by 2021. There are still some big differences between rich and poor countries and between rich and poor people within countries when it comes to this. But, there has been an overall decrease in maternal mortality.\n\nThis is progress, but the training of staff and the quality of the facilities and equipment needs to improve even more if there is going to be as big a drop in maternal mortality as was hoped for. \n","Born in safe surroundings",{"metadata":3768,"sys":3775,"fields":3785},{"tags":3769,"concepts":3774},[3770,3772],{"sys":3771},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3773},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3776,"id":3778,"type":14,"createdAt":3779,"updatedAt":3780,"environment":3781,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":45,"contentType":3783,"locale":27},{"sys":3777},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1bh9jcf7H9iDrabklKJfi4","2023-06-27T07:51:28.642Z","2023-11-24T09:10:34.939Z",{"sys":3782},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3784},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3786,"answers":3787,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":298,"name":3788,"questionText":3789,"statistics":3790,"veryWrongStatistics":3791,"correctSentence":3793,"youWereWrong":3794,"youWereRight":3795,"dataSourceShortText":3796,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3797,"headingVeryWrong":3798,"youWereVeryWrong":3799,"headingWrong":3798},"1683",[],"Road traffic deaths","What share of all road fatalities globally occur in low- and middle-income countries?",[373],[3792],"uk 0.297","Worldwide, around 90% of all the people who are killed in or by vehicles in a year are in low- and middle-income countries.","More than 70% of humanity lives in middle-income countries and many have vehicles, which is the main reason that is where more deaths occur. In addition, traffic standards are not enforced like in high-income countries, because traffic safety costs money.\n","More than 70% of humanity lives in middle-income countries and many have vehicles, which is the main reason that is where more deaths occur. In addition, traffic standards are not enforced like in high-income countries, because traffic safety costs money.  \n","Sources: WHO & IHME","[1]  [WHO – Global status report on road safety 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fpublications\u002Fi\u002Fitem\u002F9789241565684)   \n\n[2]  [IHME Global Burden of Disease](http:\u002F\u002Fghdx.healthdata.org\u002Fgbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink\u002F71aa881ab7d11b26a3a08a99b387f413) \n","Traffic is more deadly in poorer countries","More than 70% of humanity lives in middle-income countries and many have vehicles, which is the main reason that is where more deaths occur. In addition, traffic standards are not enforced like in high-income countries, because traffic safety costs money.",{"metadata":3801,"sys":3808,"fields":3818},{"tags":3802,"concepts":3807},[3803,3805],{"sys":3804},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3806},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3809,"id":3811,"type":14,"createdAt":3812,"updatedAt":3813,"environment":3814,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":45,"contentType":3816,"locale":27},{"sys":3810},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2hhiyrlKxeGrQwMZ0VudAx","2023-06-29T14:57:00.219Z","2023-11-24T09:10:34.809Z",{"sys":3815},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3817},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3819,"answers":3820,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1689,"name":3821,"questionText":3822,"statistics":3823,"veryWrongStatistics":3825,"correctSentence":3827,"dataSourceShortText":3828,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3829},"1688",[],"drug use","What share of adults worldwide used drugs in 2020 (other than alcohol or medicine)?",[3824],"uk 0.73",[3826],"uk 0.178","Around 5% of adults used drugs in 2020. ","Source: UN Office on Drugs and Crime","[1]  [World Drug report 2022 – Global overview of drug demand and drug supply ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Fres\u002Fwdr2022\u002FMS\u002FWDR22_Booklet_2.pdf)  ",{"metadata":3831,"sys":3838,"fields":3848},{"tags":3832,"concepts":3837},[3833,3835],{"sys":3834},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3836},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3839,"id":3841,"type":14,"createdAt":3842,"updatedAt":3843,"environment":3844,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":45,"contentType":3846,"locale":27},{"sys":3840},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"uYULLvYMEQJZ4ykpew3lL","2023-04-17T20:01:23.432Z","2023-11-24T09:10:34.751Z",{"sys":3845},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3847},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3849,"answers":3850,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":3851,"questionText":3852,"statistics":3853,"veryWrongStatistics":3854,"correctSentence":3856,"youWereWrong":3857,"youWereRight":3857,"dataSourceShortText":3858,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3859,"headingVeryWrong":3860,"youWereVeryWrong":3857,"headingWrong":3860},"1570",[],"What kills more people","Which of these risk factors leads to more deaths?",[1456],[3855],"uk 0.72","Polluted air is responsible for more deaths every year than dirty water or contaminated food.","More than two billion people still cook their food over open fires in homes with no ventilation. The smoke they inhale kills more than all the deaths from waterborne diseases and food germs combined.","Source: IHME & WHO ","[1]  [IHME](https:\u002F\u002Fvizhub.healthdata.org\u002Fgbd-compare\u002F#)    \n[2]  [WHO – Food safety ]( https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Ffood-safety)   \n[3]  [WHO – Household air pollution ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fhousehold-air-pollution-and-health)    \n[4]  [WHO – Outdoor air pollution ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health)    \n[5]  [Our World In Data – Clean water ](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fwater-access#unsafe-water-sources-are-responsible-for-1-2-million-deaths-each-year )   ","Dirty air can be deadly",{"metadata":3862,"sys":3869,"fields":3879},{"tags":3863,"concepts":3868},[3864,3866],{"sys":3865},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3867},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},[],{"space":3870,"id":3872,"type":14,"createdAt":3873,"updatedAt":3874,"environment":3875,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":45,"contentType":3877,"locale":27},{"sys":3871},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"DuQj4nB7OPFwNGCd2COMx","2023-08-26T13:56:43.371Z","2023-11-24T09:10:34.689Z",{"sys":3876},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3878},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3880,"answers":3881,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"name":3882,"questionText":3883,"statistics":3884,"veryWrongStatistics":3886,"correctSentence":3888,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3889},"1703",[],"WHO vaccination programmes","How many countries (out of 194) participate in some of the World Health Organization’s programmes for child vaccination?",[3885],"usa 0.89",[3887],"usa 0.3770","All of the world’s countries participate in some of the World Health Organization’s programmes for child vaccination.","[1]  [WHO – Immunization Agenda 2030 Scorecard ](https:\u002F\u002Fscorecard.immunizationagenda2030.org\u002Fig1.2)        \n[2]  [WHO – Essential Programme on Immunization](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fteams\u002Fimmunization-vaccines-and-biologicals\u002Fessential-programme-on-immunization)         ",{"metadata":3891,"sys":3900,"fields":3910},{"tags":3892,"concepts":3899},[3893,3895,3897],{"sys":3894},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":3896},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":248},{"sys":3898},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":3901,"id":3903,"type":14,"createdAt":3904,"updatedAt":3905,"environment":3906,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":1184,"contentType":3908,"locale":27},{"sys":3902},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4Ryup6fm6vFwbVqvVnd5JT","2023-05-12T12:20:45.868Z","2024-08-21T11:02:45.613Z",{"sys":3907},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3909},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3911,"answers":3912,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":769,"name":3913,"questionText":3914,"statistics":3915,"veryWrongStatistics":3916,"correctSentence":3918,"dataSourceShortText":3919,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3920},"1642",[],"UNICEF vaccine cost","When UNICEF bought child vaccines in 2018, what price did they pay on average, compared to the price paid by high-income countries like Germany and USA?",[3855],[3917],"uk 0.395","UNICEF paid less than 20% of the price high-income countries paid for vaccines in 2018. \n","Source: WHO MI4A","[1]  [Cernuschi et al, “Price transparency is a step towards sustainable access in middle income countries”, published in BMJ in 2020. ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F368\u002Fbmj.l5375)   ",{"metadata":3922,"sys":3925,"fields":3934},{"tags":3923,"concepts":3924},[],[],{"space":3926,"id":3928,"type":14,"createdAt":3929,"updatedAt":3929,"environment":3930,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":112,"contentType":3932,"locale":27},{"sys":3927},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2rrdptXbK4BjEZgW0u92Xe","2024-01-22T09:40:40.054Z",{"sys":3931},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3933},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3935,"answers":3936,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"veryWrongPercentage":925,"name":3937,"questionText":3938,"statistics":3939,"veryWrongStatistics":3940,"correctSentence":3942,"dataSourceShortText":3943,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3944},"1771",[],"Maternal mortality trend","What happened to the global maternal mortality rate between 2000 and 2020 (the rate of mothers dying while giving birth or shortly after)?",[2686],[3941],"us 0.32","Globally, the maternal mortality rate declined by around 30% between 2000 and 2020.","Source: WHO and IHME","\n[1]  [WHO – Maternal mortality](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fmaternal-mortality#:~:text=The%20global%20MMR%20in%202020,to%20prevent%20most%20maternal%20deaths.)                          \n\n[2]  [IHME – Maternal health ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.healthdata.org\u002Fresearch-analysis\u002Fhealth-risks-issues\u002Fmaternal-health)   \n",{"metadata":3946,"sys":3949,"fields":3959},{"tags":3947,"concepts":3948},[],[],{"space":3950,"id":3952,"type":14,"createdAt":3953,"updatedAt":3954,"environment":3955,"publishedVersion":2677,"revision":259,"contentType":3957,"locale":27},{"sys":3951},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"VJ4XaZvdfF7KhQUlGjlEp","2023-04-26T12:55:50.798Z","2024-11-28T20:30:15.712Z",{"sys":3956},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":3958},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3960,"answers":3961,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":442,"name":3962,"questionText":3963,"statistics":3964,"veryWrongStatistics":3966,"correctSentence":3968,"dataSourceShortText":3969,"dataSourceLinkLongText":3970},"1601",[],"Change in life expectancy without cancer","If all kinds of cancer could be cured, how much longer would lives be on average worldwide?",[3855,3965],"usa 0.86",[2910,3967],"usa 0.2348","Worldwide, lives would be around 3.5 years longer on average if all cancers were cured.","Source: Gapminder based on IHME","[1]  [IHME data on Death Rate of 100000 People\nfor Five-year age groups calculated by Gapminder](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1j-RMGthxjUVqs4H5dX4NYAX-RDY148WJHknS7CVPPgQ\u002Fedit#gid=1980118015)            ",{"metadata":3972,"sys":3975,"fields":3986},{"tags":3973,"concepts":3974},[],[],{"space":3976,"id":3978,"type":14,"createdAt":3979,"updatedAt":3980,"environment":3981,"publishedVersion":3983,"revision":45,"contentType":3984,"locale":27},{"sys":3977},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1NpXhHTqRkBr1wNAj5BgMR","2023-04-26T13:09:32.963Z","2023-04-28T11:45:34.399Z",{"sys":3982},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},24,{"sys":3985},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":3987,"answers":3988,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2482,"name":3989,"questionText":3990,"statistics":3991,"veryWrongStatistics":3995,"correctSentence":3999,"youWereWrong":4000,"youWereRight":4001,"dataSourceShortText":2588,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4002,"headingVeryWrong":4003,"youWereVeryWrong":4000,"headingWrong":4003},"1602",[],"EU suicide rate","What happened to the suicide rate in the European Union between 1999 and 2019?",[3992,3993,3994,3885],"deu 0.88","fra 0.91","uk 0.93",[3996,3997,3388,3998],"deu 0.44","fra 0.55","usa 0.6478","The suicide rate in the EU decreased by 25% between 1999 and 2019. ","Talking about mental health has become less taboo. Perhaps that is why you didn’t realize that the suicide rate in the EU actually decreased.","Talking about mental health has become less taboo. Perhaps that is why they didn’t realize that the suicide rate in the EU actually decreased.","[1]  [IHME – EU Suicide Rate](ttp:\u002F\u002Fihmeuw.org\u002F626p)            \n\n[2]  [World Bank – Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population), European Union](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSH.STA.SUIC.P5?locations=EU)     \n","When fewer people die by suicide, nobody notices",{"metadata":4005,"sys":4008,"fields":4017},{"tags":4006,"concepts":4007},[],[],{"space":4009,"id":4011,"type":14,"createdAt":4012,"updatedAt":4012,"environment":4013,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":112,"contentType":4015,"locale":27},{"sys":4010},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6lf18XvrmIXOmFaqfPKg0P","2023-04-17T10:50:29.557Z",{"sys":4014},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4016},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4018,"answers":4019,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":769,"name":4020,"questionText":4021,"statistics":4022,"veryWrongStatistics":4023,"correctSentence":4024,"youWereWrong":4025,"youWereRight":4026,"dataSourceShortText":3486,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4027,"extendedAnswerText":4028,"headingVeryWrong":4029,"headingWrong":4029},"1572",[],"child mortality in low-income countries","Of all children born in low-income countries in 1990, about 18% died before their 5th birthday. What is the number today?",[3855],[668],"Today, less than 10% of children under 5 years of age in low-income countries die before their fifth birthday. ","In the last thirty years, children in low-income countries have a much improved chance to survive to celebrate their 5th birthday. But the majority of people - including you - thought more children die today. ","In the last thirty years, children in low-income countries have a much improved chance to survive to celebrate their 5th birthday. But the majority of people thought more children die today. ","[1]  [UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UNICEF, WHO, World Bank, UN DESA Population Division)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSH.DYN.MORT?end=2018&locations=XM-XD-XN-XT-1W&start=1990)  ","See how child mortality has changed over time [here.](http:\u002F\u002Fstatic.gapminderdev.org\u002Ftools-legacy\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$time$value=2022;&marker$axis_y$which=child_mortality_0_5_year_olds_dying_per_1000_born&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:500&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=bubbles) ","Fewer mothers have to bury their children",{"metadata":4031,"sys":4034,"fields":4043},{"tags":4032,"concepts":4033},[],[],{"space":4035,"id":4037,"type":14,"createdAt":4038,"updatedAt":4038,"environment":4039,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":112,"contentType":4041,"locale":27},{"sys":4036},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7JoKqgDhrLi64zsuaSMHqq","2023-04-14T10:10:53.897Z",{"sys":4040},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4042},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4044,"answers":4045,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2607,"name":4046,"questionText":4047,"statistics":4048,"veryWrongStatistics":4050,"correctSentence":4052,"youWereWrong":4053,"youWereRight":4054,"dataSourceShortText":4055,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4056,"extendedAnswerText":4057,"headingVeryWrong":4058,"youWereVeryWrong":4053,"headingWrong":4058},"1559",[],"Meth seized","Between 2013 and 2020, the amount of methamphetamine (an illegal drug) that was seized by customs worldwide…",[4049],"uk 0.51",[4051],"uk 0.10","The amount of methamphetamine seized by customs more than tripled between 2013 and 2020. ","The use and trafficking of methamphetamine has been spreading more than you imagined.","The use and trafficking of methamphetamine has been spreading more than they imagined.","Source: UNODC","The figures used in this question come from the United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime. The data is self-reported and doesn’t cover every country in the world, but it does cover more than 100 countries. The weight of the drugs are typically for the final product, which includes bulking materials in addition to the pure drug. Two independent experts we consulted for this question said the source is the best available and they use it in their own work.\n\n[1]  [United Nations Office On Drugs And Crime – World Drug Report 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Funodc\u002Fdata-and-analysis\u002Fworld-drug-report-2022.html)  ","Methamphetamine was traditionally a drug that was mainly found in the United States. But, in recent years it has also spread in a big way to South-East Asia and seizures have increased a lot in customs as it spreads within the region. \nThere is some evidence that it has also started to be more commonly used in countries in Latin America, Africa and Europe.\n\nThis matters, because methamphetamine is highly addictive and causes serious health problems for individuals using it over a long period of time. There are also the societal problems caused by the illegal manufacture and sales of the drug by organized crime gangs.\n\n[![Screenshot 2023-04-14 at 11.49.03](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1Q1QxVNUNVHAFMDSx4QOKM\u002F3e9f31e4743566e726b48be0ad28cd46\u002FScreenshot_2023-04-14_at_11.49.03.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Fres\u002Fwdr2022\u002FMS\u002FWDR22_Booklet_1.pdf)\n","Much more meth",{"metadata":4060,"sys":4063,"fields":4074},{"tags":4061,"concepts":4062},[],[],{"space":4064,"id":4066,"type":14,"createdAt":4067,"updatedAt":4068,"environment":4069,"publishedVersion":4071,"revision":1330,"contentType":4072,"locale":27},{"sys":4065},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2AdZSz5pbM1XQopcUkuj9R","2023-02-02T10:58:42.102Z","2024-11-28T20:30:15.202Z",{"sys":4070},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},179,{"sys":4073},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4075,"answers":4076,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":4077,"questionText":4078,"statistics":4079,"veryWrongStatistics":4080,"correctSentence":4082,"youWereWrong":4083,"youWereRight":4084,"dataSourceShortText":2558,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4085,"extendedAnswerText":4086,"headingVeryWrong":4087,"youWereVeryWrong":4088,"headingWrong":4087},"1508",[],"Depression globally","Globally, how many people suffer from depression, according to the World Health Organization?",[3759],[4081],"uk 0.448","Worldwide, around 5% of adults suffer from depression, according to the WHO.","We hear more about depression nowadays. Removing that taboo around discussing mental health is positive. Perhaps that is why you (like many others) overestimate how many people are depressed.  ","We hear more about depression nowadays. Removing that taboo around discussing mental health is positive. Perhaps that is why they overestimate how many people are depressed.  ","Both the WHO and IHME estimate the share of the global population with depression to be around 3.8%. The most recent data both have is from 2019. There is either a lack of data or sparse data from countries with health systems that are less developed, so it’s hard to know the exact figure for the prevalence of depression. However, two independent experts we consulted for this question agreed that it is relatively stable at around 5% across income levels.\n\n[1] [WHO – Depression](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fdepression)\n[2] [IHME – Prevalence of depression](http:\u002F\u002Fihmeuw.org\u002F6r0v)\n[3] [Our World In Data – Depression](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fmental-health#depression)","Depression and anxiety are the most common mental health disorders. Even though most people overestimate the share of the global population that is depressed, it is still a condition that affects hundreds of millions of people. \n\nDepression affects people in different ways and can impact every area of a person's life, from their relationships with family, to how well they are able to concentrate at work and school. The positive thing is that it is treatable. And as people have become less worried about discussing their mental health, they are more likely to seek treatment.\n\n![Screen Shot 2023-03-31 at 10.48.01](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1CciR4vejE5TcORUaL8IqN\u002F599f5539325421a603c0bf0f360cabcf\u002FScreen_Shot_2023-03-31_at_10.48.01.png)\n[Source of chart: Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fnumber-of-people-with-depression)","Fewer depressed than you think","We hear more about depression nowadays. Removing that taboo around discussing mental health is positive. Perhaps that is why you (like many others) overestimate how many people are depressed.  \n",{"metadata":4090,"sys":4093,"fields":4104},{"tags":4091,"concepts":4092},[],[],{"space":4094,"id":4096,"type":14,"createdAt":4097,"updatedAt":4098,"environment":4099,"publishedVersion":4101,"revision":1651,"contentType":4102,"locale":27},{"sys":4095},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5dJ6n2eVwxtjsR7XmoLO13","2023-05-02T10:32:35.509Z","2024-08-21T11:02:43.599Z",{"sys":4100},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},63,{"sys":4103},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4105,"answers":4106,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":4107,"questionText":4108,"statistics":4109,"veryWrongStatistics":4110,"correctSentence":4111,"dataSourceShortText":4112,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4113,"extendedAnswerText":4114},"1613",[],"Main cause of death","Worldwide, what causes more deaths?",[1626],[3320],"Heart disease and strokes are the main cause of death worldwide.","Source: IHME & WHO","[1]  [IHME](https:\u002F\u002Fvizhub.healthdata.org\u002Fgbd-results?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink\u002Fb5c019afa80b8eba4da6c56b99ab4446)    \n\n[2]  [WHO – The top 10 causes of death](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fthe-top-10-causes-of-death)   ","In 2019, cardiovascular diseases (heart disease and strokes) were responsible for 33% of all deaths worldwide; cancers were responsible for 18%; and nutritional deficiencies (lack of food) were the cause of 0.4% of all deaths.\n",{"metadata":4116,"sys":4119,"fields":4129},{"tags":4117,"concepts":4118},[],[],{"space":4120,"id":4122,"type":14,"createdAt":4123,"updatedAt":4124,"environment":4125,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":998,"contentType":4127,"locale":27},{"sys":4121},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5WePnZREcvSFrze4Abz9sY","2023-01-13T09:31:47.098Z","2023-01-13T09:47:43.691Z",{"sys":4126},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4128},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4130,"answers":4131,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4132,"name":4133,"questionText":4134,"statistics":4135,"veryWrongStatistics":4137,"dataSourceShortText":2588,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4139},"1539",[],65,"Deaths from infections","In low-income countries, around 45% of all deaths are caused by infections. What is the number in high-income countries?",[4136],"usa 0.6481",[4138],"usa 0.1573","Source: [IHME](http:\u002F\u002Fihmeuw.org\u002F5ygr)  \n",{"metadata":4141,"sys":4144,"fields":4154},{"tags":4142,"concepts":4143},[],[],{"space":4145,"id":4147,"type":14,"createdAt":4148,"updatedAt":4149,"environment":4150,"publishedVersion":2190,"revision":91,"contentType":4152,"locale":27},{"sys":4146},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"56hESWsE1cCMokLfSEbzz8","2023-01-13T09:31:47.197Z","2023-04-25T10:55:45.614Z",{"sys":4151},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4153},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4155,"answers":4156,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"name":4157,"questionText":4158,"statistics":4159,"veryWrongStatistics":4161,"dataSourceShortText":2588,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4162},"1540",[],"Antibiotic resistance","In 2019, how many people worldwide died from infections that were resistant to antibiotics?",[4160],"usa 0.6629",[4138],"\nSource: [1][IHME](https:\u002F\u002Fvizhub.healthdata.org\u002Fmicrobe\u002F?settings=eyIxIjoia2V5X2ZpbmRpbmdzIiwiMiI6ImJhciIsIjMiOiJhbXIiLCI0IjoyMiwiNSI6MSwiNiI6MywiNyI6MywiOCI6MSwiOSI6MSwiMTIiOjMsIjEzIjoxLCIxNCI6MSwiMTUiOjEsIjE2IjoxLCIxNyI6MywiMTgiOjIwMTksIjE5IjpmYWxzZSwiMjAiOnRydWUsIjIyIjoxfQ==)   \n\n[2] We consulted four independent experts for this question and also had fact-checking assistance from the following students from the Bahá'i Institute for Higher Education in Iran: Rasa Nikooifard, Maral Amirkhani, Ghazal Raoufi, Shidrokh Ghaemi, Ashkan Esmaeili, and Ava Rahmanian.\n",{"metadata":4164,"sys":4167,"fields":4177},{"tags":4165,"concepts":4166},[],[],{"space":4168,"id":4170,"type":14,"createdAt":4171,"updatedAt":4172,"environment":4173,"publishedVersion":694,"revision":44,"contentType":4175,"locale":27},{"sys":4169},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3RqHnookCiPjoZIqCOywEg","2023-08-18T06:51:54.584Z","2023-10-10T08:34:10.762Z",{"sys":4174},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4176},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4178,"answers":4179,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"veryWrongPercentage":973,"name":4180,"questionText":4181,"statistics":4182,"veryWrongStatistics":4183,"youWereWrong":4185,"youWereRight":4186,"dataSourceShortText":4187,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4188,"extendedAnswerText":4189,"headingVeryWrong":4190,"youWereVeryWrong":4191,"headingWrong":4192},"1698",[],"US vs EU maternal mortality","In the European Union, for every 100,000 babies that are born, around six women die during pregnancy, while giving birth or shortly after. What is this figure in the United States?",[779],[4184],"usa 0.48","You were right to recognize that the maternal mortality rate in the US is higher than in other rich countries, but it is worse than you realized. Globally, the share of pregnancy-related deaths has been declining for years. But the trend in the US has moved in the opposite direction, and today the maternal death rate is ten times higher than in countries such as Spain and Poland.","You were right to recognize that maternal mortality in the US is much worse than in other rich countries. Globally the story is a positive one – the share of pregnancy-related deaths has been declining for years. But the trend in the US has moved in the opposite direction, and today the maternal death rate is ten times higher than in countries such as Spain and Poland.","Source: WHO, UNICEF, CDC etc","The most recent figures for the entire European Union which allow for comparison with the United States are from 2020. Those are modeled estimates from WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA\u002FPopulation Division. In 2020, the maternal mortality ratio in the EU was 6 per 100,000 births. In the US, it was 21 per 100,000. More recent figures from 2021, show that there had been an increase in the US, to 33.\nWe consulted two independent experts for this question who agreed that our correct answer is the most correct and, if anything, is aun underestimate of the difference between the US and EU.\n\n[1]  [WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group, and UNDESA\u002FPopulation Division - Maternal mortality ratio ](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSH.STA.MMRT?locations=EU-US&most_recent_value_desc=true)   \n\n[2]  [CDC – Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\u002Fnchs\u002Fdata\u002Fhestat\u002Fmaternal-mortality\u002F2021\u002Fmaternal-mortality-rates 2021.htm#:~:text=In%202021%2C%201%2C205%20women%20died,20.1%20in%202019%20(Table).)\n\n[3]  [JAMA Medical Network, \"US Maternal Mortality Is Unacceptably High, Unequal, and Getting Worse—What Can Be Done About It?\" published in July 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fjamanetwork.com\u002Fjournals\u002Fjama\u002Farticle-abstract\u002F2807131) \n\n[4]  [British Medical Journal, \"Maternal mortality in eight European countries with enhanced\nsurveillance systems: descriptive population based study\", published in 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bmj.com\u002Fcontent\u002F379\u002Fbmj-2022-070621) ","Over recent decades, there has been an incredible improvement in people's health almost everywhere. Life expectancy has increased, fewer children are dying and most babies are vaccinated. Therefore, it's surprising to see a rich country such as the US going backwards on pregnancy-related deaths. Sadly, most of these deaths are preventable. That means, though, that it should be possible to reverse this trend.","The US is way worse than the EU!","You missed a very important problem. The rate of maternal deaths in the US is not even close to being the same as in the EU. Globally, the share of pregnancy-related deaths has been declining for years. But the trend in the US has moved in the opposite direction, and today the maternal death rate is ten times higher than in countries such as Spain and Poland.","Even worse than you imagined!",{"metadata":4194,"sys":4197,"fields":4207},{"tags":4195,"concepts":4196},[],[],{"space":4198,"id":4200,"type":14,"createdAt":4201,"updatedAt":4202,"environment":4203,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":998,"contentType":4205,"locale":27},{"sys":4199},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5FCFCe2KUTqBdIXQlu8fUz","2024-01-10T14:54:31.668Z","2024-01-22T13:05:10.853Z",{"sys":4204},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4206},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4208,"answers":4209,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"veryWrongPercentage":734,"name":4210,"questionText":4211,"statistics":4212,"veryWrongStatistics":4213,"correctSentence":4215,"dataSourceShortText":4216,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4217},"1769",[],"Cancer survival trend","Of all children in high-income countries who had cancer back in 1975, around 58% survived more than 5 years. What is that number today?",[212],[4214],"usa 0.17","Today, more than 80% of children in high-income countries who have cancer survive more than five years.","Source: Various","\n[1]  [WHO – CureAll Framework: WHO Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer](https:\u002F\u002Firis.who.int\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10665\u002F347370\u002F9789240025271-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y)                         \n\n[2]  [Ward et. al., “Global childhood cancer survival estimates and priority-setting: a simulation-based analysis”, published in The Lancet Oncology in 2019 ](https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F31129029\u002F)  \n\n[3]  [Botta et. al, “Long-term survival and cure fraction estimates for childhood cancer in Europe (EUROCARE-6): results from a population-based study”, published in The Lancet Oncology in 2022 ](https:\u002F\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002F36400102\u002F)  \n",{"metadata":4219,"sys":4222,"fields":4231},{"tags":4220,"concepts":4221},[],[],{"space":4223,"id":4225,"type":14,"createdAt":4226,"updatedAt":4226,"environment":4227,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":112,"contentType":4229,"locale":27},{"sys":4224},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3rqdyOhR7WsI9o22tvzbwC","2025-03-12T13:52:36.048Z",{"sys":4228},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4230},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4232,"answers":4233,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"veryWrongPercentage":587,"name":4234,"questionText":4235,"statistics":4236,"veryWrongStatistics":4237,"correctSentence":4238,"dataSourceShortText":4239,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4240},"1797",[],"Vaccination safety","Worldwide, how many people in 2018 believed that vaccines were not safe?",[2858],[593],"Worldwide, 7% of people in 2018 said they thought vaccines were unsafe.","Source: Wellcome Global Monitor","The Wellcome Trust’s 2018 study (which was carried before Coronavirus) was the biggest global study analysis of people’s attitudes to vaccinations. It includes responses from more than 140,000 people in over 140 countries. At a global level, when presented with the statement “vaccines are safe”, 61% strongly agreed, 18% somewhat agreed, 11% neither agreed or disagreed, 5% somewhat disagreed, 2% strongly disagreed and 3% had no opinion.Within the global average, there are big differences between countries with France (at 33%) having the highest share of people who didn’t consider vaccines safe. \n\n[1] [Wellcome Global Monitor. How does the world feel about science and health? (2018)](https:\u002F\u002Fwellcome.ac.uk\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fwellcome-global-monitor-2018.pdf)",{"metadata":4242,"sys":4245,"fields":4256},{"tags":4243,"concepts":4244},[],[],{"space":4246,"id":4248,"type":14,"createdAt":4249,"updatedAt":4250,"environment":4251,"publishedVersion":4253,"revision":1017,"contentType":4254,"locale":27},{"sys":4247},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ceba3b1894f9dff1326d57b9296aef14","2021-11-11T07:12:31.805Z","2024-09-03T08:51:53.527Z",{"sys":4252},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},50,{"sys":4255},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":4257,"heading":4258,"slug":4259,"questions":4260,"certificateText":4261},"sdg_world_03_cert","UN Goal 3: Good health and well-being Certificate","un-goal-3-good-health-and-well-being-certificate-test",[3053,3295,275,3199,3128,3164,3329,3363,3394,3425,3458,3490,3522,3617,3650,3679,3707,3767,3800,3861,241,3921,3945],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 3: Good health and well-being, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":4263,"sys":4266,"fields":4274},{"tags":4264,"concepts":4265},[],[],{"space":4267,"id":4269,"type":39,"createdAt":4270,"updatedAt":4271,"environment":4272,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":44,"locale":27},{"sys":4268},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2AB91pZLn9dqEEqijBQStS","2020-11-17T09:53:45.918Z","2022-11-24T08:40:08.150Z",{"sys":4273},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":4275,"description":4276,"file":4277},"3. Good health and well-being","Good health and well-being icon",{"url":4278,"details":4279,"fileName":4282,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F2AB91pZLn9dqEEqijBQStS\u002F916eba956ac7b114ddf7d53f20263c83\u002Fsdg_03",{"size":4280,"image":4281},1548,{"width":844,"height":882},"sdg_03","#4C9F38",[4285],{"metadata":4286,"sys":4289,"fields":4299},{"tags":4287,"concepts":4288},[],[],{"space":4290,"id":4292,"type":14,"createdAt":4293,"updatedAt":4294,"environment":4295,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":45,"contentType":4297,"locale":27},{"sys":4291},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5gSGvngsg5FKmdQviq8vCU","2022-10-06T08:44:58.287Z","2022-11-24T08:40:09.422Z",{"sys":4296},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4298},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":4300,"title":4300,"challenges":4301},"UN Goal 3",[4302],{"metadata":4303,"sys":4306,"fields":4316},{"tags":4304,"concepts":4305},[],[],{"space":4307,"id":4309,"type":14,"createdAt":4310,"updatedAt":4311,"environment":4312,"publishedVersion":2107,"revision":998,"contentType":4314,"locale":27},{"sys":4308},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3da6hRsz6LByNKiphxyrxc","2022-10-06T08:44:55.175Z","2022-11-24T08:40:09.449Z",{"sys":4313},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4315},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":4317,"title":3033,"slug":4317,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":4318,"combos":4338},"sdg-world-goal-3",{"metadata":4319,"sys":4322,"fields":4330},{"tags":4320,"concepts":4321},[],[],{"space":4323,"id":4325,"type":39,"createdAt":4326,"updatedAt":4327,"environment":4328,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":4324},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"36sIaxazBnvJhmwG3TIQhC","2022-10-06T08:44:46.237Z","2022-11-24T08:40:08.259Z",{"sys":4329},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":4331,"description":48,"file":4332},"SDG icon 3-03",{"url":4333,"details":4334,"fileName":4337,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F36sIaxazBnvJhmwG3TIQhC\u002Fc7ebcc6605002675c1f8a02d76c262fa\u002FSDG_icon_3-03.png",{"size":4335,"image":4336},20780,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 3-03.png",[],{"metadata":4340,"sys":4343,"fields":4353},{"tags":4341,"concepts":4342},[],[],{"space":4344,"id":4346,"type":14,"createdAt":4347,"updatedAt":4348,"environment":4349,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":1330,"contentType":4351,"locale":27},{"sys":4345},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7iAREaXeOVybk4Mi7xICqS","2020-11-19T19:37:33.063Z","2023-11-24T09:57:27.523Z",{"sys":4350},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4352},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":4354,"name":4355,"slug":4354,"tests":4356,"diplomaTest":4927,"icon":4947,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":4970,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":4971},"sdg-world-04","UN Goal 4: Quality education",[4357],{"metadata":4358,"sys":4361,"fields":4371},{"tags":4359,"concepts":4360},[],[],{"space":4362,"id":4364,"type":14,"createdAt":4365,"updatedAt":4366,"environment":4367,"publishedVersion":2608,"revision":2377,"contentType":4369,"locale":27},{"sys":4363},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1ab8b62207c9a8d4eedb7bed5479c2a1","2021-11-11T07:12:33.454Z","2024-10-14T12:39:51.700Z",{"sys":4368},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4370},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":4372,"heading":4355,"slug":4373,"questions":4374},"sdg_world_04_t1","un-goal-4-quality-education",[4375,4487,4519,4552,4594,4628,4663,4692,4720,4749,4781,4809,4837,4869,4898],{"metadata":4376,"sys":4384,"fields":4395},{"tags":4377,"concepts":4383},[4378,4381],{"sys":4379},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},"education",{"sys":4382},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4385,"id":4387,"type":14,"createdAt":4388,"updatedAt":4389,"environment":4390,"publishedVersion":4392,"revision":2376,"contentType":4393,"locale":27},{"sys":4386},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1b885f602183a737b862e96c6ca1e1eb","2021-11-11T07:17:15.465Z","2024-09-16T12:51:54.875Z",{"sys":4391},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},308,{"sys":4394},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":4396,"answers":4397,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3149,"ruleOfThumbs":4398,"name":4399,"questionText":4400,"statistics":4401,"veryWrongStatistics":4439,"correctSentence":4479,"youWereWrong":4480,"youWereRight":4481,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4483,"extendedAnswerText":4484,"headingVeryWrong":4485,"youWereVeryWrong":4480,"headingWrong":4486},"3",[],[],"In low-income countries across the world, what sha","In low-income countries across the world in 2022, what share of girls went to school until at least age 11?\n",[4402,4403,4404,4405,4406,4407,4408,4409,4410,4411,4412,4413,4414,4415,4416,1508,4417,4418,4419,4420,4421,4422,4423,4424,4425,4426,4427,4428,4429,4430,4431,4432,4433,4434,4435,2257,4436,4437,4438],"uk 0.9030333333","usa 0.8643666667","arg 0.878","aus 0.8966","bel 0.94105","bra 0.783","can 0.9405","chn 0.8493","fra 0.8840333333","deu 0.85303333333","hun 0.902","idn 0.7884","ita 0.903","jpn 0.9077","mex 0.834","rus 0.8191","sau 0.7885","sgp 0.8588","kor 0.88415","esp 0.8777333333","swe 0.8680666667","tur 0.8884","mys 0.73965","egy 0.7925","are 0.8263","col 0.892","rou 0.8463","per 0.8743","jor 0.7725","mar 0.75535","dnk 0.86","fin 0.905","nor 0.915","zaf 0.73","pak 0.76","nga 0.86","phl 0.75",[4440,4441,4442,4443,4444,4445,4446,4447,4448,4449,4450,4451,4452,4453,4454,4455,4456,4457,4458,4459,4460,4461,4462,4463,4464,4465,4466,4467,4468,4469,4470,4471,4472,4473,4474,4475,4476,4477,4478],"uk 0.5741","usa 0.5165","arg 0.4440","aus 0.5728","bel 0.6584","bra 0.3710","can 0.6502","chn 0.5215","fra 0.5901","deu 0.4775","hun 0.5050","idn 0.3114","ita 0.5598","jpn 0.5958","mex 0.4330","pol 0.4251","rus 0.5294","sau 0.2715","sgp 0.5089","kor 0.4975","esp 0.5645","swe 0.5496","tur 0.4880","mys 0.3547","egy 0.3214","are 0.2974","col 0.4060","rou 0.4870","per 0.4459","jor 0.2891","mar 0.3663","dnk 0.5400","fin 0.5950","nor 0.63","zaf 0.31","ind 0.34","pak 0.39","phl 0.31","nga 0.42","Around 60% of young girls in low-income countries go to school.","It’s popular to believe that very few girls in poor countries get basic education. You probably don’t realize that some things actually improve in the poorest countries. Today, most parents send both their sons and daughters to school.","It’s popular to believe that very few girls in poor countries get basic education. They probably can’t imagine that anything improves in the poorest countries.","Source: UNESCO","The share of girls finishing primary school was 64% in 2022[1], but we rounded it to 60% to avoid overstating progress. The definition of “low-income countries” is not mentioned in the question to make it short. Based on our knowledge surveys we know that people generally overestimate how many countries belong in that group, but such a misunderstanding wouldn’t make the wrong answers more possible. Actually the opposite, because the middle-income countries that many people believe are low-income countries have an average of 92% girls completing primary education.\nThe data measures the gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, which is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age and divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education, which is roughly at age 11, but differs across countries.\n\n[1]  [Female primary completion rate, UIS, UNESCO Institute for Statistics via World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.PRM.CMPT.FE.ZS?locations=XM-XP)  \n\n[2]  [UNESCO – Schooling girls and boys](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1wOmoy-URJ9wO4kDduaFYdONxNyhBuoYJEgX6codJhJg\u002Fedit#gid=0) \n\n[3]  [Standard ages for starting Secondary School in different countries](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.SEC.AGES)  \n\n[4]  [World Bank classification of low-income countries](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups)","Many people wrongly think a minority of girls in low-income countries go to school, probably because they know there are still huge gender inequalities in the world and they don’t want to trivialize them. Out of 195 countries, today only 27 are called low-income and only 11 of them still have big gender inequalities in primary education: Afghanistan, Guinea, South Sudan, Central African Republic, Guinea-Bissau, Yemen, Chad, Niger, Eritrea, Mozambique and Somalia. \n\nForty years ago, across all low-income countries, many more boys finished primary school compared to girls but, since then, more parents across the world now prioritize their daughters’ education. Today, in most countries, both girls and boys miss school to almost the same extent, and when they do, it’s mainly because their families are extremely poor.\n\nIn most low-income countries in general, girls drop out of school more than boys when they reach puberty, partly because of bad school toilets. When countries become middle-income countries, schools are better prepared for female students. When measuring results, pretty much everywhere, girls outperform boys all the way up to higher education.\n\nThe Coronavirus pandemic resulted in more than 90% of countries globally closing schools at some point during 2020. The effect on how many girls (and boys) who might not have returned to school when they reopened is still unknown, but UNESCO projected that up to 11 million girls may not go back (particularly those aged 12-17).\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nBecause it shows an outdated view when it comes to development in low-income countries and gender equality. It is part of a worldview that simply pictures the world as “us and them”.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThere have been lots of stories about girls not being able to go to school and rightly so - it is a problem that needs to be brought to attention and changed. However, regions and countries where that happens are extremely rare. People, though, hear about this issue in one country and they assume it is the same in all low-income countries, when they are the exception rather than the rule.\n\n### What are low-income countries?\nThe World Bank groups countries according to the average income of each person in a country. The four categories are low income, lower-middle income, upper-middle income and high income. As of 2024, there are 26 low-income countries, where the average annual income is $1,135 or less. Read more about how countries are classified [here](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups). You can view which income group a country is in and how that has changed over time in [Gapminder’s tools](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$chart-type=bubbles&url=v1).\n\n### Why is it an important issue?\nUNICEF has a good overview [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Feducation\u002Fgirls-education) of why it is important that girls go to schools and the knock-on effect it has both for their lives and the societies they live in.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. Data from low-income countries is typically the least reliable, however UNESCO has been compiling these statistics from low-income countries for many years. One of the issues with the data is that it shows children who are enrolled in the last year of primary school but not who finish, and so doesn’t count those who may have dropped out along the way. Because of that and the other unreliability with data for low-income countries, we round down the correct answer to 60% and put big differences between the three answer options. Independent experts we contacted agree that the UNESCO data is the most accurate representation of the true situation and that the correct answer we use is the ‘more right’ than the other two answer options.\n\n### How do you know people are wrong about this?\nWe have asked the question to the public in multiple countries over several years and in all places we asked, more than 90% have been wrong about this trend.\n","You are more than 50 years behind","You are 20 years behind",{"metadata":4488,"sys":4495,"fields":4505},{"tags":4489,"concepts":4494},[4490,4492],{"sys":4491},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4493},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4496,"id":4498,"type":14,"createdAt":4499,"updatedAt":4500,"environment":4501,"publishedVersion":1583,"revision":1330,"contentType":4503,"locale":27},{"sys":4497},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"662e2ce23d57d7b67a774c6e66fb3675","2021-11-11T07:06:54.633Z","2023-11-24T10:04:12.023Z",{"sys":4502},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4504},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":4506,"answers":4507,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":4508,"questionText":4509,"statistics":4510,"veryWrongStatistics":4511,"correctSentence":4512,"youWereWrong":4513,"youWereRight":4514,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4515,"extendedAnswerText":4516,"headingVeryWrong":4517,"youWereVeryWrong":4518,"headingWrong":4517},"35",[],"How many university students worldwide get their d","How many university students worldwide get their degree in their home country (as opposed to abroad)?",[1626],[784],"Around 97% of university students get a degree in their home country.","The world of education is globalizing fast, but foreign students are still not as common as you thought.","They think globalization of education has come much farther than it has.","UNESCO data is based on annual UIS surveys conducted in 165 countries through three different data collection instruments, UIS\u002FOECD\u002FEurostat. 200 countries and territories report data each year also, based on census and national and international household surveys. The data represents students who complete their studies in a different country, and doesn’t include short exchanges or a semester abroad.\n\nThe UIS acknowledges that when calculating regional averages for education indicators, there is generally missing data. In these cases, the regional average is an approximation of the unknown real value. Thus, data is from both published and imputed sources. UIS publishes the percentage of students studying abroad, 2.7% [1], which means that 97.3% do not study abroad. \n\nWe consulted five independent experts for this question who confirmed that the source is reliable and our correct answer is accurate.\n\n[1]  [UNESCO. National Monitoring > Number and rates of international mobile students (inbound and outbound) > Outbound mobility ratio by host region](http:\u002F\u002Fdata.uis.unesco.org\u002F#)  \n[2]  [Migration Data Portal. “International Students” article from June 2020.](https:\u002F\u002Fmigrationdataportal.org\u002Fthemes\u002Finternational-students)  \n[3]  The five independent experts we consulted for this question included Kathleen Quinlan from the University of Kent and Robin Shields of the University of Bristol.","In 2020, more than 6 million people were studying for a degree at a university abroad. Back in 2000, it was only 2 million. International experiences often lead to friendship and solidarity across borders, and it can spread ideas and best practices across universities. But the number of students isn’t nearly as large as people believe.\n\nThe highest overall amount of students abroad are from middle-income countries like China and India. The biggest host countries for students who can afford to study outside their home countries are the US, UK, Australia, France and Germany. It is only a very small share of students who complete their degree abroad; short-term exchanges are more common. Even if the number of students abroad is increasing, it's still just a fraction of what people think.\n\n### Why is it a problem to be wrong about this?\nIf we overestimate how many get this chance, we underestimate how many do not. Many would like to study abroad and far more funds could be made available for them if we realized how few get these chances. The benefits are evident, not only to students but also to their country of origin and the universities that receive foreign students. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\n(So far we have only surveyed people in the UK about this question and they might have overestimated the number of students abroad as the UK is receiving a lot more students from abroad than most other countries.)\nWe see a lot of media coverage of the rich and wealthy travelling the world for business, vacation and studies. It seems like a common way of living. But we rarely see coverage of everyone else, who almost never travel abroad. \n\n### What does studying abroad mean in this context?\nThis data isn’t about short exchanges of a year or a semester abroad. This is for the entire length of study. The number is similar for students who study for a shorter time abroad, but the extent of such studies are difficult to quantify as they can vary in duration from a week to multiple years. Therefore we focus this question on the students getting degrees abroad.\n\n### Where can I see this data by country?\nVia the [UNESCO Institute for Statistics’ website](http:\u002F\u002Fdata.uis.unesco.org\u002F#). You can access it by clicking on: National Monitoring > Number and rates of international mobile students (inbound and outbound) > (then choose either data for inbound students). \nThe Migration Data Portal also has a summary of the data you can read [here](https:\u002F\u002Fmigrationdataportal.org\u002Fthemes\u002Finternational-students).\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. We consulted five independent experts for this question who confirmed that the source is reliable and our correct answer is accurate.","Carried away by globalization","The world of education is globalizing fast, but foreign students are still much fewer than you thought.",{"metadata":4520,"sys":4527,"fields":4537},{"tags":4521,"concepts":4526},[4522,4524],{"sys":4523},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4525},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4528,"id":4530,"type":14,"createdAt":4531,"updatedAt":4532,"environment":4533,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":1099,"contentType":4535,"locale":27},{"sys":4529},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"e7765e9e4df5062e7039f5541f05d10b","2021-11-11T07:06:57.164Z","2023-11-24T10:04:11.965Z",{"sys":4534},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4536},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":4538,"answers":4539,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2011,"name":4540,"questionText":4541,"statistics":4542,"veryWrongStatistics":4544,"correctSentence":4545,"youWereWrong":4546,"youWereRight":4547,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4548,"extendedAnswerText":4549,"headingVeryWrong":4550,"youWereVeryWrong":4551,"headingWrong":4550},"36",[],"Of all primary school teachers in low-income count","Of all primary school teachers in low-income countries, how many are trained?",[4543],"uk 0.9",[375],"Around 70% of primary school teachers in low-income countries are trained.","You think schools in poor countries are worse than they are. At least the majority of teachers have training.","They seem to think that most teachers in low-income countries have no training, while in fact the vast majority of them have, just like everywhere else in the world...","The data is collected by the individual countries and reported to UNESCO. The main limitations are that it doesn’t take into account differences in teachers' years of education, their experience and status, teaching methods, teaching materials, and classroom conditions. Some of the data is also fairly old. \n\nWe felt safe to use this as our source after we contacted five independent experts who all confirmed that they felt confident that, despite its limitations, they would use the data and trusted the methodology used by UNESCO.\n\n[1]  [UNESCO. Trained teachers in primary education (% of total teachers) - Low income (via the World Bank).](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.PRM.TCAQ.ZS?locations=XM)  \n[2]  [UNESCO. “Wanted: The Best Teacher for Every Class” 2019, by Silvia Montoya, Director of the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.](http:\u002F\u002Fuis.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Fblog\u002Fwanted-best-teacher-every-class)\n","Education is one of the key elements of global development. It can help push people (and even entire countries) out of poverty, increase equality and help control population growth. Things have been getting better, but it is not yet close to being as good as it could and should be. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nOf all people, 9% live in low-income countries. Most people live in middle income countries that used to be low-income, but they changed, and it often started with educating everybody. When that happened, many failed to realize it, and now when the remaining low-income countries have trained most of their teachers, people keep believing a change won’t happen. The world keeps changing as people maintain the false perception that nothing improves.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen we think of schools in low-income countries, we easily imagine a disorganized place with little educational quality, because we have seen such reports from schools with big problems. Even if all of these examples are true, they are often exceptions. The many well organized teachers, who took their training and now help lift kids out of poverty by teaching them to read and write, are described as unusual, but they are more common than people think.\n\n### What is a “trained teacher”?\nThat depends on the countries’ requirements. There is no agreed strict international standard for teacher training. In some countries it might mean a short course of some months, in others it might be a four-year university degree.\n\n### Does having trained teachers mean better outcomes for pupils?\nMostly. The better trained a teacher is, the more prepared they are to be able to help children to reach the levels they are expected to be at. There are many untrained, talented educators who successfully teach children. And there are teacher training sessions that may be completely useless. Having a trained teacher is no guarantee for pupils to reach a minimum level of learning, but often it helps.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. One should be aware that the definition of teaching varies a bit between countries. And sometimes the data is a bit old. We felt safe to use this as our source after we contacted five independent experts who all confirmed that they felt confident that, despite its limitations, they would use the data and trusted the methodology used by UNESCO.\n\n### Resources\nSee [share of trained teachers](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$time$value=2018;&marker$axis_y$data=data_wdi&which=se_prm_tcaq_zs&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=bubbles) in all countries over time. ","Not so poor teaching","You have an overly negative idea of schools in poor countries. They are not perfect, but at least the majority of teachers have training.",{"metadata":4553,"sys":4563,"fields":4574},{"tags":4554,"concepts":4562},[4555,4557,4559],{"sys":4556},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4558},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":4560},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4561},"refugees",[],{"space":4564,"id":4566,"type":14,"createdAt":4567,"updatedAt":4568,"environment":4569,"publishedVersion":4571,"revision":925,"contentType":4572,"locale":27},{"sys":4565},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"69a2ca492ca0c8e0ef8956880ab49f4f","2021-11-11T07:16:55.943Z","2025-02-17T16:35:39.202Z",{"sys":4570},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},192,{"sys":4573},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":4575,"answers":4576,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3149,"name":4577,"questionText":4578,"statistics":4579,"veryWrongStatistics":4583,"correctSentence":4588,"youWereWrong":4589,"youWereRight":4590,"dataSourceShortText":634,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4591,"extendedAnswerText":4592,"headingVeryWrong":4593,"youWereVeryWrong":4589,"headingWrong":4593},"39",[],"How many child refugees attended primary school (b","Of all child refugees aged 7 to 12 years worldwide, how many attended school in 2024?",[4580,4581,2584,4582],"uk 0.83","deu 0.76","jpn 0.98",[4584,4585,4586,4587],"jpn 0.7253","deu 0.5537","uk 0.621","usa 0.6167","More than 60% of child refugees attend primary school.","A majority of child refugees go to school thanks to international support, but that doesn’t comfort those who still don’t have a classroom to go to.","They probably know that more resources are needed to put all child refugees in school.","In the 2024 Education Report[1] UNHCR estimates that 65% of child refugees of primary school age, are in enrolled in education. UNHCR acknowledges the difficulties of accurately monitoring the size of refugee populations throughout the world, such as the varying definitions of ‘refugee’ and the varying quality of records throughout the world. \n\nThe bigger issue with this figure is that it only measures enrollment in primary education, not the quality of the education. In some places the education offered to refugees has been criticized for being of a lower standard than the rest of the country. \n\nLastly, there is only data for registered refugees. This means that there are potentially displaced people who - for a number of reasons - are not legally registered and recognized as being refugees and so who are not included in the 65% estimate. \n\n[1] [UNHCR's 2024 Education Report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unrefugees.org\u002Fnews\u002Ffive-takeaways-from-unhcrs-2024-education-report\u002F)","Most people overestimate how many refugees there are. It’s not more than 0.5% of the world’s population. Half of them are children and half of those are not in school, which is something like 0.1% of the world population. When we think of it that way, it doesn’t seem like too big a problem to solve!\n\nEducation increases a child's chances of supporting themselves in the future, which is especially crucial for those who have left everything behind. The good news is: They are fewer than people think, and more than half of them are already enrolled.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf more realized how many refugee children are in school, they could realize that UNHCR and countries' migration agencies are successfully organizing education if they only get enough resources. First [people overestimate the number of refugees](https:\u002F\u002Fupgrader.gapminder.org\u002Ft\u002Fsdg-world-un-goals\u002F15\u002F) and then they think most of their children are missing school. When people overestimate the size of a problem they easily find it overwhelming.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen we see refugees in the media it’s often people on the move. It’s hard to imagine the children can go to school when they keep relocating, which is true, but only a fraction of the world's refugees are on the move. Most refugees have reached a new community or a camp, where they end up living with refugee status often more than 4 years. When realizing that’s the situation most refugees are in, it’s easier to realize that a majority have a primary school to go to.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can trust the number to be above 60% for 2021, Russia's invasion of Ukraine. But there are huge uncertainties in this data. First of all, the exact number of actual refugees is not known. There may be some million people hiding across the world, who are not counted. Because of these uncertainties we don’t use 65% as our correct answer, but we use “more than 60%”, to make sure we don’t overstate the number. Most people still believe it’s much lower than 60%.\n\nThe question asks about primary school, which means grades one to five or six, ending at roughly age 12. Over that age, in secondary education, much fewer refugees are enrolled in school, and after age 15, it’s only a fraction.  \n\n### Where can I learn more?\n[All Inclusive. UNHCR Education Report September 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unhcr.org\u002Fpublications\u002Feducation\u002F631ef5a84\u002Funhcr-education-report-2022-inclusive-campaign-refugee-education.html) \n\n[UNHCR, Education](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unhcr.org\u002Feducation.html)\n\n### How does the current situation in Ukraine affect the data?\n\nRussia's invasion of Ukraine has caused millions of Ukrainians to seek refuge in other countries.\n\nThe current situation in Ukraine is developing rapidly and [UNHCR estimates are updated daily, here](https:\u002F\u002Fdata2.unhcr.org\u002Fen\u002Fsituations\u002Fukraine).\n\nThe figures we use for this question and the answers come from data from 2020 and so do not reflect the situation for Ukrainian children in 2022. \n","War-torn education",{"metadata":4595,"sys":4602,"fields":4612},{"tags":4596,"concepts":4601},[4597,4599],{"sys":4598},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4600},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4603,"id":4605,"type":14,"createdAt":4606,"updatedAt":4607,"environment":4608,"publishedVersion":1583,"revision":808,"contentType":4610,"locale":27},{"sys":4604},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5afd71ef322f934798086c8820895794","2021-11-11T07:07:01.808Z","2023-11-24T10:04:11.759Z",{"sys":4609},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4611},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":4613,"answers":4614,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1689,"name":4615,"questionText":4616,"statistics":4617,"veryWrongStatistics":4618,"correctSentence":4620,"youWereWrong":4621,"youWereRight":4622,"dataSourceShortText":4623,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4624,"extendedAnswerText":4625,"headingVeryWrong":4626,"youWereVeryWrong":4627,"headingWrong":4626},"38",[],"Across the world, how many children go to some for","Across the world, how many children go to some form of preschool the year before they start school? ",[3824],[4619],"uk 0.325","More than 60% of children go to a preschool the year before they start primary education.","You thought less than half of children go to preschool, but nowadays a majority do, because both their parents have jobs.","They don’t realize that most parents work nowadays, and their children go to preschool.","Source: UNESCO-UIS","This data comes from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS)[1]. \nIt looks at what percentage of children participated in organized learning one year before the official primary school entry age. This includes programs that offer a combination of education and care.\n\nThis is a global average so the large differences between regions are hidden. For example, the highest share is 95% in Latin America and the Carribean and the lowest share is 49% in Sub-Saharan Africa. As the variable only counts formal forms of organized education this figure could be an underestimate in some countries. \n\nThe enrollment data comes from schools and other centers of organized learning, and from household surveys on enrollment. The estimates are made by UIS from data reported by the countries’ Ministries of Education and population estimates from the UN[2].\n\n[1]  [UIS - Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age)](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Findicators\u002Fdatabase\u002F) Goal 4.2.2  \n[2]  [UIS metadata](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Fmetadata\u002Ffiles\u002FMetadata-04-02-02.pdf)  \n[3]  [World Bank - Primary school starting years](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.PRM.AGES)\n","Most parents in the world live in middle-income countries and they work in service and manufacturing. The majority of their children go to a preschool around age five, before they start first grade. The number who go to a registered preschool is around 75%, according to UNESCO, but even more children go to informal childcare, because almost all parents have to work as soon as their children can be taken care of by someone else during the day. Being with other children and learning new things is good for their development. The strange thing is that most people we have asked think this number is much lower.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf people recognize that the majority of children go to preschool, they will understand that those who do not have the opportunity to go are an exception. Of course, not every parent wants to send their children to preschool. But, that opportunity to send them if they wanted should be extended to everyone regardless of income. Subsidized childcare can have longterm benefits for both parents and children and can be an important investment in a country's future.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMany have outdated stereotypes of other cultures, and they think in most of the world mothers are still stuck at home with traditional female duties like taking care of children. That is still true in many communities, but in general a majority of families today have two working parents and children in all countries enjoy playing with friends and preparing to start school. A majority of the world’s population today live in middle-income countries and most send their children to preschool.\n\n### How can 60% of children go to preschool?\nPeople have gotten much richer and cultures have modernized. Preschools have become popular and more affordable. The benefits of preparing for school are obvious and many countries stimulate programs to enable more children to be enrolled.\n\n### Why does it matter if children go to preschool?\nChildren enrolled in at least one year of pre-primary education are more likely to develop the critical skills they need to succeed in school and less likely to repeat grades or drop out, as described in Unicef’s report [A World Ready to Learn](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Feducation\u002Fearly-childhood-education). \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but please notice that there are multiple measures of pre-primary enrollment, based on different age brackets. Enrollment is highest for children during the final year before starting school, age 5 or 6 depending on the country,  which is 75% according to UNESCO. In the data from UNICEF, ages 3 to 6 are included and then it’s [only 50% of children](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unicef.org\u002Feducation\u002Fearly-childhood-education). These numbers don’t include informal childcare, which would make all the numbers higher.\n","Most parents work","You thought only a quarter of children go to preschool, but nowadays a majority do, because both their parents have jobs.",{"metadata":4629,"sys":4636,"fields":4646},{"tags":4630,"concepts":4635},[4631,4633],{"sys":4632},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4634},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4637,"id":4639,"type":14,"createdAt":4640,"updatedAt":4641,"environment":4642,"publishedVersion":409,"revision":1081,"contentType":4644,"locale":27},{"sys":4638},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"fff1cdbc889db262aa358daf270526fa","2021-11-11T07:06:59.385Z","2025-04-23T08:21:22.092Z",{"sys":4643},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4645},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":4647,"answers":4648,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":4649,"questionText":4650,"statistics":4651,"veryWrongStatistics":4654,"correctSentence":4657,"youWereWrong":4658,"youWereRight":4659,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4660,"extendedAnswerText":4661,"headingVeryWrong":4662,"youWereVeryWrong":4658,"headingWrong":4662},"37",[],"Worldwide, how many children under age 15 do not a","Worldwide, how many children under age 15 do not achieve the required minimum skills in reading and math?",[4652,4653],"usa 0.69","swe 0.7767",[4655,4656],"usa 0.10","swe 0.2330","Roughly 50% of children under 15 don’t achieve a minimum level of competence in reading and math.","Most children today go to school. That’s an achievement. Now, it’s time to improve education by giving schools more resources.","They haven’t realized that schools everywhere have to improve a lot.","UNESCO acknowledges that it is difficult to measure how well children have been learning as learning assessment data vary a lot and is hard to compare[2]. Where data is missing there are estimates instead. We consulted three independent experts on this data, however, and they trusted the source and regarded our correct answer as more correct than the other two answer options. We deliberately put a lot of difference between the three options because of the limitations of the dataset.\n\n[1] [Gapminder calculations using Gapminder and ASER data for India](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1NNFzfkbfP6rc5XYsexYlGhJHzfFUk-BeVm0H6caIxC0\u002Fedit?gid=1941259917#gid=1941259917)\n\n [2]  [UNESCO. Global Education Monitoring Report 2023.](https:\u002F\u002Funesdoc.unesco.org\u002Fark:\u002F48223\u002Fpf0000385723)  \n\n[3]  [UNESCO UIS: Mind the Gap: Proposal for a Standardised\nMeasure for SDG 4–Education 2030 Agenda, October 2017](http:\u002F\u002Fuis.unesco.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002Funesco-infopaper-sdg_data_gaps-01.pdf). ","### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost misconceptions we identify are about improvements that have been neglected. This is the opposite – a problem that is underestimated. People don’t realize how bad the educational outcomes are in most schools across the world, and we don’t fully understand why this particular problem has not gotten more attention, while most other problems are exaggerated in people's minds.\n\n### Why is it a problem if people are wrong about this?\nThe missing resources for improving schools will not be made available if people don’t understand the size of the problem. If parents and politicians believe the currently used teaching methods work just fine, they will probably reject any attempts to modernize teaching practices. Or the opposite, if new teaching methods have been introduced that fail to produce better learning outcomes, then they should be replaced with better methods.\n\n### How is it possible that most children fail reading and math tests?\nFor many decades, a government’s main priority has been to build enough schools and make sure children go there. Nowadays, the majority of children everywhere go to school, which is fantastic. Classrooms are full now, and the problem is instead that headmasters are left without resources to have enough good teachers. Teachers are overburdened with too many young learners. Children who don’t get support with homework at home are left without a chance when the exams come.\nSome children can’t afford the school materials. Others might live in homes where they are unable to study in the evenings because they have to work instead or they are missing electricity to read. It’s extra difficult for children with special needs or disabilities. Sometimes it is as simple as being shortsighted and missing glasses. There are many reasons why you fail an exam.\n\n### Are the children who fail dropouts?\nSome children drop out, but two-thirds of the children who don’t reach the minimum levels in math and reading stay in school. They may be taught by teachers without enough training and experience or teachers who are capable but overwhelmed by the number of students they have to teach.\n\nIf the schools are new, teachers are inexperienced and children are only the first or second generation of their family to go to school, it is hard to expect them to achieve amazing results. It might be only the first step to improving a country. \n\nMany school children across the world are the first generation in their family to attend school. During the previous fifty years the world had been struggling to teach parents to send their children to school. Learning to go to school is the first lesson. Now it’s high time to improve education all around the world, so parents don’t conclude it wasn’t worth it. \n\n### What’s the point in sending everyone to school?\nOne of the reasons a country like South Korea could have its fast economic growth and transform into a high performing economy was that the grandparents of children in the 80s and 90s had been taught to read and write in school. The population was ready to step up.\n\n### Are there big regional differences?\nYes, huge differences! The 2017 report from UNESCO revelaed that more than 80% of children in Sub-Saharan Africa do not reach the minimum level. In Europe and North America that figure is 14%. You can read more about the data and this subject in general in [the 2017 UNESCO report](http:\u002F\u002Fuis.unesco.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002Ffs46-more-than-half-children-not-learning-en-2017.pdf). \n\n### Where can I learn more?\nSee [UNESCO Global Education Monitoring Report.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.education-progress.org\u002Fen\u002Farticles\u002Flearning\u002F)\n\n### What do you mean by \"required minimum competence\"?\nMinimum proficiency level (MPL) is the benchmark of basic knowledge in a domain (mathematics, reading, etc.) measured through learning assessments. Currently, there is limited comparability of data from different learning assessments. UNESCO's ongoing work to standardize global proficiency levels is summarized in [this document](http:\u002F\u002Fuis.unesco.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002Funesco-infopaper-sdg_data_gaps-01.pdf). \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but there are limitations you should be aware of. Even UNESCO acknowledges that it is difficult to measure how well children have been learning as learning assessment data vary a lot and is hard to compare. We consulted three independent experts on this question, however, and they trusted the source and regarded our correct answer as more correct than the other two answer options.\n","First they learn to be in school",{"metadata":4664,"sys":4671,"fields":4681},{"tags":4665,"concepts":4670},[4666,4668],{"sys":4667},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4669},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4672,"id":4674,"type":14,"createdAt":4675,"updatedAt":4676,"environment":4677,"publishedVersion":2190,"revision":44,"contentType":4679,"locale":27},{"sys":4673},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"kUqXUqaFcnZjLUYTMsnjD","2023-02-02T10:57:56.003Z","2024-09-20T07:42:21.468Z",{"sys":4678},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4680},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4682,"answers":4683,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":769,"name":4684,"questionText":4685,"statistics":4686,"veryWrongStatistics":4687,"correctSentence":4689,"dataSourceShortText":4690,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4691},"1510",[],"Children to school","Of all children aged 6 to 11 in the world, how many go to school?",[3855],[4688],"uk 0.286","Worldwide, more than 85% of all children of primary school age go to school. ","UNESCO","[1][UNESCO - Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.PRM.CMPT.ZS)\n\n[2][UNESCO – Schooling girls and boys](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1wOmoy-URJ9wO4kDduaFYdONxNyhBuoYJEgX6codJhJg\u002Fedit#gid=0) ",{"metadata":4693,"sys":4700,"fields":4710},{"tags":4694,"concepts":4699},[4695,4697],{"sys":4696},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4698},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4701,"id":4703,"type":14,"createdAt":4704,"updatedAt":4705,"environment":4706,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":22,"contentType":4708,"locale":27},{"sys":4702},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4E1WKG8zOLUkBzFjX7XxCn","2023-04-18T13:52:13.917Z","2023-11-24T10:04:11.636Z",{"sys":4707},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4709},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4711,"answers":4712,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":4713,"questionText":4714,"statistics":4715,"veryWrongStatistics":4716,"correctSentence":4718,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4719},"1575",[],"Girls not in school","Of all children in the world who are of primary school age but don't go to school, how many are girls?",[855],[4717],"uk 0.409","Around 55% of children of primary age who don’t go to school are girls.","[1]  [UNESCO – “New estimation confirms out-of-school population is growing in sub-Saharan Africa,” published in 2022](https:\u002F\u002Funesdoc.unesco.org\u002Fark:\u002F48223\u002Fpf0000382577)   \n\n[2]  [UNESCO – Out-Of-School Rate](https:\u002F\u002Feducation-estimates.org\u002Fout-of-school\u002F) ",{"metadata":4721,"sys":4728,"fields":4738},{"tags":4722,"concepts":4727},[4723,4725],{"sys":4724},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4726},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4729,"id":4731,"type":14,"createdAt":4732,"updatedAt":4733,"environment":4734,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":998,"contentType":4736,"locale":27},{"sys":4730},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6Aez1ei9ux5rfrwuLfFAKj","2023-04-19T07:38:14.302Z","2023-11-24T10:04:11.576Z",{"sys":4735},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4737},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4739,"answers":4740,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":4741,"questionText":4742,"statistics":4743,"veryWrongStatistics":4744,"correctSentence":4746,"dataSourceShortText":4747,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4748},"1579",[],"Untrained primary school teachers","Globally, how many primary school teachers are not trained for the job?",[2858],[4745],"uk 0.316","Around 15% of primary school teachers globally do not have any training. ","Source: UNESCO via World Bank","[1]  [UNESCO via World Bank – Trained teachers in primary education (% of total teachers) ](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.PRM.TCAQ.ZS?locations=1W)   ",{"metadata":4750,"sys":4757,"fields":4767},{"tags":4751,"concepts":4756},[4752,4754],{"sys":4753},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4755},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4758,"id":4760,"type":14,"createdAt":4761,"updatedAt":4762,"environment":4763,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":91,"contentType":4765,"locale":27},{"sys":4759},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5VW7CFnjDLjOJPUssEfhYS","2023-04-14T10:32:46.360Z","2023-11-24T10:04:11.518Z",{"sys":4764},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4766},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4768,"answers":4769,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":4770,"questionText":4771,"statistics":4772,"veryWrongStatistics":4774,"correctSentence":4776,"youWereWrong":4777,"youWereRight":4777,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4778,"extendedAnswerText":4779,"headingVeryWrong":4780,"youWereVeryWrong":4777,"headingWrong":4780},"1561",[],"Adult education since 1950","In 1950, roughly 50% of all adults had at least some basic education. What is the share today?",[4773],"uk 0.671",[4775],"uk 0.181","Worldwide, around 80% of adults have had some basic education today. ","People are more educated today than ever before in history. Not everyone who goes to school gets a great education, but nearly 90% of the world’s population can at least read.","The figure we use for this question is literacy data from UNESCO. Data quality varies between countries and generally it is less reliable in low-income countries. \n\nThe data has been collected using different methodologies in different countries. In some countries the people surveyed are asked if they can read a short text aloud. In many countries, though, people are just asked if they can read or sometimes only if they and the people they live with went to school. There is some evidence from studies that people do not read as well as they report themselves to and that, in some cases, going to school may not mean a person is what we might consider to be literate. These doubts should not stop us recognizing the overall trend, that more boys and girls go to school, men and women have more years of education and more people say they can read than ever before. \n\nWe have put big differences between our three answer options to ensure our correct answer is more correct than the other two.\n\n[1]  [UNESCO. Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.ADT.LITR.ZS)\n[2]  [UNESCO Institute of Statistics database](http:\u002F\u002Fdata.uis.unesco.org\u002Findex.aspx?queryid=121) ","The most basic form of education is being able to read. Today, nearly nine out of ten people in the world say they can read. Men and women have spent more years in school than ever before. We hear a lot about the countries where girls are banned from school or children are made to work instead, but those countries are rare. Most children go to school, even in the poorest countries. The next big improvements are to make sure that teaching gets better and that girls continue their education beyond lower-secondary.","Most people can read, nowadays!",{"metadata":4782,"sys":4789,"fields":4799},{"tags":4783,"concepts":4788},[4784,4786],{"sys":4785},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4787},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4790,"id":4792,"type":14,"createdAt":4793,"updatedAt":4794,"environment":4795,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":998,"contentType":4797,"locale":27},{"sys":4791},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"SCqUmoxJgKkOc13eGtmpz","2023-05-02T09:27:58.454Z","2023-11-24T10:04:11.420Z",{"sys":4796},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4798},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4800,"answers":4801,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"name":4802,"questionText":4803,"statistics":4804,"veryWrongStatistics":4805,"correctSentence":4807,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4808},"1612",[],"Electricity in African primary schools","How many primary schools in Sub-Saharan Africa have some access to electricity?",[2315],[4806],"uk 0.68","Around 30% of primary schools in Sub-Saharan Africa have some access to electricity.","[1]  [ UNESCO\nSDG Indicator 4.a.1](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Findicators\u002Fen\u002F)     ",{"metadata":4810,"sys":4817,"fields":4827},{"tags":4811,"concepts":4816},[4812,4814],{"sys":4813},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4815},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4818,"id":4820,"type":14,"createdAt":4821,"updatedAt":4822,"environment":4823,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":91,"contentType":4825,"locale":27},{"sys":4819},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"NJTgl1vT5SQjftNT8C3xl","2023-09-01T14:30:58.944Z","2023-11-24T10:04:11.360Z",{"sys":4824},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4826},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4828,"answers":4829,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":442,"name":4830,"questionText":4831,"statistics":4832,"veryWrongStatistics":4833,"correctSentence":4835,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4836},"1711",[],"Female university academics","What share of university teachers in the world are women?",[447],[4834],"uk 0.362","Globally, around 40% of university teachers are female.","[1]  [UNESCO – Tertiary education, academic staff (% female)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.TER.TCHR.FE.ZS?end=2018&locations=1W-XD-XM-XO-XP&start=2006)   ",{"metadata":4838,"sys":4845,"fields":4855},{"tags":4839,"concepts":4844},[4840,4842],{"sys":4841},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4843},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4846,"id":4848,"type":14,"createdAt":4849,"updatedAt":4850,"environment":4851,"publishedVersion":657,"revision":91,"contentType":4853,"locale":27},{"sys":4847},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7DmIOIsLIyoP1eILoenTNU","2023-02-02T10:57:55.820Z","2023-12-20T12:38:36.482Z",{"sys":4852},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4854},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4856,"answers":4857,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":4858,"questionText":4859,"statistics":4860,"veryWrongStatistics":4861,"correctSentence":4863,"youWereWrong":4864,"youWereRight":4865,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4866,"extendedAnswerText":4867,"headingVeryWrong":4868,"youWereVeryWrong":4864,"headingWrong":4868},"1509",[],"Literacy rate","How many adults in the world say they can read?",[1964],[4862],"uk 0.251","Worldwide, 87% of adults say they can read.","You're fifty years behind. Most children go to school and most eventually learn to read.","They fail to realize that education has become a norm and most go to school and that - if the trend continues - soon everyone will be able to read. \n","The data is from UNESCO. Data quality varies between countries and generally it is less reliable in low-income countries. \n\nThe data has been collected using different methodologies in different countries. In some countries the people surveyed are asked if they can read a short text aloud. In many countries, though, people are just asked if they can read or sometimes only if they and the people they live with went to school. There is some evidence from studies that people do not read as well as they report themselves to and that, in some cases, going to school may not mean a person is what we might consider to be literate. These doubts should not stop us recognizing the overall trend, that more boys and girls go to school, men and women have more years of education and more people say they can read than ever before. \n\nWe have put big differences between our three answer options to ensure our correct answer is more correct than the other two.\nTo check the difference between self-reported literacy and tested literacy, we have found seven studies from different countries that give an idea of roughly the size of the overreporting. In five countries the studies show roughly 12% overreporting of literacy when self-reported: South Africa[3], Nigeria[4], USA[5], India[6] and Bangladesh[7].\nThe pattern seems to be that countries with lower literacy rates have a larger difference between the self reported number and the tested literacy. In Ghana[8] the difference was 27%, while in Sweden[9] there was almost no difference at all.\n\n[1] [UNESCO](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.ADT.LITR.ZS)\n\n[2][UNESCO Institute of Statistics database.](http:\u002F\u002Fdata.uis.unesco.org\u002Findex.aspx?queryid=121)\n\n[3][The costs of illiteracy in South Africa, Page 3. While 90% were self-reported readers, 75% actually passed the reading test.](https:\u002F\u002Fideas.repec.org\u002Fp\u002Fsza\u002Fwpaper\u002Fwpapers113.html)\n\n[4][In Nigeria, roughly 10% fewer pass reading tests compared to the self reported readers.](https:\u002F\u002Fhuebler.blogspot.com\u002F2008\u002F04\u002Fself-reported-and-tested-literacy-in.html)\n\n[5][In the USA, 5% were considered illiterate after testing, and 14% fail basic reading tests.](https:\u002F\u002Fnces.ed.gov\u002Fnaal\u002Festimates\u002FStateEstimates.aspx)\n\n[6][In India, the self-reported literacy was roughly 15% higher than the tested literacy.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F41057386?seq=1)\n\n[7][In Bangladesh some 9.5% of people reported they could read, while the tests showed they couldn’t.](http:\u002F\u002Fdspace.bracu.ac.bd\u002Fxmlui\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10361\u002F13237\u002FSelf-report%20and%20test%20discrepancy%20evidence%20from%20national%20literacy%20survey%20in%20Bangladesh.pdf?sequence=1)\n\n[8][In Ghana there were 27% fewer who passed the reading test compared to those claiming they could read.](https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.se\u002Fbooks?id=EbEvDwAAQBAJ&pg=SA6-PA36&lpg=SA6-PA36&dq=test+literacy+self-reported&source=bl&ots=q5qebxPlbp&sig=ACfU3U1zfyDGHBR6mYMAUioq-PWwQVmVNg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwirrN-R0abnAhXJxIsKHXn4CkQQ6AEwEnoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=test%20literacy%20self-reported&f=false) \n\n[9][In Sweden there was hardly any difference.](https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Farticle\u002F10.1186\u002F2196-0739-1-3)","Reading is an important skill to get a job, understand a prescription, or sign a contract. Back in the mid-1970s, around a third of people said they couldn’t read, and today it’s around one sixth. Among those who claim they can read, there are many who exaggerate their skills. When put to a reading test, roughly 10% of those who said they can read fail the test in countries as different as the USA and South Africa.\n\n### Why is it a problem if many are wrong about this?\nPeople seem to have an outdated view of the world. If they think a third of the world’s population is unable to read, they must think that many, many countries are dysfunctional and are unable to educate their people to even a basic level. That isn’t the case any longer!\n\n### Why are many wrong about this?\nPeople hugely overestimate how many live in extreme poverty, and in poverty people have less access to most services including education, so it is not surprising that they also think a big share of the world’s population are unable to read. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but be aware of its limitations. The data is not 100% comparable as different surveys have asked similar but not always identical questions. In some countries the people surveyed are asked if they can read a short text. In many, though, people are asked if they can read or even if they and the people they live with went to school. There is some evidence from studies that people do not read as well as they report themselves to. As a rule of thumb, literacy seems roughly 15% higher if it is self reported compared to actually putting people to the test. \n\nAs our question about education quality shows, it is a huge problem. Going to school may not mean a person is what we might consider to be literate. Those doubts should not stop us recognizing the overall trend: that more people go to school, men and women have more years of education and more people say they can read than ever before.\n\n### Further reading\nYou can see a detailed breakdown of the data on [Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fliteracy) and read more about the progress and challenges related to literacy on the[ UNESCO website](https:\u002F\u002Fuis.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Ftopic\u002Fliteracy). \n","It spells M-A-J-O-R-I-T-Y",{"metadata":4870,"sys":4877,"fields":4887},{"tags":4871,"concepts":4876},[4872,4874],{"sys":4873},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":4380},{"sys":4875},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":4878,"id":4880,"type":14,"createdAt":4881,"updatedAt":4882,"environment":4883,"publishedVersion":480,"revision":259,"contentType":4885,"locale":27},{"sys":4879},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"LMuRCjagQtWFObUsMENru","2023-11-09T10:03:33.657Z","2026-01-09T02:17:56.219Z",{"sys":4884},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4886},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4888,"answers":4889,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"veryWrongPercentage":3983,"name":4890,"questionText":4891,"statistics":4892,"veryWrongStatistics":4893,"correctSentence":4895,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4896,"extendedAnswerText":4897},"1755",[],"Girls in primary school","Of all girls aged 6 to 11 in the world, how many go to school?",[745],[4894],"usa 0.24","Worldwide, roughly nine out of ten girls go to primary school today.\n![f38 girls schooling increased 2024](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6vPAyt3NNWDA9JzyhEMNw3\u002Fa38ad73409307e94ee13bef0cdd3f84f\u002Ff38_girls_schooling_increased_2024.png)","[1]  [UNESCO – Primary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.PRM.CMPT.FE.ZS)\n\n[2]  [UNESCO – Schooling girls and boys](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1wOmoy-URJ9wO4kDduaFYdONxNyhBuoYJEgX6codJhJg\u002Fedit#gid=0)","Nowadays, most children in the world go to primary school. There is very little difference between the share of girls and boys not in school under the age of 11, as it has become far rarer for young girls to be kept out of school other due to the government or their parents. The incredible progress in primary education needs to be extended to secondary education, where girls in poorer countries are still far more likely to drop out before finishing their studies. ",{"metadata":4899,"sys":4902,"fields":4911},{"tags":4900,"concepts":4901},[],[],{"space":4903,"id":4905,"type":14,"createdAt":4906,"updatedAt":4906,"environment":4907,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":112,"contentType":4909,"locale":27},{"sys":4904},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1k1vgB6szAac6M7avZNVw7","2023-04-13T08:32:24.603Z",{"sys":4908},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4910},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":4912,"answers":4913,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":4914,"questionText":4915,"statistics":4916,"veryWrongStatistics":4918,"correctSentence":4920,"youWereWrong":4921,"youWereRight":4922,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":4923,"extendedAnswerText":4924,"headingVeryWrong":4925,"youWereVeryWrong":4926,"headingWrong":4925},"1552",[],"Female uni teachers in middle-income countries","42% of all university teachers in high-income countries are women. What is the share in middle-income countries?",[4917],"usa 0.8",[4919],"usa 0.345","In middle-income countries, 45% of all university teachers are women.","If you sneak into classrooms at universities in Brazil, Indonesia and Egypt, you’d be surprised to see that almost every second room has a female teacher.\n","If they snuck into classrooms at universities in Brazil, Indonesia and Egypt, they’d be surprised to see that almost every second room has a female teacher.","The correct answer we use for this question comes from UNESCO and is from 2018, which is the most up-to-date data available as of March 2023. \nIn tertiary education the share of female academics may vary largely between countries in different income groups. When looking at this data, it is important to consider that there is a difference between full time and part time positions and gender. This data includes both full and part time. One independent expert we spoke to suggested that it is more common for men to get full time academic positions. Also, measuring the share does however not say anything about quality of education or the different conditions for female academics.\nDespite those limitations, four independent experts we contacted said the data is the best available and they would use it to show broader trends in gender of university teachers. \n\n[1]  [UNESCO (via World Bank), Tertiary education, academic staff (% female)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSE.TER.TCHR.FE.ZS?end=2018&locations=1W-XD-XM-XP&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2006)  \n[2]  [UNESCO Institute of Statistics](http:\u002F\u002Fdata.uis.unesco.org\u002Findex.aspx?queryid=178)  ","Women and men are still not equal, but there has been progress in many different areas. Most people assume that progress has happened in the richest countries. But that isn’t the case. When it comes to universities, the countries with the highest share of female teachers are middle-income countries.","Soon 50\u002F50","If you sneak into classrooms at universities in Brazil, Indonesia and Egypt, you’d be surprised to see that almost every second room has a female teacher.",{"metadata":4928,"sys":4931,"fields":4941},{"tags":4929,"concepts":4930},[],[],{"space":4932,"id":4934,"type":14,"createdAt":4935,"updatedAt":4936,"environment":4937,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":1246,"contentType":4939,"locale":27},{"sys":4933},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"914c0b82c7e7bd4f61495d1145a32a36","2021-11-11T07:12:35.252Z","2023-09-01T14:30:59.114Z",{"sys":4938},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4940},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":4942,"heading":4943,"slug":4944,"questions":4945,"certificateText":4946},"sdg_world_04_cert","UN Goal 4: Quality education Certificate","un-goal-4-quality-education-certificate-test",[4628,4594,4519,4375,4487,4552,4663,4692,4720,4781,4809],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 4: Quality education, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":4948,"sys":4951,"fields":4959},{"tags":4949,"concepts":4950},[],[],{"space":4952,"id":4954,"type":39,"createdAt":4955,"updatedAt":4956,"environment":4957,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":44,"locale":27},{"sys":4953},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4ifGBJXMNez6Ve9QjHm9a9","2020-11-17T09:55:29.802Z","2023-09-01T14:30:55.921Z",{"sys":4958},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":4960,"description":4961,"file":4962},"4. Quality education","Quality education icon",{"url":4963,"details":4964,"fileName":4969,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4ifGBJXMNez6Ve9QjHm9a9\u002F597a8ee73b81237d03544b32e88c8eb3\u002Fsdg_04",{"size":4965,"image":4966},1309,{"width":4967,"height":4968},124,103,"sdg_04","#C5192D",[4972],{"metadata":4973,"sys":4976,"fields":4986},{"tags":4974,"concepts":4975},[],[],{"space":4977,"id":4979,"type":14,"createdAt":4980,"updatedAt":4981,"environment":4982,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":45,"contentType":4984,"locale":27},{"sys":4978},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"797ozu61kqDDTujpNtf0z7","2022-10-06T08:44:26.778Z","2023-09-01T14:30:59.137Z",{"sys":4983},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":4985},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":4987,"title":4987,"challenges":4988},"UN Goal 4",[4989],{"metadata":4990,"sys":4993,"fields":5003},{"tags":4991,"concepts":4992},[],[],{"space":4994,"id":4996,"type":14,"createdAt":4997,"updatedAt":4998,"environment":4999,"publishedVersion":1246,"revision":998,"contentType":5001,"locale":27},{"sys":4995},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"mylxFOIPvvKO7SQY3LyTH","2022-10-06T08:44:23.205Z","2023-09-01T14:30:59.175Z",{"sys":5000},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5002},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":5004,"title":4355,"slug":5005,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":5006,"combos":5026},"sdg_world_goal_4","sdg-world-goal-4",{"metadata":5007,"sys":5010,"fields":5018},{"tags":5008,"concepts":5009},[],[],{"space":5011,"id":5013,"type":39,"createdAt":5014,"updatedAt":5015,"environment":5016,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":5012},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7qVa1fu2OFaptZOnVzHEhX","2022-10-06T08:44:12.448Z","2023-09-01T14:30:55.930Z",{"sys":5017},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":5019,"description":48,"file":5020},"SDG icon 4-03",{"url":5021,"details":5022,"fileName":5025,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F7qVa1fu2OFaptZOnVzHEhX\u002Fdb22ee0533722c929f968c9544de30a9\u002FSDG_icon_4-03.png",{"size":5023,"image":5024},12872,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 4-03.png",[],{"metadata":5028,"sys":5031,"fields":5041},{"tags":5029,"concepts":5030},[],[],{"space":5032,"id":5034,"type":14,"createdAt":5035,"updatedAt":5036,"environment":5037,"publishedVersion":2037,"revision":1390,"contentType":5039,"locale":27},{"sys":5033},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5LeoE4h4ZA3xIHIjrBxd66","2020-11-19T19:37:32.834Z","2024-08-29T08:55:48.562Z",{"sys":5038},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5040},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":5042,"name":5043,"slug":5042,"tests":5044,"diplomaTest":5751,"icon":5772,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":5794,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":5795},"sdg-world-05","UN Goal 5: Gender equality",[5045],{"metadata":5046,"sys":5049,"fields":5059},{"tags":5047,"concepts":5048},[],[],{"space":5050,"id":5052,"type":14,"createdAt":5053,"updatedAt":5054,"environment":5055,"publishedVersion":973,"revision":364,"contentType":5057,"locale":27},{"sys":5051},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"42d8002786fd6f964143a967dae90022","2021-11-11T07:12:37.262Z","2024-10-29T08:21:46.827Z",{"sys":5056},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5058},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":5060,"heading":5043,"slug":5061,"questions":5062},"sdg_world_05_t1","un-goal-5-gender-equality",[5063,5097,5130,5202,5237,5331,5365,5401,385,5434,5462,5491,5519,5552,5580,5608,5634,5662,5691,5722],{"metadata":5064,"sys":5071,"fields":5081},{"tags":5065,"concepts":5070},[5066,5068],{"sys":5067},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5069},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5072,"id":5074,"type":14,"createdAt":5075,"updatedAt":5076,"environment":5077,"publishedVersion":4253,"revision":71,"contentType":5079,"locale":27},{"sys":5073},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"c722a77a0ec2b12d5f6c4e85c1c5cac2","2021-11-11T07:07:23.330Z","2024-08-29T08:55:48.667Z",{"sys":5078},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5080},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":5082,"answers":5083,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":5084,"questionText":5085,"statistics":5086,"veryWrongStatistics":5087,"correctSentence":5089,"youWereWrong":5090,"youWereRight":5091,"dataSourceShortText":5092,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5093,"extendedAnswerText":5094,"headingVeryWrong":5095,"youWereVeryWrong":5096,"headingWrong":5095},"40",[],"Worldwide, what share of seats in national parliam","Worldwide, what share of seats in national parliaments are held by women today?",[934],[5088],"uk 0.39","Today, women hold around 25% of seats in national parliaments.","The parliaments in your head are 20 years out of date. Today, a quarter of seats are held by women and it is increasing steadily.","They are more than 20 years out of date, and they probably don’t realize that women’s share in parliaments is growing steadily.","Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union","Our correct figure is an average across both lower and upper chambers of parliament as of May 2024. This figure will change as elections are held, but the 25% average figure has been steady over the past 24 months we have been working on this question. We chose to have an average across both chambers of parliament despite the upper houses having different levels of power in different countries. For example, the upper house in the UK (House of Lords) is unelected and has little power. But, the upper house in the US (the Senate) has a lot of power. So we chose to have an average across both worldwide. The number will keep changing slightly, so will need to be updated regularly. It’s worth noting that being represented in the parliament does not automatically transfer into female contribution and engagement as there sometimes can be other obstacles. \n\nWe consulted six independent experts for this question who all agreed that the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) data is extremely reliable and trusted and agreed that the correct answer we use is the right figure to use.\n\n[1]  [IPU](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.ipu.org\u002Fwomen-averages)  \n[2]  [IPU (via World Bank). Chart showing growth in the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments.](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSG.GEN.PARL.ZS)  \n[3]  The six independent experts we consulted for this question included Meghan Campbell of the University of Birmingham and Oxford Human Rights Hub.","The world is still a long way from having an equal representation of women and men in parliaments, BUT a lot of progress has been made.\n\nToday, every fourth seat is held by a woman, and it is increasing steadily. Rwanda has the highest share of female politicians in parliament and there are also equal shares of men and women in Cuba, Nicaragua and the United Arab Emirates.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe UN's goal is to have 50\u002F50 men and women in parliaments, and the world is half way there. To speed up that change it’s important that young women realise that their chances are much better today than ever before.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMany media reports from parliaments show a majority of men, and in our brains any overrepresentation becomes exaggerated. As long as the world is not equal, it’s hard to recognize the progress made. We often hear about the problem but seldom about the progress. \n\n### Where can I see the numbers broken down by country and region?\nThe Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)  website has a [regional](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.ipu.org\u002Fwomen-averages) and [country](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.ipu.org\u002Fwomen-ranking?month=10&year=2020) breakdown. The World Bank’s website has a useful chart showing how the [share of women in parliament](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSG.GEN.PARL.ZS) has changed over time.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. We consulted six independent experts for this question who all agreed that the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) data is extremely reliable and trusted and agreed that the correct answer we use is the right figure to use.\n","Halfway to half","The parliaments in your head are 75 years out of date. Today, a quarter of seats are held by women and it is increasing steadily.",{"metadata":5098,"sys":5105,"fields":5115},{"tags":5099,"concepts":5104},[5100,5102],{"sys":5101},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5103},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5106,"id":5108,"type":14,"createdAt":5109,"updatedAt":5110,"environment":5111,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":734,"contentType":5113,"locale":27},{"sys":5107},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"01a92911d1019d49a4966ddc41fec06a","2021-11-11T07:07:33.193Z","2024-08-29T08:55:49.237Z",{"sys":5112},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5114},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":5116,"answers":5117,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":480,"name":5118,"questionText":5119,"statistics":5120,"veryWrongStatistics":5121,"correctSentence":5123,"youWereWrong":5124,"youWereRight":5125,"dataSourceShortText":5126,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5127,"extendedAnswerText":5128,"headingVeryWrong":5129,"youWereVeryWrong":5124,"headingWrong":5129},"44",[],"Of 195 countries, how many have signed the UN Conv","Of 195 countries, how many have signed the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women?",[3994],[5122],"uk 0.59","190 countries have signed the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.","Only five countries haven’t signed a document opposing discrimination, but you thought most countries are like those five. ","They think women have legal rights in just a few countries when, in fact, they actually have legal rights in most countries. \n","Source: UN OHCHR","The United Nations has recognized 195 countries: 193 members and 2 observing states. 188 countries are “state parties” to the treaty, which means they have ratified it and it has entered into force and they are obliged to implement the laws. In addition, the US and Palau are signatories but not state parties, meaning they have intent to look at the treaty but are not obliged to implement laws. Some countries who are state parties to the treaty have identified some parts that they reserve their right to not abide by[3], which can obviously undermine elements of the treaty.\n\n[1]  [UN OHCHR (choose UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women from the dropdown menu)](https:\u002F\u002Findicators.ohchr.org\u002F)  \n[2]  [UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002FDocuments\u002FProfessionalInterest\u002Fcedaw.pdf)  \n[3]  [UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women - Declarations and reservations](https:\u002F\u002Ftreaties.un.org\u002FPages\u002FViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en#63)  \n[4]  [OHCHR Metadata: Status of ratification of a core international human rights treaty or its optional protocol](https:\u002F\u002Findicators.ohchr.org\u002FStock\u002FDocuments\u002FMetadataRatificationStatus_Dashboard.pdf)\n","If people think there is no legal protection for the rights of women it can create an impression that women’s rights are not considered in any way in many countries. Almost all countries say they agree with the convention to eliminate discrimination against women. This fact should in no way be used to trivialize the gender inequality that still exists in most countries. It is problematic if people believe the problem is missing political conventions. That leads focus away from the actual fact: that these conventions are not turned into reality.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\n\nIn a world where many women don’t have the same rights as men in practice it may seem hypocritical to pay attention to international conventions as they are obviously not followed, even after being signed. But the struggle to get this convention signed has taken many years, and the purpose is to take the first steps towards more gender equality. Now that most countries have signed, it's easier to hold governments accountable for not improving the necessary laws and law enforcement so that the rights agreed upon in the convention become rights also in reality.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe live in a world where women very often don't have the same rights as men, in practice. It’s hard to imagine that almost all countries have signed UN declarations promising to remove such inequalities. \n\n### Which countries have not signed this convention?\n188 countries have ratified the treaty. Two have signed it, but not ratified it: USA and Palau. Five have not signed nor ratified it: Iran, the Holy See, Somalia, Sudan and Tonga. Some countries who have ratified the treaty have identified some parts that they reserve their right to not abide by, which can obviously undermine elements of the treaty. More than 80 such cases are [listed here](https:\u002F\u002Ftreaties.un.org\u002FPages\u002FViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&clang=_en) \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. It comes directly from the UN and it is updated every six months or after a new country ratifies the convention. You can visit [UN OHCHR](https:\u002F\u002Findicators.ohchr.org\u002F) and select from the dropdown menu: UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.\n","Women have rights… on paper",{"metadata":5131,"sys":5138,"fields":5149},{"tags":5132,"concepts":5137},[5133,5135],{"sys":5134},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5136},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5139,"id":5141,"type":14,"createdAt":5142,"updatedAt":5143,"environment":5144,"publishedVersion":5146,"revision":1483,"contentType":5147,"locale":27},{"sys":5140},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4263ec6fa37f594d68a23a26c871f417","2021-11-11T07:17:15.627Z","2024-10-03T08:28:49.140Z",{"sys":5145},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},172,{"sys":5148},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":5150,"answers":5151,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"ruleOfThumbs":5152,"name":5153,"questionText":5154,"statistics":5155,"veryWrongStatistics":5174,"correctSentence":5194,"youWereWrong":5195,"youWereRight":5195,"dataSourceShortText":5196,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5197,"extendedAnswerText":5198,"headingVeryWrong":5199,"youWereVeryWrong":5200,"headingWrong":5201},"10",[],[],"How many companies in the world have a woman as to","How many companies in the world have a woman as top manager or CEO?",[5156,5157,5158,5159,5160,5161,5162,5163,5164,5165,5166,308,5167,5168,5169,5170,2251,5171,5172,5173],"swe 0.883557835575669","nor 0.9478737651582341","fin 0.900158055939152","dnk 0.8576920574395769","gbr 0.8615","phl 0.62","nga 0.83","pak 0.71","ind 0.75","zaf 0.85","mar 0.62","esp 0.87","rus 0.58","mex 0.87","jpn 0.8","fra 0.85","bra 0.7","usa 0.81",[5175,5176,5177,5178,5179,5180,5181,5182,5183,5184,5185,5186,5187,5188,5189,5190,2265,5191,5192,5193],"gbr 0.5","usa 0.58","bra 0.43","fra 0.46","deu 0.52","jpn 0.47","mex 0.56","rus 0.34","esp 0.59","swe 0.53","mys 0.44","mar 0.28","dnk 0.48","fin 0.55","nor 0.57","zaf 0.54","pak 0.45","nga 0.47","phl 0.3","Around 18% of companies worldwide have female top managers.","Most assume the worst when asked about women’s status in business. The misconception that female bosses are rare makes women underestimate their chances.","Multiple data sources...","According to the Enterprise Survey[1] by the World Bank[1], some 18% of businesses had a female CEO. In another, recent study by Grant Thornton “Women in business 2024”[2], the estimate is 33%, which is a rapid increase from their 19% estimate for 2016. But their estimate is far from globally representative, as it’s based on interviews in just 28 countries.\nTo avoid overstating progress, we use the estimate 18% from the World Bank as our correct answer. This is based on interviews conducted during the period 2009 to 2020 with tens of thousands of businesses with 5 or more employees in the manufacturing and service sectors in 144 countries. Firms with 100% government\u002Fstate ownership are not included. The number of businesses per country ranges from 150 in small countries, to nearly 2000 in large countries. Because the data is based on a small sample of all companies in the world, there is a large margin of error which we take into consideration by putting big differences between the correct answer 18%, and the two wrong options: 10% and 2%. The World Bank’s trends have also been rising steadily, why it’s reasonable to believe that the real number would be higher than 18% if a new round of interviews were conducted today.\n\nAccording to three independent studies[3][4][5] of companies in lots of countries, it seems like businesses with female CEOs on average outperform business with male CEOs. Please note that all studies clearly state that the finding doesn’t necessarily show a causal relationship of higher or lower profits is caused by the CEO’s gender. It’s just as likely that the explanation is a kind of company culture which leads to selecting a female CEO and that such a company culture also is a more profitable company culture. A company with such culture can also be as profitable with a male CEO.\n\n[1]  [World Bank Enterprise Survey](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.enterprisesurveys.org\u002Fen\u002Fdata\u002Fexploretopics\u002Fgender)  \n[2]  [Women in business 2024 - Grant Thornton International](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.grantthornton.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fgrantthornton\u002Fwebsite\u002Fassets\u002Fcontent-page-files\u002Finsights\u002Fwomen-in-business\u002F2024\u002Fwomen-in-business-2024-defining-pathways-to-parity.pdf)  \n[3]  [ILO - Women in Business and Management - “The business case for change”, page 44](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---dgreports\u002F---dcomm\u002F---publ\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_700953.pdf)  \n[4]  [Gender 3000 by Credit Suisse Research Institute (summary)](https:\u002F\u002Fedubirdie.com\u002Fblog\u002Fcs-gender-3000-report-2019-201910)  \n[5]  [“When Women Lead, Firms Win”, Daniel J. Sandberg for S&P Global](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.spglobal.com\u002F_division_assets\u002Fimages\u002Fspecial-editorial\u002Fiif-2019\u002Fwhenwomenlead_.pdf)","As the world of business is still so embarrassingly male dominated, people tend to underestimate the number of women who actually make it to the top. This misconception must be battled as it slows down the speed of change. Young girls might not aim high enough because they get an outdated worldview from their parents and teachers, who underestimate their actual chances of becoming business leaders. And young boys continue to assume that men are better leaders. \n\nBusinesses that are run by women seem to generate higher profit than average companies, according to multiple independent stock market studies by [ILO](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---dgreports\u002F---dcomm\u002F---publ\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_700953.pdf) and [S&P Global](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.spglobal.com\u002F_division_assets\u002Fimages\u002Fspecial-editorial\u002Fiif-2019\u002Fwhenwomenlead_.pdf) and [Credit Suisse](https:\u002F\u002Fedubirdie.com\u002Fblog\u002Fcs-gender-3000-report-2019-201910). That doesn’t necessarily mean that a female CEO produces higher profit. It’s just as likely that the “company culture” in companies that select female CEOs are more open minded and more profitable.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nUnderestimating the share of women who make it to the top of the business world has big consequences. Young girls might be put off from working towards a business career if they think women only rarely make it to senior positions. Parents could discourage their daughters from pursuing corporate careers and men could either overlook women when management positions come up or assume that men just make better leaders.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey know men and women aren’t yet equal and often think there has been way less progress and almost always think the answer is the worst when it comes to questions on gender equality.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but be aware of how this is measured and the limitations it has. \nAccording to the Enterprise Survey by the World Bank, some 18% of businesses had a female CEO. In another, recent study by Grant Thornton “Women in business 2024”, the estimate is 33%, which is a rapid increase from their 19% estimate for 2016. But their estimate is far from globally representative, as it’s based on interviews in just 28 countries.\n\nTo avoid overstating progress, we use the estimate 18% from the World Bank as our correct answer. This is based on interviews conducted during the period 2009 to 2020 with tens of thousands of businesses with 5 or more employees in the manufacturing and service sectors in 144 countries. Firms with 100% government\u002Fstate ownership are not included. The number of businesses per country ranges from 150 in small countries, to nearly 2000 in large countries. Because the data is based on a small sample of all companies in the world, there is a large margin of error which we take into consideration by putting big differences between the correct answer 18%, and the two wrong options: 10% and 2%. The World Bank’s trends have also been rising steadily, why it’s reasonable to believe that the real number would be higher than 18% if a new round of interviews were conducted today.\n\nAccording to three independent studies of companies in lots of countries, it seems like businesses with female CEOs on average outperform business with male CEOs. Please note that all studies clearly state that the finding doesn’t necessarily show a causal relationship of higher or lower profits is caused by the CEO’s gender. It’s just as likely that the explanation is a kind of company culture which leads to selecting a female CEO and that such a company culture also is a more profitable company culture. A company with such culture can also be as profitable with a male CEO.","Are you a visitor from the past?","Female bosses are not rare any longer, but this common misconception can make women underestimate their chances.","More and more bosses are women",{"metadata":5203,"sys":5210,"fields":5221},{"tags":5204,"concepts":5209},[5205,5207],{"sys":5206},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5208},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5211,"id":5213,"type":14,"createdAt":5214,"updatedAt":5215,"environment":5216,"publishedVersion":5218,"revision":71,"contentType":5219,"locale":27},{"sys":5212},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"f5d78e1d6d406cdd731e960fdc9d0c77","2021-11-11T07:07:25.759Z","2024-08-29T08:55:49.562Z",{"sys":5217},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},58,{"sys":5220},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":5222,"answers":5223,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1418,"name":5224,"questionText":5225,"statistics":5226,"veryWrongStatistics":5227,"correctSentence":5229,"youWereWrong":5230,"youWereRight":5231,"dataSourceShortText":5232,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5233,"extendedAnswerText":5234,"headingVeryWrong":5235,"youWereVeryWrong":5230,"headingWrong":5236},"41",[],"Worldwide, which of these contraceptive methods is","Worldwide, which of these contraceptive methods is the most used by women?",[1422],[5228],"uk 0.175","Worldwide, sterilization is the main contraceptive method used by women. ","You rarely hear anyone talk about sterilization, which is the most common contraceptive method for women, worldwide.","They have no idea sterilization is the most common contraceptive method for women. ","Source: UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs","The underlying data comes from 1,247 surveys from 195 countries and territories. In total, 24% used female sterilization (another 2% relied on male sterilization), 17% used an IUD, and 16% used the pill as methods of contraception[1].\n\nWe consulted three independent experts about this question and they all agreed that the source was robust and respected and that there was no doubt that sterilization is the main method of contraception for women of reproductive age.\n\n[1]  [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Family Planning 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpd\u002Fsites\u002Fwww.un.org.development.desa.pd\u002Ffiles\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002F2023\u002FFeb\u002Fundesa_pd_2022_world-family-planning.pdf)  \n[2]  [UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. World Fertility and Family Planning 2020. ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpopulation\u002Fpublications\u002Fpdf\u002Ffamily\u002FWorld_Fertility_and_Family_Planning_2020_Highlights.pdf)","A lot of public communication about family planning is targeted towards young couples who wish to delay childbearing. For them, sterilization is not an option. So we hear a lot about the pill, and most people end up thinking that pills are the most used method for all ages.\n\nAmong all women aged 15 to 49 worldwide who wish to avoid becoming pregnant, 25% rely on sterilization (female 23% and male 2%), while only 17% use an IUD and 16% use pills as the main method of contraception.\n\nThe number of women (15 - 49 years old) who use contraception has been growing in every region of the world since 1990. It is no surprise then that the number of children per woman has dropped by 20% since. See the drop [here](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3m4QKsC). \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople are likely wrong about this because sterilization does not get much attention in the media, while the pill has gotten a lot of attention. We have only asked this question in the UK, where sterilization is not that common. If this question had been asked in regions where sterilization is more common (such as parts of Asia and Latin America), most likely more people would be more correct about it.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe option to be sterilized is not considered by many, as they think it is not so common. In some countries sterilization is very common and in others it’s not. This shows that the local culture and social conventions are probably guiding contraception decisions, rather than the medical evidence.\n\n### How effective are different forms of contraception?\nThe contraceptive pill is more than 99% effective when taken correctly, which is often not the case in day-to-day life. The most effective methods of contraception are IUDs, contraceptive implants or sterilization.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, it is based on a large number of surveys from almost all countries in the world. Similar previous surveys have given similar results.\n\n### Resources\nGapminder Tools: [Contraceptive use vs babies per woman since 1990](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3m4QKsC)\n\nGapminder Tools: [Contraceptive use over income since 1990](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3n5D7ur)","The pill is in the spotlight...","Invisible methods",{"metadata":5238,"sys":5245,"fields":5256},{"tags":5239,"concepts":5244},[5240,5242],{"sys":5241},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5243},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5246,"id":5248,"type":14,"createdAt":5249,"updatedAt":5250,"environment":5251,"publishedVersion":5253,"revision":807,"contentType":5254,"locale":27},{"sys":5247},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"c5242b810c2258f24d6c1571517ab4e1","2021-11-11T07:07:28.412Z","2025-09-08T22:30:17.290Z",{"sys":5252},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},246,{"sys":5255},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":5257,"answers":5258,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":5259,"name":5260,"questionText":5261,"statistics":5262,"veryWrongStatistics":5293,"correctSentence":5324,"youWereWrong":5325,"youWereRight":5326,"dataSourceShortText":5327,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5328,"extendedAnswerText":5329,"headingVeryWrong":5330,"youWereVeryWrong":5325,"headingWrong":5330},"42",[],96,"Up to 1990, 18 countries in the world had been led","Up to 1990, 22 countries in the world had been led by a female head of state or government. What is that number today?",[5263,5264,5265,5266,5267,5268,1501,5269,5270,5271,5272,5273,5274,5275,5276,5277,5278,5279,5280,5281,5282,5283,5284,5285,5286,5287,5288,5289,5290,5291,5292],"arg 0.965","aus 0.969","bel 0.978","bra 0.963","can 0.978","chn 0.966","deu 0.97","hun 0.969","idn 0.943","ita 0.969","jpn 0.967","mex 0.95","pol 0.965","rus 0.982","sau 0.94","sgp 0.955","kor 0.95","esp 0.945","swe 0.975","tur 0.966","usa 0.961","mys 0.929","egy 0.954","are 0.954","col 0.965","rou 0.947","per 0.97","jor 0.977","mar 0.954","uk 0.981",[5294,5295,5296,5297,5298,5299,5300,5301,5302,5303,5304,5305,5306,5307,5308,5309,5310,5311,5312,5313,5314,5315,5316,5317,5318,5319,5320,5321,4430,5322,5323],"arg 0.73","aus 0.75","bel 0.82","bra 0.65","can 0.7892","chn 0.7","fra 0.7922","deu 0.7772","hun 0.822","idn 0.6108","ita 0.7383","jpn 0.7213","mex 0.7420","pol 0.7006","rus 0.7764","sau 0.6208","sgp 0.6819","kor 0.6327","esp 0.7043","tur 0.6793","uk 0.8072","usa 0.7363","mys 0.6326","egy 0.7924","are 0.6307","col 0.7380","rou 0.7046","per 0.7338","mar 0.7729","swe 0.7583","By 2025, 95 countries had been led by a woman.\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F891231822>","You probably saw a female leader of a country on the news recently, but you didn’t realize they are quickly becoming more common. ","They didn’t realize how quickly more and more countries are electing a female leader.","Source: Wikipedia","The answer of 95 countries is the correct figure as of September 2025.\n\nWe only include in our final calculation countries that exist today. For countries up to 1990, we only include countries that existed then. According to our list, [Sükhbaataryn Yanjmaa](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FS%C3%BCkhbaataryn_Yanjmaa) of Mongolia was the first woman to become a head of state who wasn’t a monarch. She led the country for a year in 1953 after the death of her husband. In many lists, the first woman leader is considered to be [Khertek Anchimaa-Toka](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FKhertek_Anchimaa-Toka), who led Tannu Tuva. We don’t include Tannu Tuva, because it stopped being a country in its own right already in 1944. All of the information from Wikipedia has been cross-checked with at least one other source.\n\n[1]  [Wikipedia, Gapminder spreadsheet which shows how we counted each leader.](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1-Dwoac2grl2H6c35n-q_L4a5Ec17K2Bj1WPvxVK7XLU\u002Fedit?gid=1402610639#gid=1402610639)  \n[2]  We consulted two independent experts for this question, including Erika Svedberg of Malmö University.","Most people can recall some elected leader who is a woman, but most people haven’t realized the rapid change of the global trend that started after 1990. Until then only 22 countries had ever been led by a woman. But since then, 71 new countries were added to the list. All young girls should learn that, even if the chances are still far from equal, the chances of becoming their country's leader have improved a lot. Finally, women are leading a growing number of nations.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we don’t recognize the progress towards women’s empowerment that has already happened, we may easily become cynical, thinking change will never happen. We might lose hope and think women will never lead nations despite all the fight for equal access to power. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost world leaders are still men, and women are still encountering lots of invisible roadblocks when trying to compete with men for leading positions. As long as they do, we will probably continue to hear a lot about the huge gender inequality and it will continue to be difficult to recognize the progress that has been made. It's easy to forget the many countries that have already had a female leader, where it requires much less to imagine having a second and third.\n\n### What is the difference between head of government and head of state?\nFor this question we include both heads of government and heads of state who have been elected. A hereditary head of state like Queen Elizabeth II of the UK, would not be included in our list. Sometimes the head of government is also the head of state, such as the president of the United States. Some heads of state, such as Mary McAleese, who was elected as president of Ireland, were included, even though the position is largely ceremonial. The head of a government is the person who controls the business of the government (e.g. Angela Merkel and Margaret Thatcher). The role of head of state differs by country but is often ceremonial and has less responsiblity for the day-to-day running of the country than a head of government. Up to June 2024, there were 61 countries that had a female head of government. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. We use a list of female leaders from Wikipedia that we have double checked against other sources. ","Many Ms. Presidents",{"metadata":5332,"sys":5339,"fields":5349},{"tags":5333,"concepts":5338},[5334,5336],{"sys":5335},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5337},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5340,"id":5342,"type":14,"createdAt":5343,"updatedAt":5344,"environment":5345,"publishedVersion":139,"revision":1270,"contentType":5347,"locale":27},{"sys":5341},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"d3e8626f6f52ddb30a88e9c0a4a0d931","2021-11-11T07:07:31.212Z","2024-08-29T08:55:49.869Z",{"sys":5346},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5348},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":5350,"answers":5351,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2011,"name":5352,"questionText":5353,"statistics":5354,"veryWrongStatistics":5355,"correctSentence":5357,"youWereWrong":5358,"youWereRight":5359,"dataSourceShortText":5360,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5361,"extendedAnswerText":5362,"headingVeryWrong":5363,"youWereVeryWrong":5364,"headingWrong":5363},"43",[],"In how many countries, out of 195, is marriage und","In how many countries, out of 195, is marriage under age 18 legally possible?",[4543],[5356],"uk 0.34","In 113 countries it is legally possible for a girl younger than 18 to be married.","You had no idea how many countries allow child marriage.","They don’t realize how many countries allow child marriage.","Source: UCLA WORLD Policy Analysis Center","The data source for this question comes from the UCLA WORLD Policy Analysis Center’s Child marriage database. The variable we used is “minimum age when all exceptions are taken into account”[2]. It includes exceptions to the minimum age that permit earlier marriage with parental consent, under religious or customary law, with court or other government approval, and\u002For when a girl is pregnant or has given birth. The number of countries where it is not illegal for boys under 18 to marry is lower, 107, compared to 113 for girls. \n\n[1]  [Gapminder calculations using UCLA data](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1jYf4IdsmZ3toB2mAF4AoxQdsz6jzdLnQPhKV99PPuNU\u002Fedit#gid=429163786) \n\n[2]  [UCLA WORLD Policy Analysis Center - Data Table](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldpolicycenter.org\u002Fdata-tables\u002Fpolicy\u002Fwhat-is-the-minimum-age-of-marriage-for-girls)  \n\n[3]  [Child Marriage Atlas - Girls Not Brides](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.girlsnotbrides.org\u002Fwhere-does-it-happen\u002Fatlas\u002F)  \n\n[4]  [UCLA WORLD Policy Analysis Center - Data download link](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldpolicycenter.org\u002Fmaps-data\u002Fdata-download\u002Fworld-areas)","Many countries have legal exceptions that practically mean they don’t have a minimum age for marriage.  Without laws that prevent child marriage, young girls can be forced into situations that disempower them, and deprive them of education, healthcare and safety.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we assume that children are protected by law we are far less likely to realize that this is an issue that needs our attention, all over the world.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe hear a lot about the exploitation of children when it comes to child labor and child marriage, and it sounds like something that should be almost universally banned already. There has been some progress, but less than people think.\n\n### How can child marriage be legal in 139 countries?\nIn many countries there are loopholes in the law that allow marriage for under 18s. These loopholes are things like parental consent, religious or customary law, governmental approval or if a girl is pregnant or has given birth. \n\n### Why is child marriage a problem?\nChild marriage can force girls into situations that disempower them, and deprive them of fundamental rights to education, health and safety. There is also potential for dangerous complications in pregnancy and teenage childbirth, as well an increased risk of poverty for them and their families due to little access to education and economic opportunities. \n\n### Where can I learn more?\nSee the map and read the snippets of legal texts at\n[UCLA WORLD Policy Analysis Center](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldpolicycenter.org\u002Fpolicies\u002Fwhat-is-the-minimum-age-of-marriage-for-girls\u002Fwhen-all-exceptions-are-taken-into-account-what-is-the-minimum-age-of-marriage-for-girls)\nor read the article on [Wikipedia about Marriageable age](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMarriageable_age)\n","Young, married and legal","You had no idea how many countries allow child marriage. ",{"metadata":5366,"sys":5373,"fields":5383},{"tags":5367,"concepts":5372},[5368,5370],{"sys":5369},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5371},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5374,"id":5376,"type":14,"createdAt":5377,"updatedAt":5378,"environment":5379,"publishedVersion":2607,"revision":808,"contentType":5381,"locale":27},{"sys":5375},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5UzXP77RiWIPoAZGvZvBnk","2022-10-13T09:50:48.859Z","2024-08-29T08:55:50.334Z",{"sys":5380},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5382},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5384,"answers":5385,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":298,"name":5386,"questionText":5387,"statistics":5388,"veryWrongStatistics":5391,"correctSentence":5394,"youWereWrong":5395,"youWereRight":5396,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5397,"extendedAnswerText":5398,"headingVeryWrong":5399,"youWereVeryWrong":5400,"headingWrong":5399},"1500",[],"Unpaid work women","Across the world, women do more unpaid care and domestic work than men. How much more?",[5389,5390],"uk 0.628","swe 0.7476",[5392,5393],"uk 0.261","swe 0.2427","Women do around three times more unpaid care and domestic work than men, on average. ","You underestimated how much more unpaid work women still do compared to men. \n","They underestimated how much more unpaid work women still do compared to men.\n","We use the UN as our source for this question. The figures they use come from time-use surveys where people report how many minutes they spend on different tasks. \nHowever, some of the data the UN uses for some countries is 20 years old and it only covers 88 countries. As the UN says: “The gender gap in unpaid care and domestic work is at its widest in the Northern Africa and Western Asia region, where the median female-to-male ratio is almost six. The gender inequalities do not disappear in high-income countries, but they are not as glaring.”\nExperts we consulted on this question agreed that, despite how old some of the data is, little has changed when it comes to the share of this work. We also contacted the people who do a different survey (the Multinational Time Use Study), who agreed that the correct answer we give is also similar to what they have concluded from their own surveys. \n\n[1]  [UN – Progress Of The World’s Women 2019–2020](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwomen.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FHeadquarters\u002FAttachments\u002FSections\u002FLibrary\u002FPublications\u002F2019\u002FProgress-of-the-worlds-women-2019-2020-en.pdf)  \n[2]  [Centre For Time Use Research (who do the  Multinational Time Use Study)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.timeuse.org\u002Fmtus)  ","The world has become more equal in many ways, but there is still a long way to go. While women are more likely to be in higher education and careers than before, norms around the care of relatives, childcare and housework have still proven really stubborn to change. \n\nIn poorer countries, women still take on a huge share of this work. It has become less in richer countries, seen as more progressive. But that isn’t because men have started taking a much greater share of those chores – it is because better technology and paid help have reduced the amount of time women spend doing jobs around the home that have traditionally been seen as “women’s work”.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWhen it comes to equality, these should be some of the easiest things to change: Cooking, cleaning, childcare. As more women enter the workforce, men no longer have an excuse to not make an effort to share the unpaid work more equally. Not recognizing this inequality still exists can give people a false sense of progress. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey see more women getting degrees and at high levels of politics and business and assume that the gap in the share of domestic work and care has been shrinking much more quickly than it has been in reality. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but it has limitations. We use the UN as our source for this question. The figures they use come from time-use surveys where people report how many minutes they spend on different tasks. \nHowever, some of the data the UN uses for some countries is 20 years old and it only covers 88 countries. The average also hides big differences between countries. As the UN says: “The gender gap in unpaid care and domestic work is at its widest in the Northern Africa and Western Asia region, where the median female-to-male ratio is almost six. The gender inequalities do not disappear in high-income countries, but they are not as glaring.”\nExperts we consulted on this question agreed that, despite how old some of the data is, little has changed when it comes to the share of this work. We also contacted the people who do a different survey (the Multinational Time Use Study), who agreed that the correct answer we give is also similar to what they have concluded from their own surveys. \n","Caring and cleaning is unequal!","You underestimated how much more unpaid work women still do compared to men. ",{"metadata":5402,"sys":5409,"fields":5419},{"tags":5403,"concepts":5408},[5404,5406],{"sys":5405},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5407},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5410,"id":5412,"type":14,"createdAt":5413,"updatedAt":5414,"environment":5415,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":580,"contentType":5417,"locale":27},{"sys":5411},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3o3EihduxOgfL05ZVCwCYB","2023-04-18T13:45:54.857Z","2024-08-29T08:55:50.477Z",{"sys":5416},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5418},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5420,"answers":5421,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":5422,"questionText":5423,"statistics":5424,"veryWrongStatistics":5425,"correctSentence":5427,"youWereWrong":5428,"youWereRight":5429,"dataSourceShortText":5430,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5431,"extendedAnswerText":5432,"headingVeryWrong":5433,"youWereVeryWrong":5428,"headingWrong":5433},"1574",[],"women's rights to own property","In how many countries (out of 195) do married men and women NOT have equal legal rights to own land or houses?",[855],[5426],"uk 0.351","Worldwide, there are around 20 countries where men and women do not have equal legal rights to own land or houses.","In reality women are often stopped from becoming landowners, because the laws are not followed. ","They don't realize that most countries have laws where women can own land just like men. But the law is not always followed, and in reality women do not have equal chances. ","Source: World Bank & FAO","This question concerns ownership of immovable property – for instance the house, the land upon which a house\nis built and land which is used for other purposes, such as agricultural production. It also includes any other structures built on land to meet permanent purposes. Legal frameworks commonly use the terms ‘immovable property’ or ‘real property’ when referring to land.\n\nThis data comes from the World Bank and it relates to SDG indicator 5.a.2: “Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women’s equal rights to land ownership and\u002For control.”\n\nThis data is collected by sending questionnaires to over 2,000 legal experts specialized in family, labour and criminal law, and members of civil society organizations working on gender issues. Respondents answer questionnaires and references to relevant laws and regulations. The Women, Business and the Law team of the World Bank collects the texts of these sources of national law - constitutions, codes, laws, statutes, rules, regulations, and procedures - and checks questionnaire responses for accuracy.\n\n[1]  [World Bank & FAO (select “Men and married women have equal ownership rights to immovable property”)]( https:\u002F\u002Fdatabank.worldbank.org\u002Freports.aspx?source=gender-statistics#)     \n[2]  [The Guardian - History of women’s property rights \n]( https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fmoney\u002Fus-money-blog\u002F2014\u002Faug\u002F11\u002Fwomen-rights-money-timeline-history#:~:text=US%2C%201839%3A%20Mississippi%20allows%20women,right%20to%20%E2%80%9Cseparate%20economy%E2%80%9D)    \n[3]  [Sida - Women and land rights ](https:\u002F\u002Fcdn.sida.se\u002Fpublications\u002Ffiles\u002F-women-and-land-rights.pdf )   \n[4]  [UN Women - land ownership ](https:\u002F\u002Fasiapacific.unwomen.org\u002Fen\u002Ffocus-areas\u002Fwomen-poverty-economics\u002Fwomen-s-land-property-rights)    \n","Laws alone are not enough to secure women’s rights to own land. In many cases women are directly stopped from getting the papers proving their ownership, even when the law exists. But in most of these cases, this practice is completely illegal. \n\nGlobally, women make up over 40% of the agricultural workforce yet own less than 20% of all land. Without land rights, women struggle to gain economic security. \n\n### Why is it a problem to be wrong about this?\nIf we don't realize that there are laws already in place for equal land ownership in most countries, then we fail to see that it is the enforcement of these laws and the culture surrounding women owning land that is the real issue.\n\n### Why are so many wrong about this?\nPeople assume gender inequality is in the laws, while  the problem is law enforcement.  \n\n### How can women’s land ownership be so low?\nThere are laws in place across the world to allow women to own land, however they are often not enforced or people are not willing to enforce these laws when disputed. In many cases women may own land but are not provided with proper papers to prove so, which makes them extremely vulnerable to losing their land. \n\n### Why is it important to know the laws are there?\nBy law, women often have equal rights to land, but that gives a false picture of the gender inequality. Attention also needs to be paid to the often discriminating culture surrounding women owning land.\n\nWomen have had property ownership rights legally for many years in some countries. In Iceland, for example, women first had the right to inherit their family land in the 1850s, similarly in the UK and the US these laws existed in the 1920s. Meanwhile, in Ireland women have only had the right to ownership of property for 50 years!\n","Equal rights, on paper",{"metadata":5435,"sys":5442,"fields":5452},{"tags":5436,"concepts":5441},[5437,5439],{"sys":5438},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5440},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5443,"id":5445,"type":14,"createdAt":5446,"updatedAt":5447,"environment":5448,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":22,"contentType":5450,"locale":27},{"sys":5444},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3gTG4oJHimlzq6ZGx0TNSy","2023-05-09T08:52:07.490Z","2024-08-29T08:55:50.772Z",{"sys":5449},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5451},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5453,"answers":5454,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":5455,"questionText":5456,"statistics":5457,"veryWrongStatistics":5458,"correctSentence":5460,"dataSourceShortText":3613,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5461},"1619",[],"Child marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa","How many women are married before the age of 18 in Sub-Saharan Africa?",[2638],[5459],"uk 0.496","Around 30% of women in Sub-Saharan Africa aged 20-24 were married before the age of 18. ","[1]  [UNICEF – Child Marriage](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Ftopic\u002Fchild-protection\u002Fchild-marriage\u002F)      ",{"metadata":5463,"sys":5470,"fields":5480},{"tags":5464,"concepts":5469},[5465,5467],{"sys":5466},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5468},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5471,"id":5473,"type":14,"createdAt":5474,"updatedAt":5475,"environment":5476,"publishedVersion":2608,"revision":1184,"contentType":5478,"locale":27},{"sys":5472},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4BWXiAyvw97lofWVThZIY9","2023-05-24T10:14:17.166Z","2024-08-29T08:55:50.934Z",{"sys":5477},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5479},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5481,"answers":5482,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":5483,"questionText":5484,"statistics":5485,"veryWrongStatistics":5486,"correctSentence":5488,"dataSourceShortText":5489,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5490},"1650",[],"Women currently leading governments","In how many countries is the highest political leader a woman?",[2737],[5487],"uk 0.525","As of September 2023, 16 countries have a female Head of Government and 15 countries have a female Head of State.","Source: UN Women","[1]  [UN Women – Facts and figures: Women’s leadership and political participation](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwomen.org\u002Fen\u002Fwhat-we-do\u002Fleadership-and-political-participation\u002Ffacts-and-figures#notes)    ",{"metadata":5492,"sys":5499,"fields":5509},{"tags":5493,"concepts":5498},[5494,5496],{"sys":5495},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5497},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5500,"id":5502,"type":14,"createdAt":5503,"updatedAt":5504,"environment":5505,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":1184,"contentType":5507,"locale":27},{"sys":5501},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3uDytQSRiac7xTJ1X38alD","2023-05-24T14:09:26.562Z","2024-08-29T08:55:51.236Z",{"sys":5506},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5508},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5510,"answers":5511,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":5512,"questionText":5513,"statistics":5514,"veryWrongStatistics":5515,"correctSentence":5517,"dataSourceShortText":595,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5518},"1652",[],"Equal pay","How many countries have laws which say that men and women should be paid the same amount for doing work of equal value?",[855],[5516],"uk 0.324","Around 40% of countries have laws that say men and women should be paid the same amount for doing work of equal value.","[1]  [The World Bank – “Paid the same amount for doing work of equal value”](https:\u002F\u002Fdatabank.worldbank.org\u002Freports.aspx?source=gender-statistics#)            ",{"metadata":5520,"sys":5527,"fields":5537},{"tags":5521,"concepts":5526},[5522,5524],{"sys":5523},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5525},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5528,"id":5530,"type":14,"createdAt":5531,"updatedAt":5532,"environment":5533,"publishedVersion":2709,"revision":44,"contentType":5535,"locale":27},{"sys":5529},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4fGUskH8SlEOSzD4hbOpwZ","2023-04-13T08:44:24.768Z","2024-08-29T08:55:51.561Z",{"sys":5534},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5536},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5538,"answers":5539,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":5540,"questionText":5541,"statistics":5542,"veryWrongStatistics":5544,"correctSentence":5546,"youWereWrong":5547,"youWereRight":5547,"dataSourceShortText":5548,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5549,"extendedAnswerText":5550,"headingVeryWrong":5551,"youWereVeryWrong":5547,"headingWrong":5551},"1553",[],"Labor force young women","Of all men aged 25-29 worldwide, about 90% are in the labor force (have a job or are seeking one). What’s the number for women?",[5543],"usa 0.735",[5545],"usa 0.405","Worldwide, around 60% of women aged 25-29 are in the labor force.","Women are still far more likely than men to do unpaid work that prevents them from pursuing a career.","Source: International Labour Organization","The figures we use for this question are from the International Labour Organization (ILO) and are from 2019. The data is collected from labor force surveys, censuses, and establishment censuses and surveys, for some countries a combination is used. The labor force includes people who are currently employed, people who are unemployed but seeking work, as well and first-time job-seekers. Like with any global average, it can mask big differences between countries. The ILO models the figures to allow for better comparison. Like with all data, it isn’t perfect, but the independent experts we consulted for this question recognized it as the best available.\n\n[1]  [ILO – Statistics on the population and labour force](https:\u002F\u002Filostat.ilo.org\u002Ftopics\u002Fpopulation-and-labour-force\u002F)  \n[2]  [UN – Gender equality: Women’s rights in review 25 years after Beijing](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwomen.org\u002Fen\u002Fdigital-library\u002Fpublications\u002F2020\u002F03\u002Fwomens-rights-in-review)  \n","Despite there being lots of improvements in gender equality that people miss, many also don’t realize how much more likely young men are to be working and looking for a job than young women. That is because, globally, women still do much more of the unpaid work, such as on small family farms or caring for relatives, that prevents them from looking for paid work. \n","Opportunity isn’t equal!",{"metadata":5553,"sys":5560,"fields":5570},{"tags":5554,"concepts":5559},[5555,5557],{"sys":5556},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5558},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5561,"id":5563,"type":14,"createdAt":5564,"updatedAt":5565,"environment":5566,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":580,"contentType":5568,"locale":27},{"sys":5562},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"W5a8QbMllVKjTc2uUZtoV","2023-09-04T08:52:39.634Z","2024-08-29T08:55:51.696Z",{"sys":5567},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5569},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5571,"answers":5572,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":5573,"questionText":5574,"statistics":5575,"veryWrongStatistics":5576,"correctSentence":5578,"dataSourceShortText":595,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5579},"1719",[]," Laws against domestic violence","What share of all countries have some kind of law to protect women against domestic violence?\n",[5173],[5577],"usa 0.45","Around 75% of countries have laws to protect women against domestic violence.\n","[1]  [World Bank Ending Violence Against Women and Girls Report 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.google.com\u002Furl?q=http:\u002F\u002Fpubdocs.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002F679221517425064052\u002FEndingViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls-GBVLaws-Feb2018.pdf&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1684765166279034&usg=AOvVaw2aQxwQkHFOQ0PZaZPPDQlA)   ",{"metadata":5581,"sys":5588,"fields":5598},{"tags":5582,"concepts":5587},[5583,5585],{"sys":5584},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":390},{"sys":5586},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":5589,"id":5591,"type":14,"createdAt":5592,"updatedAt":5593,"environment":5594,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":91,"contentType":5596,"locale":27},{"sys":5590},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"vj9d3kommTnXr5svsMVPW","2023-10-27T10:40:00.747Z","2024-08-29T08:55:51.859Z",{"sys":5595},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5597},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5599,"answers":5600,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":5601,"questionText":5602,"statistics":5603,"veryWrongStatistics":5604,"correctSentence":5606,"dataSourceShortText":3613,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5607},"1748",[],"Child marriage under 15 in SSA","How many girls are married by the age of 15 in Sub-Saharan Africa?",[2349],[5605],"uk 0.533","Around 10% of girls in Sub-Saharan Africa are married by the age of 15.","[1]  [UNICEF – Child Marriage](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Ftopic\u002Fchild-protection\u002Fchild-marriage\u002F)              ",{"metadata":5609,"sys":5612,"fields":5622},{"tags":5610,"concepts":5611},[],[],{"space":5613,"id":5615,"type":14,"createdAt":5616,"updatedAt":5617,"environment":5618,"publishedVersion":1689,"revision":1246,"contentType":5620,"locale":27},{"sys":5614},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3TQF6GwNyrLmHFb4Os5l31","2023-11-28T10:37:22.237Z","2024-08-29T08:55:52.333Z",{"sys":5619},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5621},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5623,"answers":5624,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"veryWrongPercentage":3538,"name":5625,"questionText":5626,"statistics":5627,"veryWrongStatistics":5629,"correctSentence":5631,"dataSourceShortText":4216,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5632,"extendedAnswerText":5633},"1763",[],"Countries without female right to vote","In how many of the world’s 195 countries do women NOT have the right to vote?",[5628],"usa 0.85",[5630],"usa 0.34","There are no countries where women have not won the right to vote, although the Taliban has been rolling that back in Afghanistan, where women’s rights were greatly expanded in the 1960s. (The fact that women have the right to vote in a country, doesn't mean the country is a democracy.)\n","\n[1]  [IPU - Women’s Suffrage](http:\u002F\u002Farchive.ipu.org\u002Fwmn-e\u002Fsuffrage.htm)                        \n\n[2]  [Paxton, Pamela, Jennifer Green, and Melanie M. Hughes. 2008. Women in Parliament Dataset, 1893-2003.](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F10XNTvaAhmeS3sKSwgD6e5KX01wNg0YNh\u002Fedit#gid=1941019096)         ","Women first won the right to vote in New Zealand in 1893. It has taken another 130 years for the legal right to be extended to women in every single country. That finally arrived in 2023, when Vatican City allowed women to vote for the first time at a meeting of bishops.\n\nMost countries had enshrined women's right to vote by the 1970s. But those rights on paper do not always result in equality and fairness in practice, so there is still work to do!",{"metadata":5635,"sys":5638,"fields":5648},{"tags":5636,"concepts":5637},[],[],{"space":5639,"id":5641,"type":14,"createdAt":5642,"updatedAt":5643,"environment":5644,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":22,"contentType":5646,"locale":27},{"sys":5640},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3LVysi3hu8xXBazKz51ZAy","2023-04-17T10:31:30.222Z","2024-08-29T08:55:52.472Z",{"sys":5645},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5647},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5649,"answers":5650,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":5651,"questionText":5652,"statistics":5653,"veryWrongStatistics":5654,"correctSentence":5656,"youWereWrong":5657,"youWereRight":5658,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5659,"headingVeryWrong":5660,"youWereVeryWrong":5661,"headingWrong":5660},"1571",[],"Without contraceptive access","Worldwide, what percentage of women in stable relationships who want to use contraceptives, don't have access to them?",[3388],[5655],"uk 0.26","Globally, around 10% of women in a stable relationship who want to use contraceptives don't have access to them. ","You think one-third of women can’t get modern contraceptives. If that was the case, you would see lots of unwanted babies everywhere! ","They think nearly a billion women can’t get modern contraceptives. If that was the case, there would be lots of unwanted babies everywhere! ","[1]  [UN – Family Planning and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpopulation\u002Fpublications\u002Fpdf\u002Ffamily\u002FfamilyPlanning_DataBooklet_2019.pdf)    \n[2]  [Guttmacher Institute](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.guttmacher.org\u002Fglobal\u002Fcontraception)  \n","Where are all the babies?","You think half of women don’t have contraceptives. If that was the case, you would see lots of unwanted babies everywhere! ",{"metadata":5663,"sys":5666,"fields":5676},{"tags":5664,"concepts":5665},[],[],{"space":5667,"id":5669,"type":14,"createdAt":5670,"updatedAt":5671,"environment":5672,"publishedVersion":925,"revision":580,"contentType":5674,"locale":27},{"sys":5668},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3Au24SQFpp1EhfMfPBPnYx","2023-04-13T08:22:47.317Z","2025-06-18T13:36:08.118Z",{"sys":5673},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5675},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5677,"answers":5678,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":5679,"questionText":5680,"statistics":5681,"veryWrongStatistics":5682,"correctSentence":5684,"youWereWrong":5685,"youWereRight":5686,"dataSourceShortText":5687,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5688,"extendedAnswerText":5689,"headingVeryWrong":5690,"youWereVeryWrong":5685,"headingWrong":5690},"1550",[],"Countries with 5 babies+","What percentage of the world's population lives in countries where women on average have 5 or more babies?\n",[5173],[5683],"usa 0.313","Globally, around 3% of the world's population lives in countries where women on average have 5 or more babies. ","Historically women had a lot of children. You must have missed the dramatic decrease that has happened in most countries. Only a tiny portion - mostly the extremely poor - still have a lot of children. ","They must have missed the dramatic decrease that has happened in most countries. Only a tiny portion - mostly the extremely poor - still have a lot of children. ","Source: UN World Population Prospects ","The data from the UN comes from its World Population Prospects, showing Total Fertility Rate. Those rates are based on data on registered live births from vital registration systems or, if they are not available, from censuses or sample surveys. The estimated rates are considered to be fairly reliable measures of recent fertility. To counter its limitations, we have put big differences between our three answer options so that our correct answer is way more correct than the other two options.\n\n[1]  [UN World Population Prospects](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002F)  \n[2]  [Gapminder calculations using UN World Population Prospects 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F11B3xvaiK2bTvxBHv35zj8wOyeuNS5FkW3dfFTsnwglQ\u002Fedit?gid=0#gid=0)  \n","In 2023, there were only 7 countries where women have five babies or more on average. Back in 1950 it was 125! As women become better educated and children less likely to die at a young age, the number of babies women have drops.\n\n See how babies per woman changed over time in all countries [here.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$marker$axis_y$which=children_per_woman_total_fertility&domainMin:null&domainMax:null&zoomedMin:null&zoomedMax:null&spaceRef:null;;;&chart-type=bubbles)\n","Women in most places have fewer babies today",{"metadata":5692,"sys":5695,"fields":5705},{"tags":5693,"concepts":5694},[],[],{"space":5696,"id":5698,"type":14,"createdAt":5699,"updatedAt":5700,"environment":5701,"publishedVersion":2012,"revision":91,"contentType":5703,"locale":27},{"sys":5697},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"pWOX8zGaetX4pYkFDBWke","2024-08-30T13:39:34.677Z","2024-09-02T14:56:15.671Z",{"sys":5702},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5704},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5706,"answers":5707,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"veryWrongPercentage":587,"name":5708,"questionText":5709,"statistics":5710,"veryWrongStatistics":5711,"correctSentence":5713,"youWereWrong":5714,"youWereRight":5715,"dataSourceShortText":5716,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5717,"extendedAnswerText":5718,"headingVeryWrong":5719,"youWereVeryWrong":5720,"headingWrong":5721},"1785",[],"Female researchers by region","Which of the following regions has the highest share of female researchers?",[1812],[5712],"usa 0.20","Central Asia has the highest share of female researchers of any region.","You probably think Europe is ahead in all kinds of gender equality. Think again.\n","They probably don’t realize that North America and Europe don’t lead the world in every area of gender equality.","Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics ","This data comes from surveys to collect research and development statistics. UIS conducts the surveys in around 120 countries and gets data for other countries from OECD, Eurostat and RICYT.\n\nResearchers are defined as: “professionals engaged in the conception or creation of new knowledge. They conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models, techniques, instrumentation, software or operational methods, in the framework of R&D projects”.\n\nThe regional averages for percentage of female researchers are calculated\u002Festimated by UIS, based on available data at the country level as well as partially imputing missing data (by using the nearest year’s data, if data are missing for the year where regional averages are calculated).\n\n[1] [UNESCO Institute for statistics (UIS). To find  the data follow these steps:\nSCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION > Research and experimental development > Human resources in research and development (R&D) > Researchers > Select “Researchers by age and sex (HC) > Researchers (HC) - % Female](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.uis.unesco.org\u002F)\n\n[2] [UNESCO R&D survey methodology](http:\u002F\u002Fuis.unesco.org\u002Fen\u002Fmethodology\u002Fscience-technology-and-innovation)  \n\n[3] [UIS Fact sheet](http:\u002F\u002Fuis.unesco.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002Ffs55-women-in-science-2019-en.pdf) \n","Central Asia is the region with the highest share of female researchers (around 50%). But for some reason we keep thinking that Western Europe and North America are leading the world when it comes to gender equality on all fronts. \n\nThe global share of female researchers is only 32%. There is still a long way to go.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt is clear that people think North America and Western Europe lead the world in all areas of gender equality. But this is not the case in scientific research where only 32% of researchers are women. We cannot correct these large disparities if most people are unaware of them.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople see North America and Western Europe as leaders in gender equality. While this is true for many areas it isn’t the case for researchers. When we think of big issues like gender equality we can struggle to realize the different levels of progress in different areas. \n\n### How can Central Asia have the highest share of female researchers?\nHalf of the researchers in Central Asia (and close to half in Latin America) are female. However, these two regions are the outliers, the global average is only 30%. In Central Asia, as well as Eastern Europe, almost half of all researchers are women. This is seen as a legacy of the former Soviet union, to which all countries of Central Asia belonged to before it was dissolved in 1991 (Central Asia consist of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). ","North America should learn from Central Asia","You probably think North America is ahead in all kinds of gender equality. Think again.","Europe should learn from Central Asia",{"metadata":5723,"sys":5726,"fields":5736},{"tags":5724,"concepts":5725},[],[],{"space":5727,"id":5729,"type":14,"createdAt":5730,"updatedAt":5731,"environment":5732,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":998,"contentType":5734,"locale":27},{"sys":5728},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"76VHidiw0QJ7rOt0lHOOQu","2023-04-13T08:50:25.691Z","2023-10-10T08:34:13.805Z",{"sys":5733},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5735},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":5737,"answers":5738,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":409,"name":5739,"questionText":5740,"statistics":5741,"veryWrongStatistics":5743,"correctSentence":5745,"youWereWrong":5746,"youWereRight":5747,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5748,"extendedAnswerText":5749,"headingVeryWrong":5750,"youWereVeryWrong":5747,"headingWrong":5750},"1554",[],"Female owned companies","How many companies globally are partially owned by women?\n",[5742],"usa 0.916",[5744],"usa 0.557","Globally, around 30% of companies are partially owned by women. ","Historically, most companies were only owned and led by men. But times change and today at least a third of all companies are partly owned by a woman. \n","Historically, most companies were only owned and led by men. But times change and today at least a third of all companies are partly owned by a woman. ","For this question we use data from the Enterprise Survey by the World Bank. This is based on interviews conducted during the period 2005 to 2021 with tens of thousands of businesses with 5 or more employees in the manufacturing and service sectors in 144 countries. Firms with 100% government\u002Fstate ownership are not included. The number of businesses per country ranges from 150 in small countries, to nearly 2000 in large countries. Because the data is based on a small sample of all companies in the world, there is a large margin of error which we take into consideration by putting big differences between the correct answer and the two wrong options.\n\nFor this question we use data from the Enterprise Survey by the World Bank. This is based on interviews conducted during the period 2005 to 2021 with tens of thousands of businesses with 5 or more employees in the manufacturing and service sectors in 144 countries. Firms with 100% government\u002Fstate ownership are not included. The number of businesses per country ranges from 150 in small countries, to nearly 2000 in large countries. Because the data is based on a small sample of all companies in the world, there is a large margin of error which we take into consideration by putting big differences between the correct answer and the two wrong options.\n[1]  [World Bank Enterprise Survey – Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FIC.FRM.FEMO.ZS?locations=1W) \n","Women's influence in business has been steadily increasing. But instead the negative picture is maintained that almost no women are in power, which can be self reinforcing as it may discourage young women from pursuing a career in business.","Women owners no longer rare!",{"metadata":5752,"sys":5755,"fields":5766},{"tags":5753,"concepts":5754},[],[],{"space":5756,"id":5758,"type":14,"createdAt":5759,"updatedAt":5760,"environment":5761,"publishedVersion":5763,"revision":1081,"contentType":5764,"locale":27},{"sys":5757},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"131efd0a8da9ffe9512ffca680c56d2b","2021-11-11T07:12:38.845Z","2024-09-03T08:38:08.576Z",{"sys":5762},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},44,{"sys":5765},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":5767,"heading":5768,"slug":5769,"questions":5770,"certificateText":5771},"sdg_world_05_cert","UN Goal 5: Gender Equality Certificate","un-goal-5-gender-equality-certificate-test",[5063,5202,5237,5130,5097,5331,5365,5401,385,5434,5462,5491,5552,5580,5608,5634,5662,5691],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 5: Gender equality, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":5773,"sys":5776,"fields":5784},{"tags":5774,"concepts":5775},[],[],{"space":5777,"id":5779,"type":39,"createdAt":5780,"updatedAt":5781,"environment":5782,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":1184,"locale":27},{"sys":5778},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4aouE2yRG5GP5rBMoQdc6J","2020-11-17T10:12:04.239Z","2024-08-29T08:55:48.391Z",{"sys":5783},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":5785,"description":5786,"file":5787},"5. Gender equality","Gender equality icon",{"url":5788,"details":5789,"fileName":5793,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4aouE2yRG5GP5rBMoQdc6J\u002F79bc6464ef726e054675196268312212\u002Fsdg_05",{"size":5790,"image":5791},1898,{"width":409,"height":5792},123,"sdg_05","#FF3A21",[5796],{"metadata":5797,"sys":5800,"fields":5810},{"tags":5798,"concepts":5799},[],[],{"space":5801,"id":5803,"type":14,"createdAt":5804,"updatedAt":5805,"environment":5806,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":44,"contentType":5808,"locale":27},{"sys":5802},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6wAVC1jSyDjE0xV26KSbvp","2022-10-06T08:43:57.575Z","2024-08-29T08:55:52.762Z",{"sys":5807},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5809},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":5811,"title":5811,"challenges":5812},"UN Goal 5",[5813],{"metadata":5814,"sys":5817,"fields":5827},{"tags":5815,"concepts":5816},[],[],{"space":5818,"id":5820,"type":14,"createdAt":5821,"updatedAt":5822,"environment":5823,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":44,"contentType":5825,"locale":27},{"sys":5819},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4xX8Bfoh03pgojYb9Lp2Ye","2022-10-06T08:43:54.445Z","2024-08-29T08:55:52.800Z",{"sys":5824},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5826},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":5828,"title":5043,"slug":5828,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":5829,"combos":5849},"sdg-world-goal-5",{"metadata":5830,"sys":5833,"fields":5841},{"tags":5831,"concepts":5832},[],[],{"space":5834,"id":5836,"type":39,"createdAt":5837,"updatedAt":5838,"environment":5839,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":2107,"locale":27},{"sys":5835},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4epytZ1SJIovdr7hVZFXDP","2022-10-06T08:43:44.476Z","2024-08-29T08:55:48.398Z",{"sys":5840},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":5842,"description":48,"file":5843},"SDG icon 5-03",{"url":5844,"details":5845,"fileName":5848,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4epytZ1SJIovdr7hVZFXDP\u002Fbb7c2ec918d3926f85409abd06e9e781\u002FSDG_icon_5-03.png",{"size":5846,"image":5847},16328,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 5-03.png",[],{"metadata":5851,"sys":5854,"fields":5864},{"tags":5852,"concepts":5853},[],[],{"space":5855,"id":5857,"type":14,"createdAt":5858,"updatedAt":5859,"environment":5860,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":2377,"contentType":5862,"locale":27},{"sys":5856},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6xOWzLlpK344S1maddao0C","2020-11-19T19:37:32.778Z","2023-03-14T16:11:38.565Z",{"sys":5861},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5863},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":5865,"name":5866,"slug":5865,"tests":5867,"diplomaTest":6298,"icon":6318,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":6339,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":6340},"sdg-world-06","UN Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation",[5868],{"metadata":5869,"sys":5872,"fields":5882},{"tags":5870,"concepts":5871},[],[],{"space":5873,"id":5875,"type":14,"createdAt":5876,"updatedAt":5877,"environment":5878,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":1390,"contentType":5880,"locale":27},{"sys":5874},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"64a1d770d27e1a9f0f0d4588b32b89f9","2021-11-11T07:12:40.648Z","2024-10-29T08:30:29.225Z",{"sys":5879},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5881},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":5883,"heading":5866,"slug":5884,"questions":5885},"sdg_world_06_t1","un-goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation",[5886,5958,5991,6024,6058,6091,6124,6153,6180,6212,6243,6274],{"metadata":5887,"sys":5895,"fields":5906},{"tags":5888,"concepts":5894},[5889,5891],{"sys":5890},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":5892},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},"water",[],{"space":5896,"id":5898,"type":14,"createdAt":5899,"updatedAt":5900,"environment":5901,"publishedVersion":5903,"revision":2608,"contentType":5904,"locale":27},{"sys":5897},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"31e3fe253ffdab457811f5a9dbd91e07","2021-11-11T07:17:15.780Z","2025-05-29T23:33:50.422Z",{"sys":5902},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},136,{"sys":5905},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":5907,"answers":5908,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"ruleOfThumbs":5909,"name":5910,"questionText":5911,"shortQuestionText":5912,"statistics":5913,"veryWrongStatistics":5932,"correctSentence":5949,"youWereWrong":5950,"youWereRight":5951,"dataSourceShortText":5952,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5953,"extendedAnswerText":5954,"headingVeryWrong":5955,"youWereVeryWrong":5956,"headingWrong":5957},"6",[],[],"How many people in the world have access to safe d","How many people in the world have access to basic drinking water within 30 minutes of their home?","How many people in the world have access to safe drinking water within 30 minutes of their home?",[5914,5915,5916,5917,5918,5919,5920,5921,5922,5923,5924,5925,5926,5927,5928,5929,5930,200,5931,198],"uk 0.8003999999999999","swe 0.791802557263822","nor 0.8294997929606589","fin 0.888406017508501","dnk 0.8014470487360499","usa 0.77","bra 0.67","fra 0.68","deu 0.75","jpn 0.93","mex 0.78","rus 0.74","esp 0.74","mys 0.64","mar 0.56","zaf 0.8","ind 0.72","nga 0.91",[5933,1458,5934,5935,5936,5937,5938,5939,5940,627,2281,5941,5942,5943,5944,5945,4475,5946,5947,5948],"usa 0.37","bra 0.30","fra 0.27","deu 0.33","jpn 0.67","mex 0.31","rus 0.43","esp 0.36","mar 0.27","dnk 0.33","fin 0.47","nor 0.45","zaf 0.45","pak 0.41","nga 0.56","phl 0.45","Around 90% of all people have access to safe drinking water within 30 minutes of their home.","Most people don’t realize how many actually have safe water. Most people already have safe drinking water at home today, which means in the future hopefully everyone could have it.","Most people don’t realize how many actually have safe water. As they think few have safe drinking water at home, it must be difficult for them to imagine a future when everyone has it.","Sources: UNICEF and WHO","Measuring water quality is not easy and deciding what is “safe” is even harder. The definition of “safely managed water” used by UNICEF and WHO[1] is: “Drinking water from an improved water source which is located on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination”. It must also be from a construction that has potential to deliver safe water (i.e. piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, and packaged or delivered water). Bottled water is not counted since it might not be available when needed. This question includes both \"safely managed\" and \"basic\" water access. Access within 30 minutes is only considered as \"basic water access\". Read more about different levels of quality and rural and urban differences in all countries on their website WASH [2].\n\n[1]  [JMP Global database of WASH data, managed by the WHO and Unicef.](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew)  \n[2]  [WASH Data, definitions and estimation methods](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fmonitoring\u002Fmethods\u002Festimation-methods)","Most people overestimate the number of people that lack access to safe water. It’s probably because they don't want to trivialize the suffering of all the thirsty people in the world. Water is one of the most basic human needs, and today around 70% of the world population have access to safe drinking water in their home. Another 20% have access to a well or a tap within a 30 minute walk from their home. Across the world the trends are rising, and 90% already have access to safe drinking water. \n\nBut many people are still killed by preventable infectious diseases and parasites from contaminated drinking water. In some places the groundwater level is declining and new solutions are needed to solve this, but in most places old solutions would work well. Local governments need to manage local water resources properly, by building more pumps and connecting more pipes.\n\n90% of people already have access to safe drinking water, and we are getting closer to reaching 100% to let all people still their thirst on a daily basis, without getting ill.\n\nSee what all different kinds of water sources look like on different incomes in homes all over the world [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=drinking-water). \n\nRead more about safe water and health [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fdrinking-water).\n\n### What is safe drinking water?\nSafe drinking water is water which is located in or near the home, available when needed and free from contamination. It must be from a construction that has potential to deliver safe water (i.e. piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, rainwater, and packaged or delivered water).\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we assume many people are still struggling to access safe drinking water then we most likely think that what we are currently doing is not working. In reality, the majority of people today do have access to safe drinking water and what we are doing to ensure access is working. We just need to improve water infrastructure with more water pumps and safe pipes in the vast majority of cases. It is important to know we are doing the right things so we don’t lose hope and search for new solutions when they are already in hand.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost people have seen images of people on TV walking great distances to collect water and assume this is the norm in many poorer countries. Also, people do not want to trivialize the plight of those who don’t have access to safe drinking water and so underestimate those who have access.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but it is very important to know the limitations of the data. Data from countries is often self-reported which means countries often collect their own data and then provide them to organizations such as The WHO\u002FUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). In this way countries may portray themselves in a better light than reality. \nAdditionally this data comes from surveys collected at a specific point in time and does not always represent the ongoing struggle for some people to access a reliable water supply in or near the home. \n","The world is not as bad as you think","Most people don’t realize how many actually have safe water. A majority already have safe drinking water at home today, but you believe it’s few. It must be difficult for you to imagine a future where everyone has it.","More have water than you think",{"metadata":5959,"sys":5966,"fields":5976},{"tags":5960,"concepts":5965},[5961,5963],{"sys":5962},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":5964},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":5967,"id":5969,"type":14,"createdAt":5970,"updatedAt":5971,"environment":5972,"publishedVersion":741,"revision":1270,"contentType":5974,"locale":27},{"sys":5968},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"a0686137d1e28d5d2c0f9807d45e7356","2021-11-11T07:07:35.860Z","2023-11-27T09:10:57.183Z",{"sys":5973},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":5975},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":5977,"answers":5978,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":5979,"questionText":5980,"statistics":5981,"veryWrongStatistics":5982,"correctSentence":5983,"youWereWrong":5984,"youWereRight":5985,"dataSourceShortText":5986,"dataSourceLinkLongText":5987,"extendedAnswerText":5988,"headingVeryWrong":5989,"youWereVeryWrong":5990,"headingWrong":5989},"45",[],"Worldwide, how many people living in rural areas u","Worldwide, how many people living in rural areas use surface water (such as lakes, rivers and streams) as their drinking water?\n",[1964],[936],"Less than 10% of people living in rural areas use surface water as their drinking water.","You think of rural areas as very underdeveloped, but only 3% drink water from a lake or river.\n","They don’t realize that most (97%) of rural dwellers get water from some kind of well, pipe or spring.","Source: Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene ","The data comes from household surveys and national-level data. This varies in quality between countries and in some situations data may be missing. In those cases, the WHO\u002FUNICEF provides estimates. We contacted three independent experts about the source used for this question and, while they pointed out the limitations of the data, they use JMP as a source in their own work. Due to the limitations of the data, we put big differences between the answer options and made the correct answer 10% in order to avoid overstating progress. No matter how big the uncertainty in the data, the share of people in the world’s rural areas who drink surface water is not close to 30%.\n\n[1]  [JMP Global database of WASH data, managed by the WHO and Unicef.](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew)  \n[2]  [WHO. Drinking water.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fdrinking-water#:~:text=Contaminated%20water%20can%20transmit%20diseases,000%20diarrhoeal%20deaths%20each%20year.)  \n[3]  [JMP, UNICEF, WHO: Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene - 2000-2020.](file:\u002F\u002F\u002FUsers\u002Fkeithmoore\u002FDownloads\u002F9789240030848-eng.pdf)\n","Wells were invented at least 6,000 years ago, according to the oldest evidence from China. Missing safe drinking water is still a big problem for some people who don't have a well, but the size of that problem easily gets overestimated. Living in rural areas is different from urban areas, but not very different.\n\nMost rural areas are much more developed than people realize. Only 3% are missing a well for their drinking water. Most people we asked imagine that it’s more than 30%. That is more than seven times wrong! Even if 3% sounds small, it’s roughly a hundred million people we are talking about.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe strong stereotypes about rural life make it difficult to imagine any modernization that is not urbanization. Overestimating how big problems are in rural areas makes them seem impossible to solve.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe see lots of images of people from traditional societies living in primitive ways in tribes in the jungle or on remote islands with no contact with the modern world. We are fascinated by people living in completely different ways than ourselves and they make for great stories in the media. In reality, such populations are rare, and even many of the poorest people in the world are likely to have access to some form of clean drinking water, even in the countryside.\n\n### What’s the problem with drinking surface water?\nSurface water in rural areas can sometimes be completely safe, especially where people live far apart, but it can have invisible germs that cause terrible illnesses, like diarrhoea and cholera, which spread via contaminated water. Such diseases kill half a million people every year.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but you must be aware of its limitations. The data comes from household surveys and national-level data. This varies in quality between countries and in some situations data may be missing. In those cases, the WHO\u002FUNICEF provides estimates. We contacted three independent experts about the source used for this question and, while they pointed out the limitations of the data, they use the Joint Monitoring Programme as a source in their own work. Due to the limitations of the data, we put big differences between the answer options and made the correct answer 10% in order to avoid overstating progress. No matter how big the uncertainty in the data, the share of people in the world’s rural areas who drink surface water is not close to 30%.\n","Well well","You think of rural areas as very underdeveloped, but only 3% drink water from a lake or river.",{"metadata":5992,"sys":5999,"fields":6009},{"tags":5993,"concepts":5998},[5994,5996],{"sys":5995},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":5997},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6000,"id":6002,"type":14,"createdAt":6003,"updatedAt":6004,"environment":6005,"publishedVersion":4101,"revision":808,"contentType":6007,"locale":27},{"sys":6001},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"b0169212dbbcece01524cc305e3d927b","2021-11-11T07:07:38.114Z","2023-11-27T09:10:57.128Z",{"sys":6006},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6008},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6010,"answers":6011,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":6012,"questionText":6013,"statistics":6014,"veryWrongStatistics":6015,"correctSentence":6016,"youWereWrong":6017,"youWereRight":6018,"dataSourceShortText":6019,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6020,"extendedAnswerText":6021,"headingVeryWrong":6022,"youWereVeryWrong":6023,"headingWrong":6022},"46",[],"Worldwide, how many people have no toilet of any k","Worldwide, how many people have no toilet of any kind, and instead have to use bushes, fields or streets?",[1964],[5356],"Roughly 10% of the world’s population have no toilet at home.","You thought a third of the world’s population have no toilets! If that were the case, there would be lots of disease and a terrible smell.","They think a third or more of the world’s population have no toilets! That would smell a lot.","Sources: WHO & UNICEF","\nThe data comes from the WHO and UNICEF, through their Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP)[1]. The numbers are from 2022. This was also used in their 2022 report[2].\n\nThe underlying data comes mostly from household surveys and census data that is self-reported by the individual countries and collected by the JMP. The question that was asked was: “What kind of toilet facility do members of your household usually use?\"\n\nThe JMP makes separate estimates for rural and urban populations in each country and then calculates a weighted average for each country[3]. They use population data from the UN Population Division.\n\n[1]  [JMP WASH - WHO\u002FUNICEF Global population, open defecation %](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew)  \n[2]  [JMP WASH Progress On Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Freports\u002Fjmp-2023-wash-households)  \n[3]  [JMP Methodology (producing estimates, pg.13)](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002Freports\u002F2018-04\u002FJMP-2017-update-methodology.pdf)\n","The fact that roughly 10% of the world’s population have no toilet at home is still not good, but it is much lower than most people think! In 2000, there were twice as many.\n\nUsing the bushes, fields or other open areas to go to the toilet creates many risks to both humans and the surrounding environment.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMedia images from poorer communities in remote places often depict people who have to live in the worst of conditions, without mentioning the proportions. Our impressions of images depicting suffering in poverty are very strong and they make most of us systematically overestimate the proportion of people missing basic facilities like toilets. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we overestimate a problem like this, we end up thinking that it is too large to solve. If we recognize the progress that has been made, it can motivate us to further increase the amount of toilets in the world.\n\n### Where are the most people without toilets?\nMostly in [rural communities](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew) throughout the world. Around 11% of the world’s rural population don’t have any form of toilet to use at home, compared to roughly 1% of the [urban population](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew) and 56% of all people live in cities. There are also large regional differences. In Europe and North America, the rural population has access to toilets while in Central and South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, 17% of the rural population still have to defecate in the open. Check out the data [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew).\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. The number is from UNICEF and the WHO and it is a global average based on country estimates. We have contacted six independent experts who all confirmed that this is the best global source for this kind of data. \n\n### How can I explore hundreds of toilets, from all over the world?\n[Here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=toilets), on our tool Dollar Street! The images below show what some people use if they do not have a toilet: \n\n[![Toilets](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F53ICfJs1YCPBsJu2ngSIyf\u002F1941d98f79392fd5bfd017c18327fc9d\u002FScreenshot_2020-12-18_at_09.47.06.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002Falbums\u002Fshared\u002Fb7TgKRSQ7meUvaqO1HzADz4TpDt83Tyco1fb6a4E)","Your world is full of #*&!","You thought half the world’s population have no toilets! If that were the case, there would be lots of disease and a terrible smell.",{"metadata":6025,"sys":6032,"fields":6042},{"tags":6026,"concepts":6031},[6027,6029],{"sys":6028},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":6030},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6033,"id":6035,"type":14,"createdAt":6036,"updatedAt":6037,"environment":6038,"publishedVersion":1583,"revision":808,"contentType":6040,"locale":27},{"sys":6034},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"15a8c339eae0764b9df9b49e3d3e812d","2021-11-11T07:07:40.512Z","2023-11-27T09:10:57.060Z",{"sys":6039},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6041},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6043,"answers":6044,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":6045,"questionText":6046,"statistics":6047,"veryWrongStatistics":6048,"correctSentence":6050,"youWereWrong":6051,"youWereRight":6052,"dataSourceShortText":6053,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6054,"extendedAnswerText":6055,"headingVeryWrong":6056,"youWereVeryWrong":6057,"headingWrong":6056},"47",[],"Of all the freshwater used in the world, how much ","Of all the freshwater used in the world, how much goes to agriculture?",[1964],[6049],"uk 0.372","Globally, around 70% of all the world’s freshwater is used for agriculture. ","You underestimate how much water is sucked up into food production.","They don’t realize how much water is sucked up by food production.","Source: FAO AQUASTAT","The share of 70% of freshwater withdrawals being used by the agricultural sector[1] comes from the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization AQUASTAT database[2]. The data is collected by FAO, using self-reported estimates from the individual countries and measures the share of freshwater withdrawals that go to the agricultural sector, which is estimated to be around 70% worldwide[3]. One caveat with this data is that for some countries the reported estimate is quite old, but it is the latest available.\n\nFreshwater withdrawals is the volume of water removed from a water body. It is then partly consumed\u002Fused and partly returned to the same or another water source to be available for future use.\nWater consumption on the other hand is just the water that isn’t returned to a water source. Agriculture's share of water consumption is even higher than it is for water withdrawals due to crops and plants losing water through evaporation and transpiration. \n\nThis number includes water withdrawn for irrigation purposes and for livestock watering although, depending on the country, livestock watering sometimes is included in municipal water withdrawal. As far as the water withdrawn for irrigation is concerned, the value far exceeds the consumptive use of irrigation because of water lost in the distribution from the water source to the crops.\n\n[1]  [Our World in Data - Freshwater withdrawals used in Agriculture](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fwater-use-stress#share-of-freshwater-withdrawals-used-in-agriculture)  \n[2]  [UN FAO AQUASTAT database](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fnr\u002Fwater\u002Faquastat\u002Fdata\u002Fquery\u002Findex.html?lang=en)  \n[3]  [Freshwater withdrawals chart - World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fopendata\u002Fchart-globally-70-freshwater-used-agriculture)\n","Everyone knows that water is needed to grow food. But it's much more than people realize. Think of the large fields that must be properly irrigated to not run dry, particularly in areas where there isn’t much rain. And the animals that need to drink. All of that dwarfs the amount used in the municipal and industrial sectors.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf a majority of people underestimate the share of water the agricultural sector uses, they will probably focus on other areas they think are more important, and water handling in agriculture will improve more slowly than it should have otherwise. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPerhaps it is because we hear so much about droughts impacting farmers in the media. Or because we look at our own water use and overestimate the amount of water we and the cities we live in use every day. \n\n### How is freshwater used?\n“Water use” can refer to both water withdrawal and water consumption. In our question we are referring freshwater withdrawals. Freshwater withdrawal is the volume of water removed from a water body. It is then partly consumed\u002Fused and partly returned to the same or another water source to be available for future use.\nWater consumption on the other hand is the water that isn’t returned to a water source. Agriculture's share of water consumption is even higher than it is for water withdrawals due crops losing water through evaporation and transpiration.\n\n### How can the agricultural sector account for 70% of freshwater withdrawal?\nAgriculture is a water intensive industry. Crops for feeding both humans and animals require lots of water to grow and [according to the World Bank ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Ftopic\u002Fwater-in-agriculture#:~:text=Water%20is%20a%20critical%20input,important%20role%20in%20food%20security.&text=Currently%2C%20agriculture%20accounts%20(on%20average,to%20the%20evapotranspiration%20of%20crops)%20irrigated%20agriculture%20represents%2020%20percent%20of%20the%20total%20cultivated) irrigated agriculture represents 20 percent of the total cultivated land in the world, and contributes 40 percent of the total food produced worldwide. \n\n### Where can I learn more?\nSee [freshwater use in different sectors by region](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fopendata\u002Fchart-globally-70-freshwater-used-agriculture). \n\n### Can I trust this data and number?\nYes, but 70% is a rough estimate. Some of the data in the AQUASTAT database where this comes from, is quite old and relies upon countries filling out the AQUASTAT annual questionnaire. Also, in countries that have a lot of thermal power plants, the share of agricultural water usage will be lower because of the high amount of water used by these plants. \n","Plants need sun, soil and ...","You had no clue how much water is sucked up into food production.",{"metadata":6059,"sys":6066,"fields":6076},{"tags":6060,"concepts":6065},[6061,6063],{"sys":6062},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":6064},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6067,"id":6069,"type":14,"createdAt":6070,"updatedAt":6071,"environment":6072,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":2377,"contentType":6074,"locale":27},{"sys":6068},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7d21d40872087c176ff87e65f1d2edbe","2021-11-11T07:07:42.848Z","2023-11-27T09:10:57.000Z",{"sys":6073},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6075},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6077,"answers":6078,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":6079,"questionText":6080,"statistics":6081,"veryWrongStatistics":6082,"correctSentence":6083,"youWereWrong":6084,"youWereRight":6085,"dataSourceShortText":6086,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6087,"extendedAnswerText":6088,"headingVeryWrong":6089,"youWereVeryWrong":6090,"headingWrong":6089},"48",[],"How many countries (out of 195) have at least one ","How many countries (out of 195) have at least one desalination plant, removing salt from salt water?",[3759],[3704],"Almost all countries have desalination plants dedicated to the extraction of salt from seawater, not just hot and dry countries.","Almost all countries have technology for removing salt from seawater, and you thought it was just half of them.\n","They wrongly think almost no countries have desalination plants, when in fact almost all have. ","Source: IDADesal","This data from IDADesal covers desalination plants found globally between July 2019 and June 2020. The Inventory is collected on an annual basis by Global Water Intelligence (GWI) and the International Desalination Association (IDA), and aims to be a comprehensive dataset of every desalination plant with a capacity greater than 500,000 litres per day. \n\n[1]  [IDA-Desal - 183 countries where desalination is practised](https:\u002F\u002Fidadesal.org\u002F)  \n[2]  [Yale environment 360 - Desalination plants on the rise and the consequences](https:\u002F\u002Fe360.yale.edu\u002Ffeatures\u002Fas-water-scarcity-increases-desalination-plants-are-on-the-rise)  \n[3]  [World Bank report on desalination](https:\u002F\u002Fidadesal.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FWorld-Bank-Report-2019.pdf )  \n[4]  [Wikipedia - desalination ](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDesalination)\n[5]  We consulted four independent experts for this question, including John Lienhard of MIT.","Globally, 300 million people get their drinking water from desalination plants, but most of the freshwater from them is used for agriculture or industry. If you live in a country with enough drinking water provided naturally, you have most likely never come across desalinated water. In dry areas it is of higher importance to find alternative sources of water. As desalination becomes increasingly popular globally, we need to consider the consequences of these practices and how to properly handle the waste products.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWe often hear about a coming water crisis because of a warming climate and a growing global population. What we rarely hear about are the solutions. A problem without a solution such as this causes hopelessness and people may give up on the issue.\n\nWe now have extensive global networks of desalination plants that provide freshwater to countries and people across the world. But if we don’t even know these facilities exist, we will not see the value in investing in them. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe often see news reports talking about the increasing global population and the increasing pressures this is placing on the earth’s natural resources, including our water supplies. Naturally this causes concern, as we rarely hear about the extensive efforts and resources being put in place to solve these problems.\n\n### Are we going to run out of freshwater?\nAs the demand for water intensifies globally with a growing population and more consumption, technologies and methods of producing freshwater must improve. Water recycling, rainwater collection, desalination plants and irrigation systems all combine to increase our water efficiency and use less water.\n\n### Is desalination the solution to the water crisis?\nSome cities have run out of freshwater, and desalination could become a solution, but unfortunately desalination in massive volumes does also have problems. There are two kinds of desalination technology: \n1) Thermal, which heats up water and then captures the condensation. \n2) Reverse osmosis, which forces seawater through the pores of a membrane. The first method requires lots of energy and the latter produces byproducts with environmental problems such as the salty waste (brine) left over from the process, which can be harmful if released back into our oceans. Pulling in seawater also damages the coastal seabed, and risks pulling in fish and other living plants and animal species. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. This data comes from IDADesal, considered to be the best source for data on desalination plants. We have also cross-checked this source with three experts in this field and they agree with the data. \n\n### Where can I learn more?\nLearn about [Desalination](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FDesalination) at Wikipedia. \n\nRead this World Bank report about [the future of desalination](https:\u002F\u002Fidadesal.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F04\u002FWorld-Bank-Report-2019.pdf). ","Drinkable oceans","Almost all countries have technology for removing salt from seawater, and you thought it was just a few.",{"metadata":6092,"sys":6099,"fields":6109},{"tags":6093,"concepts":6098},[6094,6096],{"sys":6095},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":6097},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6100,"id":6102,"type":14,"createdAt":6103,"updatedAt":6104,"environment":6105,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":2377,"contentType":6107,"locale":27},{"sys":6101},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"15753e918b0d5a579240e0ec6559c7f4","2021-11-11T07:07:45.018Z","2023-11-27T09:10:56.940Z",{"sys":6106},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6108},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6110,"answers":6111,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":6112,"questionText":6113,"statistics":6114,"veryWrongStatistics":6115,"correctSentence":6117,"youWereWrong":6118,"youWereRight":6119,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6120,"extendedAnswerText":6121,"headingVeryWrong":6122,"youWereVeryWrong":6123,"headingWrong":6122},"49",[],"How many countries have rules requiring that local","How many countries have rules requiring that local communities are included when planning and managing freshwater resources?",[666],[6116],"uk 0.502","70% of countries have rules requiring that local communities are included in planning and management of water resources.","You seem to imagine that governments don’t care about involving locals when planning to use their water.","They don’t know that most governments have rules for involving locals when planning to use their water.","The data is collected via questionnaires given to national governments. When they are complete, they are sent to the UN where they then go through a process where the data is validated. It is important to note that this indicator shows the existence of laws and policies, not how well a country actually involves local communities in reality.\n\n[1]  [UN Statistics Division (page 83)](https:\u002F\u002Fsdg-tracker.org\u002Fwater-and-sanitation#6.b)(Indicator SDG 6.B.1)  \n[2]  [UN Water and WHO. National systems to support drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: Global Status Report 2019](https:\u002F\u002Fapps.who.int\u002Firis\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10665\u002F326444\u002F9789241516297-eng.pdf?ua=1)","\nOften, the locals know their surroundings best, and that is recognized in most countries. Today more than 70% of countries have policies or laws requiring that the water needs for new industrial projects, roads or construction, are planned together with the communities surrounding the sites.\n\nHowever, like many well-meaning rules on the books, the reality can be very different. Often there aren’t enough resources to plan or implement solutions to ensure that all people get enough clean water and safe sanitation.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nIf you live in a country where the water pipes are already in place and you do not have to think about it, it's easy to live your whole life imagining it was planned and provided by the central authority that is now overlooking it.\n\n### Why is it a problem if people are wrong about this?\nIf they don’t recognize that people are expected to have a say in how their water resources are managed, they might not realize that a lack of finance means they often don’t get as much of a say as they are entitled to. And more generally speaking, if they can't imagine that local communities are involved in the water planning and management in a majority of the countries today, they have missed that most countries today are modern. \n\n### How can so many countries have local water considerations?\nWhen building new constructions it often involves changes to the local infrastructure for water and sanitation, and people with experience of such projects know that there’s a lot to learn from the locals, who know of historic problems and seasonal variations and future plans. They will also be the ones to handle and maintain the solutions that are built, and they will be the victims if their water resources are damaged or run dry. Most governments simply can’t ignore these facts. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. The UN collects and validates the data collected from national governments. You should be aware that the existence of a rule doesn’t mean it is followed in practice. Many countries have nice looking policies, which they never follow in practice.\n\n### Resources\nSee a breakdown of the [local participation in sanitation management for regions, SDG indicator 6.B.1](https:\u002F\u002Fsdg-tracker.org\u002Fwater-and-sanitation#6.B)\n\nRead the status report [“National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene”](https:\u002F\u002Fapps.who.int\u002Firis\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10665\u002F326444\u002F9789241516297-eng.pdf?ua=1) from 2019 by UN Water and WHO to learn how much of the required financial resources there are to support local participation.\n","Thirsty governments","You seem to imagine that governments don’t care about involving locals when planning to use their water. ",{"metadata":6125,"sys":6132,"fields":6142},{"tags":6126,"concepts":6131},[6127,6129],{"sys":6128},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":6130},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6133,"id":6135,"type":14,"createdAt":6136,"updatedAt":6137,"environment":6138,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":91,"contentType":6140,"locale":27},{"sys":6134},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5VZYgFI11P9Y33Zdbnoclt","2023-04-18T13:57:45.992Z","2023-11-27T09:10:56.881Z",{"sys":6139},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6141},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6143,"answers":6144,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":6145,"questionText":6146,"statistics":6147,"veryWrongStatistics":6148,"correctSentence":6150,"dataSourceShortText":6151,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6152},"1576",[]," Shared toilets in rural areas","Worldwide, how many people living in rural areas have a toilet that they don't have to share with other households?",[2638],[6149],"uk 0.519","Globally, around 60% of people living in rural areas have a toilet they don’t have to share with other households. ","Source: WHO & UNICEF","[1]  [The WHO\u002FUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP)]( https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew)    ",{"metadata":6154,"sys":6161,"fields":6171},{"tags":6155,"concepts":6160},[6156,6158],{"sys":6157},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":6159},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6162,"id":6164,"type":14,"createdAt":6165,"updatedAt":6166,"environment":6167,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":91,"contentType":6169,"locale":27},{"sys":6163},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7Jys4wC7svEVUIgofUJk1T","2023-04-18T14:05:21.034Z","2023-11-27T09:10:56.825Z",{"sys":6168},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6170},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6172,"answers":6173,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"name":6174,"questionText":6175,"statistics":6176,"veryWrongStatistics":6177,"dataSourceShortText":6151,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6179},"1577",[],"Soap and water households","How many people in the world have soap and water to wash their hands at home?",[591],[6178],"uk 0.321","The Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene is a collaboration between UNICEF and WHO to provide global data on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). They are currently producing data to monitor SDG 6.\nThe JMP data shows a global average of 60% of households with soap and water for people to wash their hands with in or around their home in 2020.\n\n[1]  [The WHO\u002FUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP)]( https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fnew)  ",{"metadata":6181,"sys":6188,"fields":6198},{"tags":6182,"concepts":6187},[6183,6185],{"sys":6184},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":6186},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6189,"id":6191,"type":14,"createdAt":6192,"updatedAt":6193,"environment":6194,"publishedVersion":3983,"revision":91,"contentType":6196,"locale":27},{"sys":6190},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"713i9WTKdnw1QSO4wrP3Du","2023-05-09T14:26:35.682Z","2023-11-27T09:10:56.767Z",{"sys":6195},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6197},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6199,"answers":6200,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"name":6201,"questionText":6202,"statistics":6203,"veryWrongStatistics":6204,"correctSentence":6206,"youWereWrong":6207,"youWereRight":6207,"dataSourceShortText":6208,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6209,"extendedAnswerText":6210,"headingVeryWrong":6211,"youWereVeryWrong":6207,"headingWrong":6211},"1626",[],"Over 30 min to collect drinking water","How many people in the world have to make a round trip of more than 30 minutes to collect drinking water?\n",[3885],[6205],"usa 0.3732","Around 10% of the world’s people have to make a round trip of more than 30 minutes to collect drinking water.\n","Historically, most people had to walk to get drinking water and then carry the heavy water home. Today, the majority of people have water either in or very near to their homes. \n","Sources: UNICEF and WHO ","The data we use comes from UNICEF and the WHO’s Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP). Drinking water access has five classifications (safely managed, basic, limited, unimproved and surface water.) Safely managed and basic are the two categories which do not involve a round trip of more than 30 minutes. In 2020, around 90% of people fit into those two categories. Note that people with less than 30 minutes to access water could still only have access to insufficient or unsafe water sources. Access within 30 minutes is only considered as ‘basic water access’. Some experts do not consider this a satisfactory measure with which to say that it is safe. Additionally this data is based on household surveys, the actual access to water could be very different as many spend most of their time outside of the home. Despite those concerns, independent experts we contacted recognized JMP WASH data as the best available. \n\n[1]  [JMP Global database of WASH data, managed by the WHO and Unicef](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fshare\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)  \n\n[2]  [WASH Data, definitions and estimation methods](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fmonitoring\u002Fmethods\u002Festimation-methods)\n","Only a small slice of humanity still has to spend a long time fetching drinking water. Nowadays, three-quarters of all the world’s people have safe drinking water piped into their homes. \n\nWhen we recognize how much incredible progress has already been made, reaching that last 10% of people should seem very possible to achieve.\n\nExplore how drinking water is stored all over the world on different incomes [at Dollar Street.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=drinking-water&media=image&max=59)\n","We no longer live like in the past!",{"metadata":6213,"sys":6220,"fields":6230},{"tags":6214,"concepts":6219},[6215,6217],{"sys":6216},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":6218},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6221,"id":6223,"type":14,"createdAt":6224,"updatedAt":6225,"environment":6226,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":998,"contentType":6228,"locale":27},{"sys":6222},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6VayaJXNzTibOf6eTl8Dtf","2023-04-14T10:34:35.042Z","2023-11-27T09:10:56.707Z",{"sys":6227},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6229},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6231,"answers":6232,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4101,"name":6233,"questionText":6234,"veryWrongStatistics":6235,"correctSentence":6237,"youWereWrong":6238,"youWereRight":6238,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6239,"extendedAnswerText":6240,"headingVeryWrong":6241,"youWereVeryWrong":6242,"headingWrong":6241},"1562",[],"population connected to sewers","What share of the world population uses toilets connected to sewers?",[6236],"uk 0.27","Around 40% of the global population are connected to sewers.","Toilets need to be connected to a sewerage system to keep cities healthy. But almost half of humanity lives spread out in the countryside where most toilets are not yet connected.\n","The data comes from WHO and UNICEF, through their Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP)[1]. The data comes from 2020, so is a little old but it is the most recent data that JMP currently has as of April 2023.\n\nThe data for this figure comes mostly from household surveys and census data that is self-reported by the individual countries and collected by the JMP. The question for this data is “What kind of toilet facility do members of your household usually use” and then “where does it flush to”? \nThe JMP makes separate estimates for rural and urban populations in each country and then produces country estimates based off of a weighting of those two figures. They use population data from the UN Population Division.\n\n[1]  [JMP WASH - WHO & UNICEF\nPopulation using sewer, septic and latrines]( https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fshare\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 )  \n\n[2]  [JMP Methodology](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fmonitoring\u002Fsanitation)","When imagining that most people have working toilets you probably picture them connected to a central sewerage system. But just because a toilet is connected to a sewer is no guarantee that the wastewater ends up at a treatment facility or that all of the sewage is effectively treated. \n\nIn rural areas, well-built septic tanks or pit latrines can be just as safe. Most important is that the human waste from toilets is separated from our drinking water and fields where our food is grown. \n\nOf course, having more households connected to sewerage systems is something we should strive for around the world - and around 40% is not high enough.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople overestimate this number because they don’t realize just how few toilets in poor countries and rural areas are connected to sewers. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf more people were aware of the lack of connected toilets, then funding and aid projects could become available to not only connect more toilets to sewers but to improve the quality and effectiveness of the sewers and treatment plants in poorer countries. \n\n### How can only 43% of the world’s toilets be connected to sewers?\nWhen we think about a global percentage like this it can be easy to be swayed by pictures of rich countries and big cities. \nLess than 10% of households in low-income countries have toilets that are connected to the sewers. When this extremely low percentage gets combined with the percentage in high-income countries (more than 80%) and all the countries in between, the global average comes out at around 43%. A lot lower than most people thought! \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. There is some level of uncertainty in the data, due to sometimes difficult data collection and self reported data from each country. This is why we have used “around 40%” as the correct answer.  Also, you need to be aware of the large difference between the percentages in [low-income countries and high-income countries](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002F3459) and between [rural and urban areas](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fshare\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) that affect the global percentage. \n","Most toilets are still alone","Toilets need to be connected to a sewerage system to keep cities healthy. But almost half of humanity lives spread out in the countryside where most toilets are not yet connected.",{"metadata":6244,"sys":6251,"fields":6261},{"tags":6245,"concepts":6250},[6246,6248],{"sys":6247},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":6249},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":5893},[],{"space":6252,"id":6254,"type":14,"createdAt":6255,"updatedAt":6256,"environment":6257,"publishedVersion":21,"revision":91,"contentType":6259,"locale":27},{"sys":6253},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5qneCRHyix5rs7KwKbQuyC","2023-09-04T09:01:33.921Z","2024-06-13T11:37:54.856Z",{"sys":6258},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6260},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6262,"answers":6263,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":6264,"questionText":6265,"statistics":6266,"veryWrongStatistics":6267,"correctSentence":6269,"youWereWrong":6270,"youWereRight":6270,"dataSourceShortText":6208,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6271,"extendedAnswerText":6272,"headingVeryWrong":6273,"youWereVeryWrong":6270,"headingWrong":6273},"1720",[],"Rural drinking water access","Worldwide, how many people in rural areas have access to drinking water within 30 minutes of their home?\n",[2737],[6268],"uk 0.401","More than 75% of people living in rural areas have access to drinking water within 30 minutes of their home.\n","Nowadays, most people have drinking water either in or very close to their home – even in rural areas.\n","The data we use comes from UNICEF and the WHO’s Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP). Drinking water access has five classifications (safely managed, basic, limited, unimproved and surface water.) Safely managed and basic are the two categories which do not involve a round trip of more than 30 minutes. In 2020, around 80% of people in rural areas fit into those two categories. Note that people with less than 30 minutes to access water could still only have access to insufficient or unsafe water sources. Access within 30 minutes is only considered as ‘basic water access’. Some experts do not consider this a satisfactory measure with which to say that it is safe. Additionally this data is based on household surveys, the actual access to water could be very different as many spend most of their time outside of the home. Despite those concerns, independent experts we contacted recognized JMP WASH data as the best available. \n\n[1]  [JMP Global database of WASH data, managed by the WHO and Unicef](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fdata\u002Fhousehold#!\u002Fdashboard\u002Fshare\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)  \n\n[2]  [WASH Data, definitions and estimation methods](https:\u002F\u002Fwashdata.org\u002Fmonitoring\u002Fmethods\u002Festimation-methods)\n","People in rural areas are more likely than those living in towns and cities to have to walk for more than half an hour to get drinking water. But, the share of those who can quench their thirst in or close by their home has been growing and is way more than most people expect.\n","Countryside comforts",{"metadata":6275,"sys":6278,"fields":6288},{"tags":6276,"concepts":6277},[],[],{"space":6279,"id":6281,"type":14,"createdAt":6282,"updatedAt":6283,"environment":6284,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":45,"contentType":6286,"locale":27},{"sys":6280},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4vXIDHAQJrKM5huFP7oQeg","2023-01-13T09:45:46.085Z","2023-01-13T09:47:43.882Z",{"sys":6285},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6287},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6289,"answers":6290,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":6291,"questionText":6292,"statistics":6293,"veryWrongStatistics":6295,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6297},"1541",[],"Cost for sanitation as part of aid","What would it cost to install clean water and sanitation in all healthcare facilities in the 46 poorest countries, expressed as % of total international aid in 2020:",[6294],"usa 0.7457",[6296],"usa 0.1525","Source: WHO – Chaitkin el al in The Lancet “Estimating the cost of achieving basic water, sanitation, hygiene, and waste management services in public health-care facilities in the 46 UN designated least-developed countries: a modelling study” published on 1 June 2022.",{"metadata":6299,"sys":6302,"fields":6312},{"tags":6300,"concepts":6301},[],[],{"space":6303,"id":6305,"type":14,"createdAt":6306,"updatedAt":6307,"environment":6308,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":1330,"contentType":6310,"locale":27},{"sys":6304},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"825713889c990af9f967214f895c187e","2021-11-11T07:12:42.379Z","2023-09-04T09:02:31.660Z",{"sys":6309},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6311},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":6313,"heading":6314,"slug":6315,"questions":6316,"certificateText":6317},"sdg_world_06_cert","UN Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation Certificate","un-goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation-certificate-test",[6091,6058,5958,6024,5991,5886,3584,6124,6153],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":6319,"sys":6322,"fields":6330},{"tags":6320,"concepts":6321},[],[],{"space":6323,"id":6325,"type":39,"createdAt":6326,"updatedAt":6327,"environment":6328,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":44,"locale":27},{"sys":6324},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"58DTv09sVkBHIlyU273P2j","2020-11-17T10:13:43.881Z","2023-03-14T16:11:38.198Z",{"sys":6329},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":6331,"description":6332,"file":6333},"6. Clean water and sanitation","Clean water and sanitation icon",{"url":6334,"details":6335,"fileName":6338,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F58DTv09sVkBHIlyU273P2j\u002F78610afd7027eef73f1495a755dea7e7\u002Fsdg_06",{"size":6336,"image":6337},1479,{"width":1933,"height":3069},"sdg_06","#26BDE2",[6341],{"metadata":6342,"sys":6345,"fields":6355},{"tags":6343,"concepts":6344},[],[],{"space":6346,"id":6348,"type":14,"createdAt":6349,"updatedAt":6350,"environment":6351,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":45,"contentType":6353,"locale":27},{"sys":6347},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"EUzxPS8nm4mm6YTZtx70l","2022-10-06T08:43:22.766Z","2023-03-14T16:11:40.279Z",{"sys":6352},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6354},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":6356,"title":6356,"challenges":6357},"UN Goal 6",[6358],{"metadata":6359,"sys":6362,"fields":6372},{"tags":6360,"concepts":6361},[],[],{"space":6363,"id":6365,"type":14,"createdAt":6366,"updatedAt":6367,"environment":6368,"publishedVersion":1184,"revision":998,"contentType":6370,"locale":27},{"sys":6364},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"nM4UlgsIwcaCHsbwCJ8V7","2022-10-06T08:43:17.931Z","2023-03-14T16:11:40.319Z",{"sys":6369},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6371},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":6373,"title":5866,"slug":6373,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":6374,"combos":6394},"sdg-world-goal-6",{"metadata":6375,"sys":6378,"fields":6386},{"tags":6376,"concepts":6377},[],[],{"space":6379,"id":6381,"type":39,"createdAt":6382,"updatedAt":6383,"environment":6384,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":6380},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6GPrCu30nPaPAjzMhP7faf","2022-10-06T08:43:03.735Z","2023-03-14T16:11:38.212Z",{"sys":6385},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":6387,"description":48,"file":6388},"SDG icon 6-03",{"url":6389,"details":6390,"fileName":6393,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6GPrCu30nPaPAjzMhP7faf\u002F76d5c07a0f0078d56061c0ac98408291\u002FSDG_icon_6-03.png",{"size":6391,"image":6392},14697,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 6-03.png",[],{"metadata":6396,"sys":6399,"fields":6409},{"tags":6397,"concepts":6398},[],[],{"space":6400,"id":6402,"type":14,"createdAt":6403,"updatedAt":6404,"environment":6405,"publishedVersion":2376,"revision":1330,"contentType":6407,"locale":27},{"sys":6401},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"60073EukHxXxIYMzjEf21","2020-11-19T19:37:32.803Z","2023-10-27T10:59:57.303Z",{"sys":6406},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6408},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":6410,"name":6411,"slug":6410,"tests":6412,"diplomaTest":7261,"icon":7281,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":7303,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":7304},"sdg-world-07","UN Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy",[6413],{"metadata":6414,"sys":6417,"fields":6428},{"tags":6415,"concepts":6416},[],[],{"space":6418,"id":6420,"type":14,"createdAt":6421,"updatedAt":6422,"environment":6423,"publishedVersion":6425,"revision":364,"contentType":6426,"locale":27},{"sys":6419},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ff5e5effa89a47a875fbf9b179664230","2021-11-11T07:12:44.238Z","2024-10-29T08:33:48.050Z",{"sys":6424},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},52,{"sys":6427},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":6429,"heading":6411,"slug":6430,"questions":6431},"sdg_world_07_t1","un-goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy",[6432,6493,6527,6559,6629,676,6663,6700,6732,6762,6791,6821,6859,6889,6924,6962,6991,7023,7056,7083,7110,7133,7156,7179,7203,7231],{"metadata":6433,"sys":6440,"fields":6451},{"tags":6434,"concepts":6439},[6435,6437],{"sys":6436},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6438},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6441,"id":6443,"type":14,"createdAt":6444,"updatedAt":6445,"environment":6446,"publishedVersion":6448,"revision":2376,"contentType":6449,"locale":27},{"sys":6442},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"0eabb0d98a008f6672fec73c3d4a6f30","2021-11-11T07:07:47.264Z","2024-10-14T07:43:04.741Z",{"sys":6447},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},180,{"sys":6450},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6452,"answers":6453,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":769,"name":6454,"questionText":6455,"statistics":6456,"veryWrongStatistics":6470,"correctSentence":6484,"youWereWrong":6485,"youWereRight":6486,"dataSourceShortText":6487,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6488,"extendedAnswerText":6489,"headingVeryWrong":6490,"youWereVeryWrong":6485,"headingWrong":6491,"aboutSurveys":6492},"50",[],"How many people in the world have some access to e","How many people in the world have some access to electricity?",[6457,6458,6459,6460,6461,6462,6463,6464,6465,6466,5167,6467,6468,6469],"uk 0.7395","usa 0.73","aus 0.81","bel 0.83","can 0.82","fra 0.8","deu 0.78","hun 0.78","jpn 0.86","kor 0.78","swe 0.69","fin 0.8","nor 0.68",[6471,6472,6473,6474,6475,6476,6477,6478,323,6479,6480,6481,6482,6483],"uk 0.2075","usa 0.15","aus 0.24","bel 0.20","can 0.21","fra 0.20","deu 0.18","hun 0.18","kor 0.22","esp 0.32","swe 0.14","fin 0.24","nor 0.15","Around 90% of people have some access to electricity.\n\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F884428985>","You were in the dark about global electrification. Almost all houses are now connected to a power grid and they often have light at night.","They are in the dark about the rapid global electrification."," Source: The Energy Progress Report","\nRoughly 90% of the world’s population had some access to the electricity grid in their countries in 2022 according to The Energy Progress Report, which tracks the progress of SDG 7 [1].\n\nThe term “access” is defined differently in all their underlying sources. In some extreme cases, households may experience an average of 60 power outages per week and still be listed as “having access to electricity”. The question, accordingly, talks about “some” access. \n\nGlobal averages hide regional differences. In many areas, basically everyone has access to electricity, while in Sub-Saharan Africa only 51% of the population does[1]. It is also much more common to have access to some electricity in cities where, worldwide, 98% have electricity, compared to those living in the countryside where only 84% have access to electricity.\n\n[1]  [The Energy Progress Report (collaboration between World Bank, International Energy Agency, the WHO, UN and International Renewable Energy Agency)](https:\u002F\u002Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org\u002Fresults)\n[2]  [LSMS Survey Nigeria, 2019](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nigerianstat.gov.ng\u002Fpdfuploads\u002FLSMS_Integrated_Panel_Survey_Report.pdf)\n[3]  We consulted four independent experts about this question, including Philip Sandwell of Imperial College London.","The world is much more developed than most people realize. It happened during the past 50 years. Now, 90% of people have access to electricity. A world where 100% of people have electricity is no longer beyond imagination. \nBut having some access doesn't mean you have power all day. In Nigeria for example, there are so many outages that even the households connected to the grid only have power 5 hours a day, on average.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen we think of poorer countries and villages we often underestimate the development in these places, not only for electricity. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we wrongly think most poor people don't have any access to electricity today, we have missed the great progress since the 1990s and might think it's unachievable to help everyone get access to electricity. \n\n### Why is it important that everyone has electricity?\nYou have probably always lived in a home with a fridge and you could always turn the light on in the evening. The enormous value of bringing electricity to a poor village can be hard to realize if you have never experienced the alternative.\nImagine taking care of your ill children or doing your homework in the dark, washing your clothes without a washing machine, cooking over an open fire or not being able to store food in a fridge. The list goes on and on.\n\n### What exactly do you mean by “some access to electricity”? \nWhile around 90% of the world’s population had some access to electricity in 2022, not all access is equal. \nThere are varying definitions of “access” and in some extreme cases households may experience an average of 60 power outages per week and still be counted as having access to electricity. \n\n### Where can I learn more?\nGapminder Tools: See how rapidly [access to electricity](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=eg_elc_accs_zs&source=wdi&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;&frame$value=2021;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1) for countries has increased since 1990. \n\nDollar Street: Browse [light sources](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=light-sources) in homes on different income levels from all over the world. \n\nDollar Street: Browse [power outlets sources](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=power-outlets) in homes on different income levels from all over the world. \n\nGoogle Earth at Night: [See how the electricity glows at night where people live](https:\u002F\u002Fearth.google.com\u002Fweb\u002F@31.01028449,78.35493581,7855.81660171a,14335808.43559742d,35y,0h,0t,0r\u002Fdata=CiQSIhIgMGY3ZTJkYzdlOGExMTFlNjk5MGQ2ZjgxOGQ2OWE2ZTc)\n","Enlightening","Enlightenment","This question was originally tested with slightly different answer options in multiple countries. When we first tested this question the data said that around 90% was the correct answer but we rounded down to \"More than 80%\" to avoid overestimating the correct answer. Since then, access to electricity around the world has kept increasing and the data shows the global figure for electricity access is over 90%, so we decided that to change the correct answer to \"Around 90%\". To avoid losing results from all of the countries we tested this question in and because the new correct answer is still in line with the previous one we decided to keep the old results.\n\nThe original answer options used were:\n\nA. Less than 20% (Very wrong)\nB. Around 50% (Wrong)\nC. More than 80% (Correct)",{"metadata":6494,"sys":6501,"fields":6512},{"tags":6495,"concepts":6500},[6496,6498],{"sys":6497},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6499},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6502,"id":6504,"type":14,"createdAt":6505,"updatedAt":6506,"environment":6507,"publishedVersion":6509,"revision":1081,"contentType":6510,"locale":27},{"sys":6503},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"a3ec9d6b414f89f8b611406989991b2e","2021-11-11T07:07:49.272Z","2026-02-10T13:38:47.586Z",{"sys":6508},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},134,{"sys":6511},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6513,"answers":6514,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":6515,"questionText":6516,"statistics":6517,"veryWrongStatistics":6518,"correctSentence":6519,"youWereWrong":6520,"youWereRight":6521,"dataSourceShortText":6522,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6523,"extendedAnswerText":6524,"headingVeryWrong":6525,"youWereVeryWrong":6520,"headingWrong":6526},"51",[],"In 1950, 0% of all energy consumption came from nu","In 1950, 0% of all energy consumption came from nuclear energy. What is that number today?",[2737],[3548],"Around 5% of all energy consumption comes from nuclear energy.","You probably confuse how much nuclear energy is discussed with how much nuclear energy is used.","They probably confuse how much nuclear energy is discussed with how much nuclear energy is used.","Data sources: Energy Institute & EIA","We have found five different data sources with different estimates of nuclear’s share of global primary energy consumption, ranging between 3.6% and 5%, depending on how you count all the other energy sources. [1]: [Energy Institute](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energyinst.org\u002Fstatistical-review) has just ver 5% Share of primary energy 2024. [2]  [IEA](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=TPESbySource) has 5% of total energy supply 2023. [3] [EIA](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eia.gov\u002Finternational\u002Fdata\u002Fworld\u002Ftotal-energy\u002Ftotal-energy-consumption?pd=44&p=0000000010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000u06&u=0&f=A&v=mapbubble&a=-&i=none&vo=value&&t=C&g=00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001&l=249-ruvvvvvfvtvnvv1vrvvvvfvvvvvvfvvvou20evvvvvvvvvvnvvvs0008&s=315532800000&e=1640995200000) has 4.5% of total primary energy in 2022.  [4] :[Our World in Data, Global direct primary energy, Global direct primary energy](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fglobal-energy-consumption-source?time=earliest..latest) has 4% of global direct primary energy for 2024, combining BP[1] and Smil, converting all units to terawatt-hours. [5]  [Our World in Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fenergy-consumption-by-source-and-region) 4% of energy consumption in 2024. Three different experts gave us feedback and confirmed that the correct answer is somewhere slightly below 5%.\n\n[1]  [Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energyinst.org\u002Fstatistical-review)  \n[2]  [IEA, International Energy Agency, World Energy Balances 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=TPESbySource)  \n[3]  [EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=TPESbySource)  \n[4]  [Our World in Data - Global direct primary energy](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fglobal-primary-energy?stackMode=relative)  \n[5]  [Our World in Data - Energy consumption by source, World](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fenergy-consumption-by-source-and-region)  \n[6]  [Energy Transitions: Global and National Perspectives (Second expanded and updated edition)](http:\u002F\u002Fvaclavsmil.com\u002F2016\u002F12\u002F14\u002Fenergy-transitions-global-and-national-perspectives-second-expanded-and-updated-edition\u002F)  \n[7]  [Gapminder's compilation based on different sources](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1TmwrttvoM9P1fdJGP47UKt6vLTNOR0eNYLxOu63cspU\u002Fedit#gid=0)\n","\nWe need to drastically cut carbon dioxide emissions from our electricity production, and nuclear power could potentially replace a lot of the fossil fuel power plants. Therefore it’s being discussed a lot, and when something is often talked about it ends up being a common thought in our minds. And when something is common in our minds, we start believing it’s common in reality. \n\nOnly a small number of rich countries have a major [share of energy from nuclear power plants](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fnuclear-energy#what-share-of-primary-energy-comes-from-nuclear). France and Finland are in the lead, and for the same reason they emit less [CO2 per person](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fco2-emissions#per-capita-co2-emissions) than other rich countries.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nNuclear energy is often discussed in the media. As it's being talked about a lot, we easily assume it's a major energy source. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWhen severely overestimating the amount of nuclear energy, people underestimate how much fossil fuels are being used, which we have found by asking this question: [“Of all energy used in the world, how much comes from natural gas, coal and oil?\"](https:\u002F\u002Fupgrader.gapminder.org\u002Ft\u002Fsdg-world-un-goals\u002F9\u002F)”\n\n### Is nuclear really just 4% of the global energy consumption?\nNuclear energy has never accounted for much of the world energy. So far, its [peak was around 6.5% of the share in the early 2000s](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fenergy-consumption-by-source-and-region).\n\n### How many people have died from different energy sources?\nThe burning of fossil fuels emits not only greenhouse gases but also particles that harm people's lungs. Coal and oil have killed hundreds of times more people than nuclear, as displayed in [this graph](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fsafest-sources-of-energy#nuclear-energy-and-renewables-are-far-far-safer-than-fossil-fuels). \n","One tenth of your guess","One fifth of your guess",{"metadata":6528,"sys":6535,"fields":6545},{"tags":6529,"concepts":6534},[6530,6532],{"sys":6531},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6533},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6536,"id":6538,"type":14,"createdAt":6539,"updatedAt":6540,"environment":6541,"publishedVersion":882,"revision":259,"contentType":6543,"locale":27},{"sys":6537},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"106578eba14fd0c3c6774aa6344cba3d","2021-11-11T07:07:58.470Z","2023-12-07T14:37:10.721Z",{"sys":6542},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6544},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6546,"answers":6547,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":442,"name":6548,"questionText":6549,"statistics":6550,"veryWrongStatistics":6551,"correctSentence":6552,"youWereWrong":6553,"youWereRight":6554,"dataSourceShortText":6555,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6556,"extendedAnswerText":6557,"headingVeryWrong":6558,"youWereVeryWrong":6553,"headingWrong":6558},"55",[],"Compared to 1980, the cost of energy from solar pa","Compared to 1980, the cost of energy from solar panels today is roughly:",[447],[3732],"Solar panels today cost 1% of what they did in 1980.\n\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F892250813>","You probably hear a lot about solar panels, and the reason is that their price has dropped faster than anyone expected.","They didn’t realize just how fast the price of solar panels dropped.","Sources: IPCC and IRENA","Price data published by IPCC[1] in 2012, shows the dropping trend between 1976 and 2010 in constant USD 2005. The average price of silicon PV modules per Watt, dropped from $20 in 1980 down to $1.4 in 2010. This means the price had dropped to 7% already in 2010. \n\nThe IRENA report[2] shows the levelized cost of electricity expressed in 2020 USD\u002FkWh. It dropped from 0.38 to 0.06 $\u002FkWh. The price in 2020 was 16% of the 2010 price, which was 7% of the 1980 price, which means that the 2020 price was 1% of the 1980 price. These trends are confirmed by these other sources. Data from Lafond et al.[4] and IRENA[2], via Our World in Data[3] shows the global average price of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) modules in 1980 was $35.01 per watt, and in 2019 it was $0.38 per watt. The global average price per watt is measured in 2019 USD. \n\nThe data from Lafond et al.[4] goes up to 2009 and from there Our World in Data used data from the IRENA database[2]. A similar trend was published in April 2017 by Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017 by UNEP[5]. We have gathered feedback from three independent experts who confirm the correct answer.\n\n[1]  [IPCC Renewable report, from 2012, page 15 Figure SPM.6(a)](https:\u002F\u002Farchive.ipcc.ch\u002Fpdf\u002Fspecial-reports\u002Fsrren\u002FSRREN_FD_SPM_final.pdf)  \n[2]  [IRENA - Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2019](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irena.org\u002Fpublications\u002F2020\u002FJun\u002FRenewable-Power-Costs-in-2019) \n[3]  [Our World in Data - Solar PV module prices](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fsolar-pv-prices?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute&time=1976..latest&region=World)  \n[4]  [Lafond et al. (2017). How well do experience curves predict technological progress? A method for making distributional forecasts](https:\u002F\u002Farxiv.org\u002Fpdf\u002F1703.05979.pdf)  \n[5]  [Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017, UNEP](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ctc-n.org\u002Fresources\u002Fglobal-trends-renewable-energy-investment-2017)\n[6]  We consulted eight independent experts about this question, including Simon O'Leary of Regent's University London.","\nMost people have no clue that the [price of solar panels](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fsolar-pv-prices?tab=chart&stackMode=absolute&time=1976..latest&region=World) today is only 1% of what it was 40 years ago!\n\nEven though there has been a huge drop in the price, solar energy still only makes up roughly 1% of [the world’s energy use](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fenergy#more-than-80-of-our-energy-still-comes-from-fossil-fuels). \n\nPerhaps if more people realized how cheap they have become, they could plan to change some of their energy use to this clean source.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nDeciding what power source to use is not something people do every day. When the prices fall this fast, people tend to miss it. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe global switch to clean energy is moving far too slowly. With misconceptions like this, the change is held back not by technology but by price information. \n\n### Is this the only way to measure the price of solar panels?\nNo, it isn’t. A common way is to measure the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). This measures the cost of setting up and running a solar farm (for example) against the amount of energy produced. It can be used to compare the cost efficiency of different energy generation methods. If we look at this measure of solar panel costs we still see an enormous drop in prices; falling by 85% between 2010 and 2020. See the [IRENA report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irena.org\u002Fpublications\u002F2021\u002FJun\u002FRenewable-Power-Costs-in-2020).\n","Lightspeed price drop",{"metadata":6560,"sys":6567,"fields":6577},{"tags":6561,"concepts":6566},[6562,6564],{"sys":6563},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6565},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6568,"id":6570,"type":14,"createdAt":6571,"updatedAt":6572,"environment":6573,"publishedVersion":292,"revision":2037,"contentType":6575,"locale":27},{"sys":6569},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"fad4b2a8e10a98952075a4b72f528ba4","2021-11-11T07:17:15.926Z","2024-09-16T12:51:55.230Z",{"sys":6574},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6576},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6578,"answers":6579,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4132,"ruleOfThumbs":6580,"name":6581,"questionText":6582,"statistics":6583,"veryWrongStatistics":6601,"correctSentence":6622,"youWereWrong":6623,"youWereRight":6624,"dataSourceShortText":6625,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6626,"extendedAnswerText":6627,"headingVeryWrong":6628,"youWereVeryWrong":6623,"headingWrong":6628},"9",[],[],"Of all energy used in the world, how much comes fr","Of all energy used in the world, how much comes from natural gas, coal and oil?",[6584,6585,5920,6586,6587,6588,6589,6590,6591,6592,6593,6594,6595,6596,6469,6597,6598,6599,5947,6600],"uk 0.6937","usa 0.52","fra 0.61","deu 0.6","jpn 0.62","mex 0.57","rus 0.54","esp 0.58","swe 0.66","mys 0.56","mar 0.54","dnk 0.59","fin 0.61","zaf 0.51","ind 0.62","pak 0.58","phl 0.64",[6602,6603,6604,6605,6606,6607,6608,6609,6610,6611,6612,6613,6614,6615,6616,6617,6618,6619,6620,6621],"uk 0.3525","usa 0.16","bra 0.32","fra 0.23","deu 0.14","jpn 0.40","mex 0.20","rus 0.23","esp 0.21","swe 0.15","mys 0.25","mar 0.22","dnk 0.17","fin 0.14","nor 0.18","zaf 0.26","ind 0.30","pak 0.22","nga 0.20","phl 0.36","Around 80% of all energy used in the world comes from coal, oil and natural gas.","Many wrongly believe that fossil fuels are no longer the dominant energy sources. You hear a lot about clean energy solutions and it gives the impression that they are already replacing the old dirty fuels. But nope.","Many wrongly believe that fossil fuels are no longer the dominant energy sources. All the talk about clean energy gives an impression that the old dirty fuels are already being replaced. But nope.","Sources: IEA, EIA and BP","We use three data sources for Primary Energy Consumption from fossil fuels, which have very similar estimates for their most recent year: EIA (78.5% year 2020); IEA (80.1% year 2020); and Energy Institute (formerly BP) (82% in 2022). As many people think the number is lower than that, we use a number closer to the smallest estimate, 80%, to avoid giving an impression that we are trying to exaggerate the number. The real number might very well be above 80%, maybe even 82% like the Energy Institute reports. Primary Energy Consumption is the total amount of energy that is used. It includes final consumption by end users plus energy used for transport and transformation into a usable product[5].\n\n[1]  [Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energyinst.org\u002Fstatistical-review)  \n[2]  [International Energy Agency](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=TPESbySource)  \n[3]  [EIA](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eia.gov\u002Foutlooks\u002Faeo\u002Fdata\u002Fbrowser\u002F#\u002F?id=2-IEO2021&sourcekey=0)  \n[4]  [Energy Balance IEA](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fsankey\u002F)  \n[5]  [IEA - Global primary energy, electricity generation, final consumption and CO2 emissions by fuel, 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fcharts\u002Fglobal-primary-energy-electricity-generation-final-consumption-and-co2-emissions-by-fuel-2018)  \n[6] We consulted six independent experts about this question, including Jessica Jewell of Chalmers University.","We are bombarded by news and commercials about new and clean technologies and maybe the amount of news makes people believe that a lot of fossil fuels have already been replaced. Such a misconception risks making people assume that enough of a change has already happened. \n\nBut 80% of energy still comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). It’s easy to assume that the remaining 20% comes from modern clean energy sources, but that is not the case. Almost 10% comes from burning plants (wood, charcoal and waste), which produces smoke that adds to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere until new plants have grown, while nuclear adds 5% and water and wind\u002Fsolar only contribute around 2-3% each. \n\nThe three fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), are mainly burnt by rich people and rich countries and, despite all the talk, so far only a few high-income countries have cut their fossil use, and only by a fraction. To summarize: The required switch to clean energy has barely started.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe climate change problem is urgent and changes need to be made as soon as possible. If we do not not know even the basic facts, how can we know what we need to do to make the changes required to avoid the worst impacts of climate change?\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThere has been a lot of talk about clean energy and so they probably assume that has been matched with action.\n\n### What is the difference between primary energy consumption and final energy consumption and why is it important?\nThe figure we use in this question is about primary energy consumption, which looks only at how much energy is inputted into the energy production, and not how much energy is outputted. Fossil fuels are very inefficient compared to sources of renewable energy. When fossil fuels are being burnt a lot of energy is wasted as heat and noise. If we don’t look at the amount of energy inputted, but instead look at the energy that is used by consumers, then the fossil sources are just around 67%. Because renewable energy is so much more efficient, we don't need to replace all of the energy that is inputted at the start, only the energy used by people at the end. This means our goals are even more achievable.\n\nThe lost energy can be seen at the bottom of the total energy flow in [this diagram.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fsankey\u002F) \n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes. We use three data sources for Primary Energy Consumption from fossil fuels, which have very similar estimates for their most recent year: EIA (78.5% in 2020); IEA (80.1% in 2020); and Energy Institute (82% in 2022). As many people think the number is lower than that, we use a number closer to the smallest estimate, 80%, to avoid giving an impression that we are trying to exaggerate the number. The real number might very well be above 80%, maybe even 82% like the Energy Institute reports. Primary Energy Consumption is the total amount of energy that is used. It includes final consumption by end users plus energy used for transport and transformation into a usable product.\n\n### Discover more\nSee energy consumption by energy type [here](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fglobal-primary-energy?stackMode=relative&time=earliest..latesttype). \n\nSee a rough overview of emissions by income [here](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fglobal-primary-energy).\n","If you were right, global warming would be easy to fix",{"metadata":6630,"sys":6637,"fields":6648},{"tags":6631,"concepts":6636},[6632,6634],{"sys":6633},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6635},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6638,"id":6640,"type":14,"createdAt":6641,"updatedAt":6642,"environment":6643,"publishedVersion":6645,"revision":1584,"contentType":6646,"locale":27},{"sys":6639},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"0218e4ce02888100c943860d9355911d","2021-11-11T07:07:56.070Z","2023-11-27T09:10:56.333Z",{"sys":6644},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},61,{"sys":6647},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":6649,"answers":6650,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":6651,"questionText":6652,"statistics":6653,"veryWrongStatistics":6654,"correctSentence":6655,"youWereWrong":6656,"youWereRight":6657,"dataSourceShortText":6658,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6659,"extendedAnswerText":6660,"headingVeryWrong":6661,"youWereVeryWrong":6662,"headingWrong":6661},"54",[],"Of all renewable energy used in the world today, w","Of all renewable energy used in the world today, what share comes from traditional burning of biomass like charcoal, wood and agricultural waste?",[1456],[3704],"\nMost of our renewable energy today comes from traditional biofuel sources such as burning wood and agricultural waste materials.","When we hear renewable, we often think of wind and solar energy. We easily forget the most commonly used renewable: Burning wood and waste. ","They seem to think that renewable means only the wind and sun, while in fact a lot of renewable energy comes from burning fuels found around the home. "," Source: Renewables Global Status Report","\nMultiple sources indicate that traditional biofuels are in the range of 40% or more of all renewable energy. According to the RENEWABLES 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT [2], 41% in 2016, with a steady falling trend up to then. We estimate it to be around 35-40% now, according to the most recent RENEWABLES GLOBAL STATUS REPORT from 2021 [1]. These estimates use extrapolations of trends published in IEA, World Energy Balances and Statistics, 2020 edition[6].\nTraditional biofuel use is more difficult to estimate than other fuel use, because it is largely firewood or other material gathered by households, and so it doesn’t enter markets where there are more records of how much is being used. \nNonetheless this data is the best estimate of traditional biofuel usage and is likely an underestimation of the actual use of traditional renewables, as suggested by Smil[3] who assumes the number for 2015 to be approximately 60%. We cross checked these numbers with eight experts in the field and the consensus confirmed our answer.\nIn addition to the traditional biofuels, the total renewable number here includes wind, solar, hydro and modern bioenergy.\n\n[1]  [RENEWABLES 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT page 33, based on IEA](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ren21.net\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F05\u002FGSR2021_Full_Report.pdf)  \n[2]  [RENEWABLES 2019 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT page 31, based on OECD\u002FIEA](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ren21.net\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F05\u002Fgsr_2019_full_report_en.pdf)  \n[3]  [Vaclav Smil - Energy Transitions](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FEnergy-Transitions-Global-National-Perspectives\u002Fdp\u002F144085324X)  \n[4]  [Graph Smil in science 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencemag.org\u002Fnews\u002F2018\u002F03\u002Fmeet-vaclav-smil-man-who-has-quietly-shaped-how-world-thinks-about-energy)  \n[5]  [WHO - fact sheet indoor air pollution](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fnews-room\u002Ffact-sheets\u002Fdetail\u002Fhousehold-air-pollution-and-health)  \n[6]  [OECD\u002FIEA, World Energy Balances and Statistics, 2020 edition](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fdata-products)\n","In many high-income countries we have moved away from the traditional way of heating and cooking, i.e. burning things collected outside in nature close to home. Instead, homes are heated in other ways that no longer include the hassle of finding the wood to burn or producing dangerous particles in the air when burned as the main energy source. We use the burning of wood for coziness and decoration, like having a fireplace in the living room to gather around. Therefore, it is easy to forget that the majority of people who have less resources still burn things they can cheaply (or freely) get for heating and cooking. We just never see this.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople hear renewable energy and immediately think of clean energy sources such as wind and solar energy. What we fail to realize is that most of the renewable energy used in the world today comes from the burning of wood and agricultural waste. This is likely because these traditional biofuels in high-income countries are now used out of comfort rather than necessity, with far more efficient cooking and heating sources now available to us.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nBurning of traditional fuels (such as wood) for cooking or heating can be damaging for our health, because of the dangerous particles released into the air. An estimated 2 million people  [die each year from indoor air pollution](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Findoor-air-pollution), of which renewable fuels such as wood and agricultural waste are significant contributors. \n\nIf we don't understand the size of the problem of burning fuels indoors, we are unlikely to see a need to tackle the problem.\n\n### Is renewable energy a modern energy?\nWe must realize that not everything that counts as renewable energy is modern energy, and that we are not only trying to transition away from unclean fossil fuels but also unclean renewable energy sources. \n\n### So why does burning biofuels count as renewable energy?\nIn theory, wood is a renewable source of energy as long as new trees grow to replace those that are used for fuel. Unfortunately, in practice that doesn’t always happen. If the forest doesn’t get enough time to grow back, then the wood was in fact not renewed. Such sustainable replanting practices are often not implemented in resource-poor areas. For this reason, other data sources on renewable energy (such as BP, IEA, AIE) have not counted traditional biofuels in their most recent figures. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes. We cross-checked this estimate with three experts in the field who agreed it is a realistic estimate. But please note that traditional biofuel use is more difficult to estimate than other fuel use, because it is largely firewood or other material gathered by households, and so it doesn’t enter markets where there are more records of how much is being used. Nonetheless this data is the best estimate of traditional biofuel usage and is likely an underestimation.\n\n### Where can I learn more?\n[RENEWABLES 2021 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ren21.net\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2019\u002F05\u002FGSR2021_Full_Report.pdf)\n","Renewable often means fire","When we hear renewable, we often think of wind and solar energy. We easily forget the most commonly used renewable: Burning wood and waste.",{"metadata":6664,"sys":6671,"fields":6681},{"tags":6665,"concepts":6670},[6666,6668],{"sys":6667},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6669},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6672,"id":6674,"type":14,"createdAt":6675,"updatedAt":6676,"environment":6677,"publishedVersion":616,"revision":1270,"contentType":6679,"locale":27},{"sys":6673},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"28emGnWcxcXYGON6oiDknl","2023-04-24T13:51:11.742Z","2024-06-27T11:56:49.069Z",{"sys":6678},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6680},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6682,"answers":6683,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":6684,"questionText":6685,"statistics":6686,"veryWrongStatistics":6689,"correctSentence":6694,"youWereWrong":6695,"youWereRight":6695,"dataSourceShortText":6696,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6697,"extendedAnswerText":6698,"headingVeryWrong":6699,"youWereVeryWrong":6695,"headingWrong":6699},"1524",[],"Fossil fuel use today vs 2000","In 2023, how much fossil fuels (oil, coal and natural gas) were used in the world, compared to the year 2000?",[6687,6688,447,779],"swe 0.78","deu 0.79",[6690,6691,6692,6693],"swe 0.29","deu 0.28","uk 0.29","usa 0.26","Globally, 145% more fossil fuels were used in 2023 compared to 2000.  ","When it comes to the amount of fossil fuels being used, we are still moving in the wrong direction. The replacement of dirty fuels with clean sources has barely begun.","Source: Energy Institute","The data we used comes from the The Energy Institute's review of world energy (formerly the BP Statistical Review of World Energy) and it shows that the consumption of fossil fuels was around 145% larger in 2023 compared to 2000. \n\nTwo independent experts we consulted about this question said they recognized BP’s data as trustworthy and that the big increase in fossil fuel use since 2000 is a correct conclusion.\n\n[1]  [Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energyinst.org\u002Fstatistical-review)  \n[2]  [Our World In Data – Global fossil fuel consumption](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffossil-fuels#global-fossil-fuel-consumption)  \n[3]  [Our World In Data – Coal, oil, gas, cement: where do CO2 emissions come from?](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Femissions-by-fuel#coal-oil-gas-cement-where-do-co2-emissions-come-from)  \n","In the last 20 years, the amount of fossil fuels being used has increased by a lot. In that time, the amount of coal being used has stagnated. That is positive. But, there has been a big rise in the use of gas, which is less dirty than coal, but still contributes to climate change.   \n\nRenewable energy use has been growing and solar and wind power have become much cheaper. But the transition away from coal, gas and oil is still happening much more slowly than it needs to if we are going to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. \n\nThe chart below shows how fossil fuel consumption has increased over the decades.\n\n[![Skärmavbild 2022-12-06 kl. 15.52.11](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F72wx6elR1wtR4Q3HHOYMph\u002F04f4d2874b3ec168fb4320324ca9f54e\u002FSka__rmavbild_2022-12-06_kl._15.52.11.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffossil-fuels#global-fossil-fuel-consumption)  \n\nSource of chart: [Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffossil-fuels#global-fossil-fuel-consumption) ","Burning much more",{"metadata":6701,"sys":6710,"fields":6720},{"tags":6702,"concepts":6709},[6703,6705,6707],{"sys":6704},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":6706},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6708},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6711,"id":6713,"type":14,"createdAt":6714,"updatedAt":6715,"environment":6716,"publishedVersion":5763,"revision":2608,"contentType":6718,"locale":27},{"sys":6712},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1wAfu51RJBKSGHQWXhSk4E","2023-05-11T12:56:11.936Z","2023-12-13T10:54:37.189Z",{"sys":6717},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6719},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6721,"answers":6722,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":146,"name":6723,"questionText":6724,"statistics":6725,"veryWrongStatistics":6727,"correctSentence":6729,"dataSourceShortText":6730,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6731},"1633",[],"Greener energy provider China","70% of Europeans said they were planning to switch to a more environmentally friendly energy provider to fight climate change, in 2020. What was this number in China?",[6726],"usa 0.87",[6728],"usa 0.4789","In 2020, 94% of people in China said they had either already switched or planned to switch to a more environmentally friendly energy provider to fight climate change.","Sources:  European Investment Bank","[1]    [European Investment Bank, 2019-20 Climate Survey](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.eib.org\u002Fen\u002Fsurveys\u002Fclimate-survey\u002Fall-resources.htm)        ",{"metadata":6733,"sys":6742,"fields":6752},{"tags":6734,"concepts":6741},[6735,6737,6739],{"sys":6736},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":6738},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6740},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6743,"id":6745,"type":14,"createdAt":6746,"updatedAt":6747,"environment":6748,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":2107,"contentType":6750,"locale":27},{"sys":6744},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4tadKZS2HI7AN5hRuDWroj","2023-05-11T12:59:16.190Z","2023-11-27T09:06:18.502Z",{"sys":6749},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6751},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6753,"answers":6754,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":6755,"questionText":6756,"statistics":6757,"veryWrongStatistics":6758,"correctSentence":6760,"dataSourceShortText":6761,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6731},"1634",[],"Greener energy provider US","70% of Europeans said they were planning to switch to a more environmentally friendly energy provider to fight climate change, in 2020. What was this number in the US?",[5628],[6759],"usa 0.4590","In 2020, 64% of people in the US said they had either already switched or planned to switch to a more environmentally friendly energy provider to fight climate change.","Sources: European Investment Bank",{"metadata":6763,"sys":6770,"fields":6780},{"tags":6764,"concepts":6769},[6765,6767],{"sys":6766},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6768},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6771,"id":6773,"type":14,"createdAt":6774,"updatedAt":6775,"environment":6776,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":44,"contentType":6778,"locale":27},{"sys":6772},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5Mfp1Zvy6NotT0ZZmWewGC","2023-05-12T11:21:28.385Z","2023-11-27T09:10:56.214Z",{"sys":6777},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6779},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6781,"answers":6782,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3512,"name":6783,"questionText":6784,"statistics":6785,"veryWrongStatistics":6786,"correctSentence":6788,"dataSourceShortText":6696,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6789,"extendedAnswerText":6790},"1637",[],"Modern renewable share","What share of all energy used in the world comes from the modern renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro and modern biofuels)?",[4806],[6787],"uk 0.244","Around 7% all energy used in the world comes from modern renewable sources.","[1]  [Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energyinst.org\u002Fstatistical-review)  ","The share of energy from solar, wind, hydro and modern biofuels has been growing, but not as much as people imagine. When it comes to electricity, nearly 40% comes from modern renewables. Perhaps that is why people assume that the share of total energy from renewables is higher. What most people don’t realize, though, is that electricity is only 20% of all the energy used in the world.",{"metadata":6792,"sys":6799,"fields":6809},{"tags":6793,"concepts":6798},[6794,6796],{"sys":6795},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6797},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6800,"id":6802,"type":14,"createdAt":6803,"updatedAt":6804,"environment":6805,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":998,"contentType":6807,"locale":27},{"sys":6801},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6C1fGvGjLG5j3J5B62YB6c","2023-05-12T11:28:21.694Z","2023-11-27T09:10:56.158Z",{"sys":6806},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6808},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6810,"answers":6811,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4132,"name":6812,"questionText":6813,"statistics":6814,"veryWrongStatistics":6816,"correctSentence":6818,"dataSourceShortText":6819,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6820},"1638",[],"Power station costs","Of the total cost of electricity worldwide, how much is the transfer from the power station to the user, on average?",[6815],"uk 0.65",[6817],"uk 0.209","Around a third of the cost of electricity paid for by users are the costs of transmission and distribution.\n","Source: How To Avoid A Climate Disaster","[1]  [Bill Gates - “How To Avoid A Climate Disaster”](https:\u002F\u002Fbooks.google.se\u002Fbooks?id=pHK0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74&lpg=PT74&dq=The+more+power+lines+we+install,+the+more+the+price+of+power+goes+up.+In+fact,+transmission+and+distribution+are+responsible+for+more+than+a+third+of+the+final+cost+of+electricity.&source=bl&ots=Km90W7J115&sig=ACfU3U3mxVntWiD7rwgje1dQw73d7c9JuQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL4f3lpM7yAhXyQ_EDHXSfBGQQ6AF6BAgCEAM#v=onepage&q=The%20more%20power%20lines%20we%20install%2C%20the%20more%20the%20price%20of%20power%20goes%20up.%20In%20fact%2C%20transmission%20and%20distribution%20are%20responsible%20for%20more%20than%20a%20third%20of%20the%20final%20cost%20of%20electricity.&f=false)   ",{"metadata":6822,"sys":6829,"fields":6839},{"tags":6823,"concepts":6828},[6824,6826],{"sys":6825},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6827},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6830,"id":6832,"type":14,"createdAt":6833,"updatedAt":6834,"environment":6835,"publishedVersion":657,"revision":2377,"contentType":6837,"locale":27},{"sys":6831},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6e0oeMo1olaSAdU5ClzXSu","2023-06-12T14:05:27.525Z","2024-06-27T12:03:21.645Z",{"sys":6836},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6838},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6840,"answers":6841,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":6842,"questionText":6843,"statistics":6844,"veryWrongStatistics":6850,"correctSentence":6856,"dataSourceShortText":6857,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6858},"1672",[],"Electricity from fossil fuels","In 1990, around 60% of all electricity worldwide was produced using fossil fuels. What is that number today?",[6845,6846,6847,6848,268,3824,6849,778],"tur 0.78","pak 0.4752","col 0.6633","ken 0.6602","deu 0.77",[6851,6852,6853,6854,6693,6236,6691,6855],"tur 0.5","pak 0.3168","col 0.4653","ken 0.4854","swe 0.31","Today, the share of all electricity worldwide produced using fossil fuels is still around 60%.","Source: Energy Institute & IEA","[1]  [Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energyinst.org\u002Fstatistical-review)      \n[2]  [Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Felectricity-mix#where-does-our-electricity-come-from)      \n[3]  [IEA – Electricity generation by source, World 1990-2020](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fdata-tools\u002Fenergy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Electricity%20and%20heat&indicator=ElecGenByFuel)  ",{"metadata":6860,"sys":6867,"fields":6877},{"tags":6861,"concepts":6866},[6862,6864],{"sys":6863},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6865},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6868,"id":6870,"type":14,"createdAt":6871,"updatedAt":6872,"environment":6873,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":45,"contentType":6875,"locale":27},{"sys":6869},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1kRRz5tPAziW5pZgiOL8Gf","2023-06-22T14:31:01.399Z","2023-11-27T09:10:55.759Z",{"sys":6874},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6876},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6878,"answers":6879,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4101,"name":6880,"questionText":6881,"statistics":6882,"veryWrongStatistics":6884,"correctSentence":6886,"dataSourceShortText":6887,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6888},"1682",[],"Energy use per person","Since 1970, what happened to the amount of energy consumed per person globally?",[6883],"uk 0.626",[6885],"uk 0.455","Worldwide, energy consumption has increased by around 50% per person since 1970.","Source: BP and Shift Portal","[1]  [BP and Shift Portal via Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fper-capita-energy-use?tab=chart&time=1960..latest&country=~OWID_WRL)     ",{"metadata":6890,"sys":6897,"fields":6907},{"tags":6891,"concepts":6896},[6892,6894],{"sys":6893},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6895},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6898,"id":6900,"type":14,"createdAt":6901,"updatedAt":6902,"environment":6903,"publishedVersion":2854,"revision":587,"contentType":6905,"locale":27},{"sys":6899},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"KOcvhUuouR1hq1ToWmA9j","2023-06-30T09:05:27.665Z","2024-01-31T13:21:12.910Z",{"sys":6904},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6906},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6908,"answers":6909,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4101,"name":6910,"questionText":6911,"shortQuestionText":6912,"statistics":6913,"veryWrongStatistics":6917,"correctSentence":6921,"dataSourceShortText":6696,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6922,"extendedAnswerText":6923},"1689",[],"Non-fossil use","Of all energy used in the world in 2000, around 86% came from burning fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas). What is the number today?","Of all energy used in the world in 2000, about 86% came from burning fossil fuels (oil, coal and gas). What is it today?",[711,6914,6915,6916],"usa 0.65","deu 0.69","swe 0.57",[6481,6918,6919,6920],"uk 0.16","usa 0.19","deu 0.21","Worldwide, around 82% of all energy used in 2022 came from fossil fuel sources.","\n[1]  [Energy Institute – Statistical Review of World Energy 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energyinst.org\u002Fstatistical-review)   ","![contentful 3053](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002FPT2MkyRK1vU423VKDlDEJ\u002Ff113ab1b7daa5cdb65960c0ded1f61a6\u002Fcontentful_3053.png)\n\nSource: [Energy Institute Statistical Review of World Energy 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.energyinst.org\u002Fstatistical-review)",{"metadata":6925,"sys":6932,"fields":6942},{"tags":6926,"concepts":6931},[6927,6929],{"sys":6928},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6930},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6933,"id":6935,"type":14,"createdAt":6936,"updatedAt":6937,"environment":6938,"publishedVersion":694,"revision":2057,"contentType":6940,"locale":27},{"sys":6934},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5xEVSC1ainzTMtrAWGUZR1","2023-06-30T12:23:43.864Z","2024-05-08T09:03:41.414Z",{"sys":6939},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6941},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6943,"answers":6944,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":6945,"questionText":6946,"statistics":6947,"veryWrongStatistics":6952,"correctSentence":6959,"dataSourceShortText":6960,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6961},"1691",[],"Electricity as share of energy","Of all energy used in the world, what share is electricity?",[6948,6949,6950,6951,6592,1964,6458,6688],"pak 0.7425","col 0.8614","ken 0.7087","tur 0.81",[6953,6954,6955,6956,223,6957,335,6958],"pak 0.3465","col 0.5446","ken 0.5437","tur 0.27","uk 0.21","deu 0.24","Worldwide, around 20% of all the energy used is electricity from power plants.","Source: IEA","[1]  [IEA – Total final consumption by source ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fdata-tools\u002Fenergy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Energy%20consumption&indicator=TFCbySource)     ",{"metadata":6963,"sys":6970,"fields":6980},{"tags":6964,"concepts":6969},[6965,6967],{"sys":6966},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6968},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":6971,"id":6973,"type":14,"createdAt":6974,"updatedAt":6975,"environment":6976,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":45,"contentType":6978,"locale":27},{"sys":6972},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7cIMuVYrAhwUiERYDWExLE","2023-06-30T15:59:22.432Z","2023-11-27T09:10:55.608Z",{"sys":6977},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":6979},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":6981,"answers":6982,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":6983,"questionText":6984,"statistics":6985,"veryWrongStatistics":6986,"correctSentence":6988,"dataSourceShortText":6989,"dataSourceLinkLongText":6990},"1692",[],"electricity cost 100 year trend","Compared to 100 years ago, how affordable is electricity in the US today?",[855],[6987],"uk 0.487","Electricity in the US was 200 times more affordable in 2000 than in 1900.","Source: Vaclav Smil ","[1]  [Vaclav Smil (2000) – Energy in the twentieth century.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fpdf\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.energy.25.1.21)             \n",{"metadata":6992,"sys":6999,"fields":7009},{"tags":6993,"concepts":6998},[6994,6996],{"sys":6995},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":6997},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":7000,"id":7002,"type":14,"createdAt":7003,"updatedAt":7004,"environment":7005,"publishedVersion":845,"revision":44,"contentType":7007,"locale":27},{"sys":7001},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5nXM4EAtBOXyao3Pvfvedb","2023-08-31T13:29:17.459Z","2024-05-27T14:40:01.616Z",{"sys":7006},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7008},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7010,"answers":7011,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":7012,"questionText":7013,"statistics":7014,"veryWrongStatistics":7016,"correctSentence":7020,"dataSourceShortText":7021,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7022},"1706",[],"Energy R&D spend","Electronics and pharmaceutical companies spend around 12% of their revenue on research and development. How much do energy and fuel producing companies spend?\n",[934,5173,7015,2251],"swe 0.82",[6236,7017,7018,7019],"usa 0.32","swe 0.22","deu 0.26","Energy and fuel producing companies spend around 0.3% of their revenue on research and development","Source: IHS Markit and NCSES","The figures we use for this question came via a 2019 report from Breakthrough Energy, which used data from IHS Markit. We originally discovered this figure in the book “How To Avoid A Climate Disaster”, by Bill Gates, which says: “Companies in the energy business spend an average of just 0.3 percent of their revenue on energy R&D. The electronics and pharmaceutical industries, by contrast, spend nearly 10 percent and 13 percent, respectively.”\n\nEven though the figures we use are more than four years old, two independent experts we consulted for this question agreed that they still represent the best numbers available and represent the facts today as they understand them.\n\n[1]  [IHS Markit via Breakthrough Energy, page 43 ](https:\u002F\u002Fbreakthroughenergy.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2022\u002F10\u002FReport_AdvancingtheLandscapeofCleanEnergyInnovation_2019.pdf)  \n[2]  [US Data from National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, Table 3]( https:\u002F\u002Fncses.nsf.gov\u002Fpubs\u002Fnsf22343)     \n[3]  [Bill Gates - How To Avoid A Climate Disaster, page 184\n](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.amazon.com\u002FHow-Avoid-Climate-Disaster-Breakthroughs\u002Fdp\u002F059321577X)      \n",{"metadata":7024,"sys":7031,"fields":7041},{"tags":7025,"concepts":7030},[7026,7028],{"sys":7027},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":7029},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":7032,"id":7034,"type":14,"createdAt":7035,"updatedAt":7036,"environment":7037,"publishedVersion":586,"revision":71,"contentType":7039,"locale":27},{"sys":7033},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6YHutmRc4GuCR4zfw5YY5U","2023-09-06T13:04:30.729Z","2025-09-09T07:28:06.064Z",{"sys":7038},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7040},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7042,"answers":7043,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"name":7044,"questionText":7045,"statistics":7046,"veryWrongStatistics":7049,"correctSentence":7054,"dataSourceShortText":6960,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7055},"1731",[],"New electricity from renewable sources"," In 2024, how much of the newly built electricity production in the world was renewable?\n",[7047,2315,7048,703],"swe 0.86","usa 0.91",[7050,7051,7052,7053],"swe 0.45","uk 0.52","usa 0.46","deu 0.41","Around 85% of the increased electricity production in 2023 compared to the year before came from renewable sources (solar, wind and hydropower). \n\n![Newly installed renewables chart](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4NCwlyykIRAkByoRokqVfv\u002F18347a8186c9757cd886d0e51577a7d7\u002FScreenshot_2025-09-09_at_09.24.40.png)\n\nThe chart above comes from [IRENA's 2025 renewable energy report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irena.org\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002FFiles\u002FIRENA\u002FAgency\u002FPublication\u002F2025\u002FJul\u002FIRENA_DAT_Renewable_energy_highlights_2025.pdf).","[1]  [IRENA, Renewable Energy Highlights, page 5](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.irena.org\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002FFiles\u002FIRENA\u002FAgency\u002FPublication\u002F2025\u002FJul\u002FIRENA_DAT_Renewable_energy_highlights_2025.pdf) ",{"metadata":7057,"sys":7064,"fields":7074},{"tags":7058,"concepts":7063},[7059,7061],{"sys":7060},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":681},{"sys":7062},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":7065,"id":7067,"type":14,"createdAt":7068,"updatedAt":7069,"environment":7070,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":45,"contentType":7072,"locale":27},{"sys":7066},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5fFK4LBycYpm1qwevJ6P3T","2023-10-27T10:59:19.586Z","2023-11-27T09:10:55.085Z",{"sys":7071},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7073},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7075,"answers":7076,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":7077,"questionText":7078,"statistics":7079,"veryWrongStatistics":7081},"1750",[],"Share cooking with non-clean fuels","In 2000, around 50% of the world's population didn't have modern stoves. Instead they cooked food by burning wood, charcoal or dung. What is the share today? ",[7080],"usa 0.67",[7082],"usa 0.1795",{"metadata":7084,"sys":7087,"fields":7097},{"tags":7085,"concepts":7086},[],[],{"space":7088,"id":7090,"type":14,"createdAt":7091,"updatedAt":7092,"environment":7093,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":91,"contentType":7095,"locale":27},{"sys":7089},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2rkmVKVnUPSPgmYnroaIp6","2023-10-10T14:43:30.944Z","2025-10-01T12:07:42.889Z",{"sys":7094},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7096},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7098,"answers":7099,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":7100,"questionText":7101,"statistics":7102,"veryWrongStatistics":7103,"correctSentence":7107,"dataSourceShortText":7108,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7109},"1738",[],"Pop with electricity increase","From 2015 to 2023, the world population increased by 80 million each year. During the same period, how many more people gained some access to electricity each year?",[6849,1812,2638,621],[7104,215,7105,7106],"deu 0.25","uk 0.37","swe 0.40","Around 120 million people gained some access to electricity each year between 2015 and 2023.","Source: UN and The Energy Progress Report","[1]  [The Energy Progress Report – Access to electricity over time]( https:\u002F\u002Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org\u002Ftime?c=World+Central_Asia_and_Southern_Asia+Eastern_Asia_and_South-eastern_Asia+Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean+Northern_America_and_Europe+Oceania+Sub-Saharan_Africa+Western_Asia_and_Northern_Africa&p=Access_to_Electricity&i=Electricity_access_rate,_Total_(%))     \n\n[2]  [UN World Population Prospects](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002FGraphs\u002FProbabilistic\u002FPOP\u002FTOT\u002F900)     ",{"metadata":7111,"sys":7114,"fields":7123},{"tags":7112,"concepts":7113},[],[],{"space":7115,"id":7117,"type":14,"createdAt":7118,"updatedAt":7118,"environment":7119,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":112,"contentType":7121,"locale":27},{"sys":7116},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7zBg98OYWFAVzV0dGb9fu1","2023-10-18T12:52:47.592Z",{"sys":7120},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7122},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7124,"answers":7125,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":7126,"questionText":7127,"statistics":7128,"veryWrongStatistics":7129,"correctSentence":7130,"dataSourceShortText":7131,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7132},"1744",[],"Electricity from nuclear","In 1990, around 17% of all electricity produced worldwide came from nuclear energy. What is that number today?",[7080],[4894],"Around 10% of all electricity produced worldwide today comes from nuclear power.","Source: IEA & The Energy Institute","[1]  [IEA – Electricity generation by source](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fdata-tools\u002Fenergy-statistics-data-browser?country=WORLD&fuel=Electricity%20and%20heat&indicator=ElecGenByFuel)                \n\n[2]  [The Energy Institute (via Our World In Data)](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Felectricity-mix#where-does-our-electricity-come-from)     ",{"metadata":7134,"sys":7137,"fields":7146},{"tags":7135,"concepts":7136},[],[],{"space":7138,"id":7140,"type":14,"createdAt":7141,"updatedAt":7141,"environment":7142,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":112,"contentType":7144,"locale":27},{"sys":7139},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"31WKtvGQPglNnVj7to9Zox","2023-10-18T12:36:44.824Z",{"sys":7143},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7145},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7147,"answers":7148,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":7149,"questionText":7150,"shortQuestionText":7151,"statistics":7152,"veryWrongStatistics":7153,"correctSentence":7154,"dataSourceShortText":1699,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7155},"1743",[],"No access to electricity","In the year 2000, more than 20% of the world's population did not have any access to electricity. What is the share today?","In 2000, more than 20% of the world's population did not have any access to electricity. What is the share today?",[2858],[6692],"Around 10% of the world’s population do not have any access to electricity. ","[1]  [The Energy Progress Report (collaboration between World Bank, International Energy Agency, the WHO, UN and International Renewable Energy Agency)](https:\u002F\u002Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org\u002Ftime?c=World+Central_Asia_and_Southern_Asia+Eastern_Asia_and_South-eastern_Asia+Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean+Northern_America_and_Europe+Oceania+Sub-Saharan_Africa+Western_Asia_and_Northern_Africa&p=Access_to_Electricity&i=Population_without_access_to_electricity,_million_people_(Total)) ",{"metadata":7157,"sys":7160,"fields":7169},{"tags":7158,"concepts":7159},[],[],{"space":7161,"id":7163,"type":14,"createdAt":7164,"updatedAt":7164,"environment":7165,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":112,"contentType":7167,"locale":27},{"sys":7162},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"oS23t0X1oQtRSCvfkN6lh","2023-10-11T14:23:49.715Z",{"sys":7166},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7168},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7170,"answers":7171,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":7172,"questionText":7173,"statistics":7174,"veryWrongStatistics":7176,"correctSentence":7177,"dataSourceShortText":1699,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7178},"1739",[],"Number without electricity vs 2010","In 2010, 1.1 billion people did not have access to electricity. What has happened to this number since then?",[7175],"uk 0.70",[2387],"Globally, the total number of people without any electricity access decreased by 30% between 2010 and 2021. ","[1]  [The Energy Progress Report (collaboration between World Bank, International Energy Agency, the WHO, UN and International Renewable Energy Agency)](https:\u002F\u002Ftrackingsdg7.esmap.org\u002Ftime?c=World+Central_Asia_and_Southern_Asia+Eastern_Asia_and_South-eastern_Asia+Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean+Northern_America_and_Europe+Oceania+Sub-Saharan_Africa+Western_Asia_and_Northern_Africa&p=Access_to_Electricity&i=Population_without_access_to_electricity,_million_people_(Total))    ",{"metadata":7180,"sys":7183,"fields":7193},{"tags":7181,"concepts":7182},[],[],{"space":7184,"id":7186,"type":14,"createdAt":7187,"updatedAt":7188,"environment":7189,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":45,"contentType":7191,"locale":27},{"sys":7185},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6xtTTgBrXptvjGuviCxLh1","2023-04-14T10:46:16.086Z","2023-04-14T10:57:56.292Z",{"sys":7190},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7192},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7194,"answers":7195,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"name":7196,"questionText":7197,"statistics":7198,"veryWrongStatistics":7200,"correctSentence":7201,"dataSourceShortText":4216,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7202},"1564",[],"Traditional biomass share","In the year 1800, 98% of all energy consumption came from traditional biofuels (such as burning wood and agricultural waste biomass). What is the share today?",[7199],"uk 0.657",[336],"Less than 10% of the energy consumed today comes from traditional biofuels.","[1]  [BP Statistical Review Of World Energy  ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bp.com\u002Fen\u002Fglobal\u002Fcorporate\u002Fenergy-economics\u002Fstatistical-review-of-world-energy.html)   \n[2]  [Our World In Data – Global direct primary energy consumption  ](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fglobal-primary-energy?stackMode=relative)   \n[3]  [IEA – Bioenergy](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Ffuels-and-technologies\u002Fbioenergy)  \n",{"metadata":7204,"sys":7207,"fields":7217},{"tags":7205,"concepts":7206},[],[],{"space":7208,"id":7210,"type":14,"createdAt":7211,"updatedAt":7212,"environment":7213,"publishedVersion":2709,"revision":45,"contentType":7215,"locale":27},{"sys":7209},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4I5njE0znokAGev7ZM1ruf","2023-04-13T08:40:41.237Z","2023-04-13T08:47:04.870Z",{"sys":7214},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7216},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7218,"answers":7219,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":7220,"questionText":7221,"statistics":7222,"veryWrongStatistics":7223,"correctSentence":7225,"youWereWrong":7226,"youWereRight":7226,"dataSourceShortText":715,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7227,"extendedAnswerText":7228,"headingVeryWrong":7229,"youWereVeryWrong":7226,"headingWrong":7230},"1551",[],"coal consumption over 50 years","In 1970, 30% of all energy used in the world came from burning coal. What happened to that share since then?",[212],[7224],"usa 0.31","Between 1970 and 2021, the share of all energy that comes from burning coal has stayed about the same. ","The biggest difference since 1970 is where coal is being used, rather than how much of the total energy supply it provides. Coal use is going to have to end completely in the coming years, though, if the worst impacts of climate change are going to be avoided!","We used BP Statistical Review of World Energy data for this question. Primary Energy Consumption is the total amount of energy that is used. It includes final consumption by end users plus energy used for transport and transformation into a usable product. We consulted three independent experts about this question who all agreed that BP is a solid, reliable source of data.\n\n[1]  [BP Statistical Review of World Energy](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.bp.com\u002Fen\u002Fglobal\u002Fcorporate\u002Fenergy-economics\u002Fstatistical-review-of-world-energy.html)  \n\n[2]  [Our World In Data – Fossil fuel consumption](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ffossil-fuels#fossil-fuel-consumption)","In 2021, the share of the world’s energy that came from coal was 27%. In some countries, such as the UK, the use of coal has been nearly completely phased out. In others, such as China and India, there has been a huge increase in the past five decades.\n\n[![Screenshot 2023-04-13 at 10.31.32](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5261HPlThCdeETYsjxD2Uj\u002F24d55fa5a76584a1f5323dc3d60ab5f3\u002FScreenshot_2023-04-13_at_10.31.32.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fcoal-consumption-by-country-terawatt-hours-twh?tab=chart&country=IND~DEU~USA~GBR~CHN)","Hardly any change","Continuing with coal",{"metadata":7232,"sys":7235,"fields":7245},{"tags":7233,"concepts":7234},[],[],{"space":7236,"id":7238,"type":14,"createdAt":7239,"updatedAt":7240,"environment":7241,"publishedVersion":769,"revision":2107,"contentType":7243,"locale":27},{"sys":7237},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6wj1rr81ZgZpom5UUgoFif","2023-10-06T07:27:48.153Z","2024-01-26T12:43:54.144Z",{"sys":7242},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7244},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7246,"answers":7247,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"veryWrongPercentage":807,"name":7248,"questionText":7249,"statistics":7250,"veryWrongStatistics":7252,"correctSentence":7254,"youWereWrong":7255,"youWereRight":7256,"dataSourceShortText":6960,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7257,"extendedAnswerText":7258,"headingVeryWrong":7259,"youWereVeryWrong":7260,"headingWrong":7259},"1736",[]," Electricity from renewables countries","Which group of countries below produces the highest share of electricity from renewable sources?",[7251],"us 0.89",[7253],"us 0.57","Brazil, Kenya and Costa Rica generate a higher share of their electricity from renewables than the other (high-income) countries.","Brazil, Kenya and Costa Rica all generate the vast majority of their electricity from renewables. When it comes to renewable-energy use, many middle-income countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa are ahead of richer countries such as Sweden and Finland, mainly thanks to hydropower.","You were in the minority when it came to recognizing that Brazil, Kenya and Costa Rica all generate the vast majority of their electricity from renewables. When it comes to renewable-energy use, many middle-income countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa are ahead of richer countries such as the US, mainly thanks to hydropower.","The figures we use in this question come from the IEA. Despite them being sources of clean energy, we do not include nuclear energy or bioenergy in the figure for renewables. The IEA is a source trusted by experts but we cross-checked its figures with two other sources and an independent expert who all confirmed that our correct answer is indeed correct.\n\n[1] [IEA](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fcountries) \n\n[2] [Ember via Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Frenewable-energy#how-much-of-our-electricity-comes-from-renewables) \n\n[3] [Mark Jacobson, \"45 Countries Whose Electricity Generation in 2020 or 2021\nwas 50-100% Wind-Water-Solar (WWS) (Including Nine\nWith 98.5-100% WWS Generation) and Two States With\n97.2-120% of Their Electricity Consumed From WWS\"](https:\u002F\u002Fweb.stanford.edu\u002Fgroup\u002Fefmh\u002Fjacobson\u002FWWSBook\u002FCountries100Pct.pdf)","It is intuitive to think that the wealthier a country is, the further along it is in the transition to cleaner energy. But many middle-income countries are well-invested in hydropower, and the dramatic decrease in the cost of solar panels, wind turbines and other innovations means it has become cheaper and more efficient for middle-income countries to generate electricity from the sunshine, wind or water that they have in abundance. ","Richer doesn't mean more renewables!","Brazil, Kenya and Costa Rica all generate the vast majority of their electricity from renewables. When it comes to renewable-energy use, many middle-income countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa are ahead of richer countries such as the US and UK, mainly thanks to hydropower.",{"metadata":7262,"sys":7265,"fields":7275},{"tags":7263,"concepts":7264},[],[],{"space":7266,"id":7268,"type":14,"createdAt":7269,"updatedAt":7270,"environment":7271,"publishedVersion":741,"revision":259,"contentType":7273,"locale":27},{"sys":7267},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"b4facb65faec4f77ca9c328284a77bc1","2021-11-11T07:12:46.275Z","2023-12-06T15:41:20.758Z",{"sys":7272},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7274},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":7276,"heading":7277,"slug":7278,"questions":7279,"certificateText":7280},"sdg_world_07_cert","UN Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy Certificate","un-goal-7-affordable-and-clean-energy-certificate-test",[6559,6493,6629,6527,6432,676,6663,6732,6700,6762,6791,6821,6859,6889,6924,6962,6991,7056,7083],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 7: Affordable and clean energy, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":7282,"sys":7285,"fields":7293},{"tags":7283,"concepts":7284},[],[],{"space":7286,"id":7288,"type":39,"createdAt":7289,"updatedAt":7290,"environment":7291,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":44,"locale":27},{"sys":7287},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4AcWzEeAxRHQC4qPhW9nMT","2020-11-17T10:14:56.135Z","2022-05-25T10:32:02.600Z",{"sys":7292},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":7294,"description":7295,"file":7296},"7. Affordable and clean energy","Affordable and clean energy icon",{"url":7297,"details":7298,"fileName":7302,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4AcWzEeAxRHQC4qPhW9nMT\u002F559f1e11b5c9cd22d11b7b67a51569ab\u002Fsdg_07",{"size":7299,"image":7300},4665,{"width":7301,"height":7301},128,"sdg_07","#FCC30B",[7305],{"metadata":7306,"sys":7309,"fields":7319},{"tags":7307,"concepts":7308},[],[],{"space":7310,"id":7312,"type":14,"createdAt":7313,"updatedAt":7314,"environment":7315,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":45,"contentType":7317,"locale":27},{"sys":7311},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5PcSqBFfaBro8zVUEDRyhr","2022-10-06T08:42:41.110Z","2022-11-14T08:30:19.231Z",{"sys":7316},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7318},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":7320,"title":7320,"challenges":7321},"UN Goal 7",[7322,7364],{"metadata":7323,"sys":7326,"fields":7336},{"tags":7324,"concepts":7325},[],[],{"space":7327,"id":7329,"type":14,"createdAt":7330,"updatedAt":7331,"environment":7332,"publishedVersion":845,"revision":44,"contentType":7334,"locale":27},{"sys":7328},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5cZPsmhZNNTwqtMPfjpJvL","2022-11-14T08:30:19.273Z","2023-09-19T10:16:50.030Z",{"sys":7333},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7335},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":7337,"title":7338,"slug":7339,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":7340,"desktopImage":7340,"mobileImage":7340,"introSequence":7362,"combos":7363},"fossil_reserves_lesson","Fossil fuel reserves ","fossil-reserves-lesson",{"metadata":7341,"sys":7344,"fields":7352},{"tags":7342,"concepts":7343},[],[],{"space":7345,"id":7347,"type":39,"createdAt":7348,"updatedAt":7349,"environment":7350,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":7346},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5OWm5UUiOC6ntwF2jzfQSK","2022-11-14T08:30:18.618Z","2023-03-21T09:05:44.495Z",{"sys":7351},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":7353,"description":48,"file":7354},"Screenshot 2022-10-07 at 15.06.03",{"url":7355,"details":7356,"fileName":7361,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5OWm5UUiOC6ntwF2jzfQSK\u002Fea3c088c63c3ae06b5b93f27adcca382\u002FScreenshot_2022-10-07_at_15.06.03.png",{"size":7357,"image":7358},2698701,{"width":7359,"height":7360},1296,1174,"Screenshot 2022-10-07 at 15.06.03.png",[],[],{"metadata":7365,"sys":7368,"fields":7378},{"tags":7366,"concepts":7367},[],[],{"space":7369,"id":7371,"type":14,"createdAt":7372,"updatedAt":7373,"environment":7374,"publishedVersion":1246,"revision":998,"contentType":7376,"locale":27},{"sys":7370},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2iR6uzn8ZA7oB5C7i1qql2","2022-10-06T08:42:37.795Z","2022-10-07T13:23:29.906Z",{"sys":7375},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7377},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":7379,"title":6411,"slug":7379,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":7380,"combos":7400},"sdg-world-goal-7",{"metadata":7381,"sys":7384,"fields":7392},{"tags":7382,"concepts":7383},[],[],{"space":7385,"id":7387,"type":39,"createdAt":7388,"updatedAt":7389,"environment":7390,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":7386},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"21THHoZqXGfelfVuRTV2wR","2022-10-06T08:42:26.920Z","2022-10-06T14:22:17.109Z",{"sys":7391},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":7393,"description":48,"file":7394},"SDG icon 7-03",{"url":7395,"details":7396,"fileName":7399,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F21THHoZqXGfelfVuRTV2wR\u002Ff57d905e588ec20743cecc7ef1dd1122\u002FSDG_icon_7-03.png",{"size":7397,"image":7398},22770,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 7-03.png",[],{"metadata":7402,"sys":7405,"fields":7415},{"tags":7403,"concepts":7404},[],[],{"space":7406,"id":7408,"type":14,"createdAt":7409,"updatedAt":7410,"environment":7411,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":1330,"contentType":7413,"locale":27},{"sys":7407},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"mwlXS4ZILv03VouDG6Ga0","2020-11-19T19:37:32.734Z","2023-11-24T10:27:00.644Z",{"sys":7412},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7414},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":7416,"name":7417,"slug":7416,"tests":7418,"diplomaTest":8169,"icon":8189,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":8211,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":8212},"sdg-world-08","UN Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth",[7419],{"metadata":7420,"sys":7423,"fields":7433},{"tags":7421,"concepts":7422},[],[],{"space":7424,"id":7426,"type":14,"createdAt":7427,"updatedAt":7428,"environment":7429,"publishedVersion":181,"revision":1651,"contentType":7431,"locale":27},{"sys":7425},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"35da03148c17cfd7bb0dbeacda2eac13","2021-11-11T07:12:47.908Z","2024-10-29T08:37:46.477Z",{"sys":7430},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7432},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":7434,"heading":7417,"slug":7435,"questions":7436},"sdg_world_08_t1","un-goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth",[457,7437,346,7469,7504,7536,7630,7661,7689,7720,7630,7748,7777,7806,7834,7862,7890,7923,7952,7980,8009,8038,8067,564,2718,8095,8122,8146],{"metadata":7438,"sys":7445,"fields":7455},{"tags":7439,"concepts":7444},[7440,7442],{"sys":7441},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7443},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7446,"id":7448,"type":14,"createdAt":7449,"updatedAt":7450,"environment":7451,"publishedVersion":139,"revision":2377,"contentType":7453,"locale":27},{"sys":7447},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"706185d0fbe42f260150d947aa757040","2021-11-11T07:07:51.464Z","2024-08-21T11:02:45.449Z",{"sys":7452},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7454},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":7456,"answers":7457,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":7458,"questionText":7459,"statistics":7460,"veryWrongStatistics":7461,"correctSentence":7462,"youWereWrong":7463,"youWereRight":7464,"dataSourceShortText":5548,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7465,"extendedAnswerText":7466,"headingVeryWrong":7467,"youWereVeryWrong":7468,"headingWrong":7467},"52",[],"In 1990, 19% of people aged 65 and older in the wo","In 1990, 19% of people aged 65 and older in the world still worked. What is the share expected to be in 2030?",[2737],[784],"20% of people aged 65 and over are expected to still be working in 2030.","You overestimate how many seniors will keep working, probably because you’ve heard speculation that there will be too many to handle.","They totally overestimate how many older people will retire later.","As with any future projections, there is uncertainty. The data that is plugged into the model by the ILO is from either a labor force survey, other comparable household surveys, or a population census. National labor force surveys are generally similar across countries, and the data derived from these surveys are more readily comparable than data obtained from other sources. We can’t know the future for certain but the ILO uses data and models that three independent experts we consulted about this question trust and have confidence in. \n\nYou can read about the methodology of Labour Force Estimates and Projections the ILO uses [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Filostat-files\u002FDocuments\u002FLFEP.pdf) .\n\nWe put big differences between the three answer options to counter the uncertainty.\n\n[1]  [ILO. “Spotlight on Work Statistics: What about seniors?” from May 2018.](https:\u002F\u002Filo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---dgreports\u002F---stat\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_629567.pdf)  \n[2]  [ILOSTAT, July 2019](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fshinyapps\u002Fbulkexplorer42\u002F?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=EAP_2WAP_SEX_AGE_RT_A)","\nIn rich countries, there’s a lot of talk about the aging population and speculation that there will soon be too many to be able to afford to take care of them all. It’s easy to imagine a dystopian future where the old have to take care of themselves. But when you look at the actual demographic numbers, the expected changes are extremely small.  \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nAn aging population is something that concerns a lot of people. But when we hear a lot about it, it grows in our heads and we think the problem is bigger than it actually is.\n\n### Why is it a problem if people are wrong about this?\nThe population is aging in richer countries, but we find that people hugely overestimate by how much and how quickly. When we use the old in rich countries as a template for old people in all countries, we are less likely to do the right things when preparing our societies for the future. \n\n### Is the share of elderly who work similar in different countries? \nLike any global average, it hides big regional variations. For example, in 2015 the share of over 65s who worked in Europe and Central Asia was close to 7%, while it was almost 39% in Africa.\n\n### Is the number of old people increasing fast?\nThe age structure of the population changes very slowly and very predictably.\nHere is the [age distribution  for the World](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F2TDuwzs), and you can see that there's not a big difference in the number of old people the coming 10 years. \n\nYou can select any country and see the [age distribution over time](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3nA0EEa) from 1950 to 2100. \n\n### What is the meaning of “work” here – is it full-time employment?\nIt might be that over 65s work a lot in part-time jobs, but that isn’t reflected in this average. Someone is regarded as employed if they work as little as one hour per week. Working in this data refers to people who have a job, but also those looking for jobs. If someone is unemployed but looking for work, they are also considered part of the “labor force”.\n\n ### Even if the share of over 65s working will be the same, will they make up a higher overall share of the workforce?\nYes, a little bit more! Back in 1990, over 65s were only 2.7% of the entire labor force. In 2015 they were 3.7%. By 2030, that is expected to be 5.3%.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but as with any projections there is uncertainty. We can’t know the future for sure but the ILO uses data and models that three independent experts we consulted about this question trust and have confidence in. \n\n### Where can I learn more?\nYou can read more about the trends for how many elderly there are in the labor force in the International Labour Organization’s report [What are seniors?](https:\u002F\u002Filo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---dgreports\u002F---stat\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_629567.pdf).\nTo understand the changing age structure of populations, see the animating population pyramids [here](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F2TDuwzs), and select any countries and play the UN estimates from 1950 to 2100.\n\n![Screenshot 2020-12-22 at 16.04.07](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6SgEDy7QBRluis14OhN8DH\u002Fd3ede258b1f05272b3a25dc509d50ac2\u002FScreenshot_2020-12-22_at_16.04.07.png)\n\nYou can select any country and see the [age distribution over time](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3nA0EEa) from 1950 to 2100. \n\n[![Screenshot 2020-12-22 at 16.05.58](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F2WPquHJkne9IqqjAW2gd4C\u002Fd6d10db6e6a2f2a8739a403fedb78974\u002FScreenshot_2020-12-22_at_16.05.58.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3nA0EEa)"," A flood of seniors at work","You overestimate how many seniors will keep working, probably because you’ve heard speculation that there will be too many to handle.\n",{"metadata":7470,"sys":7479,"fields":7489},{"tags":7471,"concepts":7478},[7472,7474,7476],{"sys":7473},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7475},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":1770},{"sys":7477},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7480,"id":7482,"type":14,"createdAt":7483,"updatedAt":7484,"environment":7485,"publishedVersion":2057,"revision":259,"contentType":7487,"locale":27},{"sys":7481},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"d52874cdf3bce69222273232322a66d2","2021-11-11T07:08:00.980Z","2024-08-28T08:59:56.467Z",{"sys":7486},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7488},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":7490,"answers":7491,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":7492,"questionText":7493,"statistics":7494,"veryWrongStatistics":7495,"correctSentence":7496,"youWereWrong":7497,"youWereRight":7498,"dataSourceShortText":7499,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7500,"extendedAnswerText":7501,"headingVeryWrong":7502,"youWereVeryWrong":7503,"headingWrong":7502},"56",[],"Today, 65% of the world’s population are of workin","Today, 65% of the world’s population are of working age (15-64 years old). What do UN experts think this number will be in 2100?",[666],[3320],"In 2100, UN experts expect 60% of the world’s population to be of working age.","The share of people of working age is expected to decrease, but not as much as you thought.","Most of them overestimate how much the old will outnumber the rest.\n","Source: UN Population Division","As with all predictions, there is a level of uncertainty in the data. We can never be 100% sure about what the population will look like 80 years into the future. Another group of demographic experts at the Wittgenstein Centre in Vienna have looked at the future world population as well. They estimate that the share of 15-64 year olds will be 57% in 2100. This is slightly lower than the UN's 60%, but still close to it.\n\n[1]  [Share of population aged 15-64 years, by Gapminder based on UN Pop data.](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1kib7g3S6IUGGRPIfSjTriIe7dbGnzge7cDNto4tr_u4\u002Fedit#gid=954230904)  \n[2]  [Population World, by age and region 1950-2100](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$time$value=2100;&entities$show$geo$\u002F$in@=asia&=africa&=europe&=americas;;;;;&chart-type=popbyage)  \n[3]  [Population World, year 1950-2100](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$state$time$value=2021;;&chart-type=popbyage)\n[4]  We consulted two independent experts for this question, including Jakub Bijak of the University of Southampton.\n","In rich countries, there’s a lot of discussion about the **“aging population”**, and alarmist news reports sometimes claim that the working population will become insufficient to care for the elderly. The population pyramid shows the expected change. In our minds, we expect this change to be much larger than the experts predict.\n\n![q895 share working age](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F7oyCmr5nnHPKECxNUwPe6M\u002F685b921b531b298bc0b7774817a0aad7\u002Fq895_share_working_age.jpg)  \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\n\nThey hear about population forecasts and two expectations are often mentioned: the fact the population will keep growing and the fact that more people are becoming older now compared to the past. The increasing population makes many people believe that the share of those aged 15-64 will also increase. People are right that the absolute number of working age people will increase, from around 5 billion now, to 6.5 billion in 2100. But the share of elderly in the world will increase, and that brings the share of those aged 15-64 years a bit down.\n\n### Why is it a problem if people are wrong about this?\nPeople don't realize the consequences of a shrinking share of working people. Education, health care and pensions all depend on taxes from those who work. \n\n### What will the population by age look like in the future? \nRight now, 65% of the world population is between 15 and 64 years old. A quarter are younger than 15 and the rest (9%) are older than 65. \nSee [world population by age today](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F2TDuwzs). \n\nWith a  growing world population and the effects of aging, it is estimated that in 2100, 60% will be between 15 and 64. The share of children will go down to 17%, and the share of elderly will increase to 22%. \nSee [forecast for world population by age in 2100](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F2IPL8j0). \n\n### What will the population by age look like in different regions? \nIn Europe and the Americas the share of elderly will not change much by 2100. In Africa, there will still be a relatively young population in 2100 and that will compensate for the increase in elderly people in Asia. See [population by region in 2100](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F34xqLUO). \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. Population data is slower and easier to predict than many other types of data. Stocks and weather are hard to predict by day or week, while demography can be predicted by the decades. \n","It will shrink a little","The share of people of working age is expected to decrease, not increase, as you thought.",{"metadata":7505,"sys":7512,"fields":7522},{"tags":7506,"concepts":7511},[7507,7509],{"sys":7508},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7510},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7513,"id":7515,"type":14,"createdAt":7516,"updatedAt":7517,"environment":7518,"publishedVersion":1583,"revision":1330,"contentType":7520,"locale":27},{"sys":7514},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ce2420346795af57c033ccb78e0bd142","2021-11-11T07:08:03.358Z","2024-01-22T13:05:11.838Z",{"sys":7519},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7521},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":7523,"answers":7524,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":7525,"questionText":7526,"statistics":7527,"veryWrongStatistics":7528,"correctSentence":7529,"youWereWrong":7530,"youWereRight":7531,"dataSourceShortText":1427,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7532,"extendedAnswerText":7533,"headingVeryWrong":7534,"youWereVeryWrong":7535,"headingWrong":7534},"57",[],"What share of people above retirement age worldwid","What share of people above retirement age worldwide are entitled to a pension?",[2349],[2458],"Worldwide, around 75% of people of retirement age are entitled to a pension.","Today more than half of all people who retire from a job are entitled to some form of pension. Often not overly generous, though.","They think most countries leave their old to their destiny.","The ILO estimated that, globally, 77.5 percent of people above retirement age receive a pension[1]. As with any global estimate, this data masks big regional differences and differences between pension types. The figure we used includes contributory and non-contributory pensions. \n\nAlso, some pensions may not pay enough to give the receiver a good standard of living. We use the term “entitled to” because it may be that even though a pension is available, a person might not receive the money. \n\nThe caveats above are why we used the less precise “around 75%” and put big differences between the three answer options.\n\n[1]  [ILO - World Social Protection Report 2020-22 (p.165)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fglobal\u002Fpublications\u002Fbooks\u002FWCMS_604882\u002Flang--en\u002Findex.htm)","In the past, people who retired needed to have saved money for themselves or rely on their children and family to survive. Today that is still the reality for many old people, but the majority are entitled to money from a pension system. Even though the benefits may vary a lot, at least the old are recognized and supported to some extent in most countries worldwide.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nAs the world is so full of problems, it’s common for people to think the world is worse and more cruel than it actually is. Based on that idea, it’s intuitive to believe only a few countries take any responsibility for their vulnerable citizens.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this? \nIt may seem unimaginable that all retired people should have a pension, if you assume it's a rare phenomenon. Although there have been huge improvements in the coverage of pension schemes around the world there is still a lot more work to do to increase the amount of people who receive money in retirement and the quality of those pensions. If more people knew that the majority of people of retirement age are entitled to a pension then this improvement wouldn’t seem like such an unachievable goal. \n\n### What are the differences across countries?\nIt is not just high-income countries that support citizens when they have retired. China and South Africa are just two of the middle-income countries that offer universal cover for old people. You can download and see what share of the older population receive a pension in the map (figure 4.36) [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.social-protection.org\u002Fgimi\u002FShowWiki.action?id=629).\n\nPeople in the poorest countries rarely have any entitlements to pensions if they didn’t work in a formal job, and if they follow the development of most other countries, it’s unlikely to happen until they have become richer. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. But you need to be aware of large differences between regions and rich and poor countries. Also, not all pensions offer the same level of support. Some may not pay enough to give the receiver a good standard of living. And in some cases the **“entitlement”** may not result in any actual money transfers.\n","Plans exist for grandma’s wallet","You thought it was just a quarter, but more than half of retired people are entitled to a pension today. Often not overly generous, though.",{"metadata":7537,"sys":7544,"fields":7555},{"tags":7538,"concepts":7543},[7539,7541],{"sys":7540},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7542},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7545,"id":7547,"type":14,"createdAt":7548,"updatedAt":7549,"environment":7550,"publishedVersion":7552,"revision":91,"contentType":7553,"locale":27},{"sys":7546},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6IUAkm5LDhoPgDZg3Ow8sJ","2022-12-09T11:05:51.211Z","2023-11-27T09:10:54.830Z",{"sys":7551},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},108,{"sys":7554},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7556,"answers":7557,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":7558,"questionText":7559,"statistics":7560,"veryWrongStatistics":7592,"correctSentence":7624,"youWereWrong":7625,"youWereRight":7626,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7627,"extendedAnswerText":7628,"headingVeryWrong":7629,"youWereVeryWrong":7625,"headingWrong":7629},"1522",[],"average incomes over last 50 years","Since 1970 the average income in the 40 richest countries more than doubled. The average income in the other countries…?",[7561,7562,7563,7564,7565,7566,7567,7568,7569,7570,7571,7572,7573,7574,7575,7576,7577,7578,7579,7580,7581,7582,7583,7584,7585,7586,7587,7588,7589,7590,7591],"uk 0.8832","usa 0.9051","arg 0.908","aus 0.8831","bel 0.9242","bra 0.874","can 0.9081","chn 0.5133","fra 0.9071","deu 0.924","hun 0.882","idn 0.8044","ita 0.9341","jpn 0.8871","mex 0.882","pol 0.8703","rus 0.9002","sau 0.7625","sgp 0.8072","kor 0.8343","esp 0.8961","swe 0.8423","tur 0.9104","mys 0.7604","egy 0.8064","are 0.8244","col 0.88","rou 0.8363","per 0.8703","jor 0.8555","mar 0.7869",[7593,7594,7595,7596,7597,7598,7599,7600,7601,7602,7603,7604,7605,7606,7607,7608,7609,7610,7611,7612,7613,7614,7615,7616,7617,7618,7619,7620,7621,7622,7623],"uk 0.2338","usa 0.2687","arg 0.5120","aus 0.2667","bel 0.3194","bra 0.4180","can 0.2717","chn 0.1474","fra 0.2887","deu 0.3506","hun 0.2540","idn 0.3433","ita 0.4402","jpn 0.2797","mex 0.4020","pol 0.1477","rus 0.3134","sau 0.3593","sgp 0.2068","kor 0.3054","esp 0.5105","swe 0.2275","tur 0.5996","mys 0.3694","egy 0.5110","are 0.4691","col 0.42","rou 0.3054","per 0.3338","jor 0.5877","mar 0.4024","Average incomes outside the top 40 countries actually tripled, and were 332% bigger in 2019 compared to 1969 ","When someone gets more, it's easy to assume someone else gets less. But when it comes to income, everyone can increase it at the same time. And that is what has happened: incomes have almost doubled nearly everywhere. ","They seem to think that if someone gets more income, then someone else has to get less. ","The data comes from the World Bank, which divides the size of a country’s economy by the size of the population, to give a figure which we call income per person. That doesn’t mean that each person has an income of that amount, simply that it is an average. Despite its limitations, it is still the best measure of income that can be used to compare and contrast countries over time. When it comes to the growth in average income in today’s 40 richest countries between 1969 and 2019, there was an increase of 2.6 times. \n\nThe number for “all other countries” is heavily influenced by China because of the size of its population. The average income of all other countries outside the top 40 richest with China was 3.3 times bigger between 1969 and 2019. Without China, they were still 2.3 times bigger. So we can still say that there has been economic development outside the richest countries, even taking away the influence of China.\n\n[1]  [World Bank data crunched by Gapminder](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1sC0KeJMKt7c0ALODCy7Y_KPcuDWpCN_dBfD_dako0fU\u002Fedit#gid=0)  \n[2]  [World Bank Country and Lending Groups](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups)  \n","Over the past 50 years, the average income of each person in the richest 40 countries has more than doubled.\n\nAt the same time, the average income across all other countries more than tripled! China’s change from poor country to rich country contributed to a lot of that growth. But even without China, average income across all the other countries still doubled thanks to widespread economic growth.\n\nOf course, economic growth is not the only measure of progress, but increasing incomes have gone hand-in-hand with increased access to basic healthcare, education and electricity. And more importantly, at the same time, extreme poverty has dropped, child deaths have declined and life expectancy has increased.   \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey view income like a cake: That when one person gets more, someone else gets less. But income isn’t like that. The total economic cake can increase and everyone can get more, without others getting less.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf they are unaware of the widespread economic growth over the past few decades, they are likely to not know about the increased access to the basics and the great progress in people’s health and life expectancy.\n\n### What is a zero-sum game?\nIncome is NOT a zero-sum game. But here is what a zero-sum game is: Simply, when one person’s gain is another person’s loss.  [Wikipedia has a more detailed explanation](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FZero-sum_game) \n if you are interested in reading more.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but it is important to understand what it is and isn’t. The data comes from the World Bank, which divides the size of a country’s economy by the size of the population, to give a figure which we call income per person. That doesn’t mean that each person has an income of that amount, simply that it is an average. Despite its limitations, it is still the best measure of income that can be used to compare and contrast countries over time. When it comes to the growth in average income in today’s 40 richest countries between 1969 and 2019, there was an increase of 2.6 times. \n\nThe number for “all other countries” is heavily influenced by China because of the size of its population. The average income of all other countries outside the top 40 richest with China was 3.3 times bigger between 1969 and 2019. Without China, they were still 2.3 times bigger. So we can still say that there has been economic development outside the richest countries, even taking away the influence of China.\n","It’s not a zero-sum game!",{"metadata":7631,"sys":7638,"fields":7648},{"tags":7632,"concepts":7637},[7633,7635],{"sys":7634},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7636},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7639,"id":7641,"type":14,"createdAt":7642,"updatedAt":7643,"environment":7644,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":22,"contentType":7646,"locale":27},{"sys":7640},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6uLenZQhqgX4RbxErNI5zm","2023-04-21T09:40:27.216Z","2023-11-24T10:29:46.399Z",{"sys":7645},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7647},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7649,"answers":7650,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":657,"name":7651,"questionText":7652,"statistics":7653,"veryWrongStatistics":7654,"correctSentence":7655,"youWereWrong":7656,"youWereRight":7657,"dataSourceShortText":5548,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7658,"extendedAnswerText":7659,"headingVeryWrong":7660,"youWereVeryWrong":7656,"headingWrong":7660},"1525",[],"Women in the labor force","Eighty percent of all men in the world were in the labor force in 2019. What was the number for women?",[1661],[2910],"Fifty-two percent of women were in the labor force in 2019.","The gap between women and men has been closing in many ways but, when it comes to the workforce, there is even further to go than you realized. ","The gap between women and men has been closing in many ways but, when it comes to the workforce, there is even further to go than they realized.  ","The ILO puts together the data from labor force surveys and other censuses and surveys. It measures the number of people in paid work and searching for work. We use the ILO’s modeled estimates for this question, because they ensure comparability across countries and over time and there is an attempt to try to include other work that might not necessarily be included in national censuses, such as unpaid farm work. Be aware, though, that where countries have many missing values, the ILO estimates values, which means there is a lot of uncertainty in those numbers. \n\nDespite those limitations, three independent experts we consulted agreed that the ILO modeled estimates were the best source for this data.\n\n[1]  [Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSL.TLF.ACTI.FE.ZS)  \n[2]  [Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FSL.TLF.ACTI.MA.ZS)  \n[3]  [World Bank – Female labor force participation](https:\u002F\u002Fgenderdata.worldbank.org\u002Fdata-stories\u002Fflfp-data-story\u002F#:~:text=Across%20the%20globe%2C%20women%20face,compared%20to%2080%25%20for%20men.)  \n","Just over half of all the world’s women aged between 15 and 64 either have a job or are looking for one. It differs a lot between the different income groups. In the poorest countries, there is a high level of participation in the labor force as women often work on small farms. In the richest countries, women are well educated and the economies are made up mostly of services, and the gender gap has shrunk. It is in lower-middle-income countries where there is the biggest difference between men and women when it comes to who has a job, particularly in India, where around 80% of men are in the labor force, but a little over 20% of women are.\n\nOver the decades, there has been an increase overall in the share of women working, but the improvements in education and smaller families haven’t resulted in as high an increase in female participation in the labor as was expected. That is because changes in social norms move much more slowly.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey probably see how their own female family and friends’ jobs and career prospects have changed compared to their grandparents and imagine those changes have been the same for women everywhere. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWhen people think that progress moves in a straight line it can make them complacent. The reality is that norms around the roles of women and men take longer to change than most people realize. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, it comes from the International Labour Organization (ILO). The ILO puts together the data from labor force surveys and other censuses and surveys. It measures the number of people in paid work and searching for work. We use the ILO’s modeled estimates for this question, because they ensure comparability across countries and over time and there is an attempt to try to include other work that might not necessarily be included in national censuses, such as unpaid farm work. Be aware, though, that where countries have many missing values, the ILO estimates values, which means there is a lot of uncertainty in those numbers. \n\nDespite those limitations, three independent experts we consulted agreed that the ILO modeled estimates were the best source for this question.\n","Far from equal",{"metadata":7662,"sys":7669,"fields":7679},{"tags":7663,"concepts":7668},[7664,7666],{"sys":7665},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7667},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7670,"id":7672,"type":14,"createdAt":7673,"updatedAt":7674,"environment":7675,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":998,"contentType":7677,"locale":27},{"sys":7671},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3SwRWjOfyqnkSZicoegTOh","2023-04-18T14:10:43.354Z","2023-11-27T09:10:54.769Z",{"sys":7676},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7678},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7680,"answers":7681,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":7682,"questionText":7683,"statistics":7684,"veryWrongStatistics":7685,"correctSentence":7687,"dataSourceShortText":1427,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7688},"1578",[],"Young people in informal employment","Worldwide, what share of young people (aged 15-24) that work are in informal employment?",[2349],[7686],"uk 0.425","Around 75% of young people in the world work in informal employment. \n","[1]  [ILO  – Women and men in the informal economy: A statistical picture. Third edition](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fglobal\u002Fabout-the-ilo\u002Fnewsroom\u002Fnews\u002FWCMS_626831\u002Flang--en\u002Findex.htm)   ",{"metadata":7690,"sys":7697,"fields":7707},{"tags":7691,"concepts":7696},[7692,7694],{"sys":7693},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7695},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7698,"id":7700,"type":14,"createdAt":7701,"updatedAt":7702,"environment":7703,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":22,"contentType":7705,"locale":27},{"sys":7699},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"256UFUrpiBVi4Slayb8Qsr","2023-04-19T07:55:12.959Z","2025-06-18T12:30:27.044Z",{"sys":7704},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7706},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7708,"answers":7709,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":7710,"questionText":7711,"statistics":7712,"veryWrongStatistics":7714,"correctSentence":7716,"dataSourceShortText":7717,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7718,"extendedAnswerText":7719},"1580",[],"Child labor","Of all children (5-17 years old) in the world, how many are exploited for child labor?",[7713],"uk 0.7",[7715],"uk 0.129","Worldwide, around 10% of children are involved in child labor.\n\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F891869119>","Source: ILO & UNICEF","[1]  [ ILO and UNICEF – Global Child Labour estimates 2024 ](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.unicef.org\u002Fresources\u002Fchild-labour-global-estimates-2024\u002F?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=child+labour+global+estimates+2024&utm_campaign=Child%20Labour%20Global%20Estimates&utm_medium=email&utm_source=Mailjet)   \n\n[2]  [Our World In Data – Child Labor ](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fchild-labor)  ","There has been a very important and little-known decline in child labor. Back in 1950, a quarter of children had to spend their days doing work that deprived them of their childhood, their potential and their schooling. Today that figure is 10%.\n\nUnfortunately, though, progress has stalled in recent years and 160 million children are still forced to spend their days working instead of learning. Most of them are in rural areas, toiling with the rest of their families on the fields, the forest, fishing or herding cattle.",{"metadata":7721,"sys":7728,"fields":7738},{"tags":7722,"concepts":7727},[7723,7725],{"sys":7724},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7726},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7729,"id":7731,"type":14,"createdAt":7732,"updatedAt":7733,"environment":7734,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":91,"contentType":7736,"locale":27},{"sys":7730},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7k7tBGIhollaL6w0fAF3US","2023-04-19T13:35:27.417Z","2023-11-27T09:10:54.653Z",{"sys":7735},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7737},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7739,"answers":7740,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":7741,"questionText":7742,"statistics":7743,"veryWrongStatistics":7745,"correctSentence":7747,"dataSourceShortText":1427},"1587",[],"NEETs","How many young men in the world (aged 15-24) are not engaged in education, employment or training?",[7744],"uk 0.843",[7746],"uk 0.55","Worldwide, around 15% of men aged 15-24 are not in education, employment or training.",{"metadata":7749,"sys":7756,"fields":7766},{"tags":7750,"concepts":7755},[7751,7753],{"sys":7752},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7754},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7757,"id":7759,"type":14,"createdAt":7760,"updatedAt":7761,"environment":7762,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":1184,"contentType":7764,"locale":27},{"sys":7758},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"10QEGsbVXXhwMIc3pFYKrY","2023-04-28T13:32:19.224Z","2024-08-28T08:59:58.515Z",{"sys":7763},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7765},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7767,"answers":7768,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":442,"name":7769,"questionText":7770,"statistics":7771,"veryWrongStatistics":7772,"correctSentence":7774,"dataSourceShortText":7775,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7776},"1611",[],"Population in middle-income countries","What share of the world's population lives in middle-income countries today?",[447],[7773],"uk 0.456","Around 75% of the world’s population lives in middle-income countries today.","Source: World Bank & UN","[1]  [World Bank Country and Lending Groups ](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups)               \n\n[2]  [UN World Population Prospects](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwpp\u002F)    \n\n[3]  [The World Bank in Middle Income Countries](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fcountry\u002Fmic\u002Foverview#:~:text=Middle%20income%20countries%20are%20home,62%25%20of%20the%20world's%20poor.)",{"metadata":7778,"sys":7785,"fields":7795},{"tags":7779,"concepts":7784},[7780,7782],{"sys":7781},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7783},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7786,"id":7788,"type":14,"createdAt":7789,"updatedAt":7790,"environment":7791,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":22,"contentType":7793,"locale":27},{"sys":7787},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3Nrf6LiBmWylP7Xi9OUy6n","2023-05-09T08:57:29.506Z","2024-05-27T14:40:02.174Z",{"sys":7792},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7794},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7796,"answers":7797,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":7798,"questionText":7799,"statistics":7800,"veryWrongStatistics":7801,"correctSentence":7803,"dataSourceShortText":7804,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7805},"1620",[],"Global economy from tourism","What share of the total global economy comes from tourism?",[855],[7802],"uk 0.296","Around 10% of the total global economy comes from tourism.","Source: UNWTO","[1]  [UNWTO](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unwto.org\u002Ftourism-statistics\u002Feconomic-contribution-SDG#TDGDP)      ",{"metadata":7807,"sys":7814,"fields":7824},{"tags":7808,"concepts":7813},[7809,7811],{"sys":7810},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7812},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7815,"id":7817,"type":14,"createdAt":7818,"updatedAt":7819,"environment":7820,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":998,"contentType":7822,"locale":27},{"sys":7816},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"70VgKYfckbxc3SIluMpsI5","2023-05-12T12:27:30.933Z","2023-11-27T09:10:54.443Z",{"sys":7821},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7823},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7825,"answers":7826,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":298,"name":7827,"questionText":7828,"statistics":7829,"veryWrongStatistics":7830,"correctSentence":7832,"dataSourceShortText":595,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7833},"1643",[],"Financial accounts in low-income countries","How many people in low-income countries have access to some form of bank account?\n",[373],[7831],"uk 0.539","Around 40% of people in low-income countries have access to some kind of account with a financial institution. \n","[1]  [The World Bank – Global Findex Database 2021 (from downloaded data)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublication\u002Fglobalfindex\u002FData#sec3)     ",{"metadata":7835,"sys":7842,"fields":7852},{"tags":7836,"concepts":7841},[7837,7839],{"sys":7838},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7840},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7843,"id":7845,"type":14,"createdAt":7846,"updatedAt":7847,"environment":7848,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":998,"contentType":7850,"locale":27},{"sys":7844},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"15lMCTZcpUwyfMBm6qaqXu","2023-05-15T14:43:05.841Z","2023-11-27T09:07:26.461Z",{"sys":7849},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7851},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7853,"answers":7854,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":7855,"questionText":7856,"statistics":7857,"veryWrongStatistics":7858,"correctSentence":7859,"dataSourceShortText":7860,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7861},"1645",[],"Industry share in LIC","Around 25% of the economies of high-income countries come from the industry sector (including manufacturing and construction), on average. How much is this in low-income countries?",[934],[3732],"Around 25% of the economies of low-income countries come from the industry sector.","Source: World Bank and OECD","[1]  [World Bank and OECD – Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FNV.IND.TOTL.ZS?locations=XM-XP-XD-1W)   ",{"metadata":7863,"sys":7870,"fields":7880},{"tags":7864,"concepts":7869},[7865,7867],{"sys":7866},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7868},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7871,"id":7873,"type":14,"createdAt":7874,"updatedAt":7875,"environment":7876,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":44,"contentType":7878,"locale":27},{"sys":7872},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6aoUPAspzFoiSEPRCxfzR3","2023-05-15T14:52:20.978Z","2024-06-04T14:24:25.728Z",{"sys":7877},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7879},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7881,"answers":7882,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":7883,"questionText":7884,"statistics":7885,"veryWrongStatistics":7886,"correctSentence":7888,"dataSourceShortText":7860,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7889},"1646",[],"LIC economy from agriculture, forestry and fishing","How much of all the money earned in low-income countries comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing?",[1456],[7887],"uk 0.40","Around 25% of the economies of low-income countries comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing.","[1]  [World Bank and OECD – Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - Low income ](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FNV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=XM)    ",{"metadata":7891,"sys":7898,"fields":7909},{"tags":7892,"concepts":7897},[7893,7895],{"sys":7894},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7896},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7899,"id":7901,"type":14,"createdAt":7902,"updatedAt":7903,"environment":7904,"publishedVersion":7906,"revision":1184,"contentType":7907,"locale":27},{"sys":7900},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"LQSgW9EJCYm2cCgni1rV1","2023-05-24T14:18:41.836Z","2023-11-27T09:07:26.339Z",{"sys":7905},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},169,{"sys":7908},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7910,"answers":7911,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1689,"name":7912,"questionText":7913,"statistics":7914,"veryWrongStatistics":7915,"correctSentence":7917,"youWereWrong":7918,"youWereRight":7919,"dataSourceShortText":1427,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7920,"extendedAnswerText":7921,"headingVeryWrong":7922,"youWereVeryWrong":7918,"headingWrong":7922},"1653",[],"Informal employment","Worldwide, how many workers have informal jobs that are not registered with the government (and are not in agriculture)?",[3824],[7916],"uk 0.344","Around 60% of workers globally have jobs that are informal in nature. This means the company is not registered with the government or the employee doesn't have a contract or pay taxes.","You didn't realize that more than half of the world's workers are working informally.","They didn't realize that more than half of the world's workers are working informally.","[1]  [ILO – Time to Act for SDG8 Report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---dgreports\u002F---inst\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_712685.pdf)  ","The UN's SDG 8 strives to decent work opportunities and economic growth. While parts of this goal are being met, informal employment is still a huge issue that is yet to be properly addressed. \n\nInformal employment means that the entire company or the hiring of the employee is not registered with the government. So the employee does not have a contract or pay taxes. More than half of the workers in the world were employed informally in 2019.\n\nAccording to the ILO, Workers who are informally employed frequently lack access to social protection, income security and basic rights at work. \nAlso, smaller companies that are formally registered and hire workers formally are at risk of unfair competition from companies that are informally registered or hiring informally. \n\nInformal employment rates vary greatly with income levels, and there is a particularly large difference between countries in the lower- and upper-middle-income groups.\n\n![Skärmavbild 2023-05-24 kl. 16.15.34](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1klFEzXpr1hBh3sO7TcbWA\u002F50a429dd2a7e2acfb533393b713e4a10\u002FSka__rmavbild_2023-05-24_kl._16.15.34.png)\n\nSource: [Time to Act for SDG 8\nIntegrating Decent Work, Sustained Growth\nand Environmental Integrity](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---dgreports\u002F---inst\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_712685.pdf) page 12","Employment is a lot more casual than you thought",{"metadata":7924,"sys":7931,"fields":7941},{"tags":7925,"concepts":7930},[7926,7928],{"sys":7927},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7929},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7932,"id":7934,"type":14,"createdAt":7935,"updatedAt":7936,"environment":7937,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":91,"contentType":7939,"locale":27},{"sys":7933},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"maldIPm63BmEQJQww9mbl","2023-06-22T14:24:55.811Z","2023-11-27T09:07:26.282Z",{"sys":7938},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7940},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7942,"answers":7943,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4253,"name":7944,"questionText":7945,"statistics":7946,"veryWrongStatistics":7947,"correctSentence":7949,"dataSourceShortText":7950,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7951},"1681",[],"Small-scale farmer income LIC","What is the average income of small family farms in low-income countries?",[3609],[7948],"uk 0.187","The average income of small family farms in low-income countries is around $1.50 a day.","Source: FAO and Gapminder","The figures used in this question are adjusted for price differences and comparisons based on US dollars in 2017. These are the latest available data and do not reflect the change in the dollar since 2017. However, that change is far smaller than the differences between the three answer options and we and three independent experts we consulted agree that our correct answer is the most correct of the three options. \n\n[1]  [Gapminder calculations using FAO data](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1877O1J70N23hG9m2TJ3QR9Y3QvyoEj9KBlzrJ6ZrvZs\u002Fedit#gid=646923448)     ",{"metadata":7953,"sys":7960,"fields":7970},{"tags":7954,"concepts":7959},[7955,7957],{"sys":7956},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7958},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7961,"id":7963,"type":14,"createdAt":7964,"updatedAt":7965,"environment":7966,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":44,"contentType":7968,"locale":27},{"sys":7962},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7wjYQuYRErqPeIAkscWugK","2023-05-12T11:14:18.951Z","2024-05-27T14:40:02.346Z",{"sys":7967},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7969},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7971,"answers":7972,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":7973,"questionText":7974,"statistics":7975,"veryWrongStatistics":7976,"correctSentence":7978,"dataSourceShortText":6960,"dataSourceLinkLongText":7979},"1636",[],"Covid-19 CO2 emissions decrease","Compared to the year before, how much less carbon dioxide was emitted worldwide during 2020 because of the Coronavirus Pandemic?",[2858],[7977],"uk 0.273","Around 5% less carbon dioxide was emitted during 2020 as large shares of the global population were confined to their homes.","[1]  [IEA – Global energy and CO2 emissions in 2020 ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Freports\u002Fglobal-energy-review-2020\u002Fglobal-energy-and-co2-emissions-in-2020)  ",{"metadata":7981,"sys":7988,"fields":7998},{"tags":7982,"concepts":7987},[7983,7985],{"sys":7984},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":7986},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":7989,"id":7991,"type":14,"createdAt":7992,"updatedAt":7993,"environment":7994,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":22,"contentType":7996,"locale":27},{"sys":7990},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3a1V0YOm6NXf5pqeQIJJgX","2023-09-04T10:06:40.217Z","2023-12-05T10:18:12.229Z",{"sys":7995},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":7997},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":7999,"answers":8000,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":409,"name":8001,"questionText":8002,"statistics":8003,"veryWrongStatistics":8005,"correctSentence":8007,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8008},"1726",[]," LIC to MIC since 2001","Between 2001 and today, how many countries progressed from low-income to middle-income status?\n",[8004],"usa 0.92",[8006],"usa 0.5214","More than 30 countries progressed from low to middle-income status between 2001 and 2022.\n","[1]  [World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdatatopics.worldbank.org\u002Fworld-development-indicators\u002Fstories\u002Fthe-classification-of-countries-by-income.html)               \n\n[2]  [World Bank via Gapminder calculations ](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1wG2ktMiQQlUfbi72fOIlYLVNV8IkGbOcyHeJVme2aSM\u002Fedit?pli=1#gid=0)   ",{"metadata":8010,"sys":8017,"fields":8027},{"tags":8011,"concepts":8016},[8012,8014],{"sys":8013},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8015},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":8018,"id":8020,"type":14,"createdAt":8021,"updatedAt":8022,"environment":8023,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":998,"contentType":8025,"locale":27},{"sys":8019},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4w6UWfJRZbW2Ek22aDfbcp","2023-09-04T10:12:21.135Z","2023-11-27T09:07:26.102Z",{"sys":8024},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8026},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8028,"answers":8029,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":8030,"questionText":8031,"statistics":8032,"veryWrongStatistics":8033,"correctSentence":8035,"dataSourceShortText":8036,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8037},"1727",[],"Heavy industries and construction","Of all money earned in the world, how much comes from work in industry, manufacturing and construction?",[779],[8034],"usa 0.3333","28% of all money earned in the world in 2022 came from work in industry, manufacturing and construction?\n","Source: World Bank and OECD national accounts data","[1]  [Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FNV.IND.TOTL.ZS)   ",{"metadata":8039,"sys":8046,"fields":8056},{"tags":8040,"concepts":8045},[8041,8043],{"sys":8042},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8044},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":8047,"id":8049,"type":14,"createdAt":8050,"updatedAt":8051,"environment":8052,"publishedVersion":925,"revision":22,"contentType":8054,"locale":27},{"sys":8048},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2KyDJQ0tZ8RqO3MQtBzS5a","2023-11-09T08:10:23.936Z","2023-12-19T16:23:18.101Z",{"sys":8053},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8055},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8057,"answers":8058,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"veryWrongPercentage":2037,"name":8059,"questionText":8060,"statistics":8061,"veryWrongStatistics":8062,"correctSentence":8063,"dataSourceShortText":8064,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8065,"extendedAnswerText":8066},"1753",[],"Legal slavery in 1950","In how many countries was slavery still legal in 1950? (Meaning there was no law or constitution banning the ownership of another person.)",[1812],[2279],"In 138 countries there were no laws banning the ownership of another person in 1950. \n\n![f47 slavery was banned everywhere](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F69ikOlC1LQLwHKrVwjaHXX\u002Fc2872ed6228cbf205a1ba22931617b8d\u002Ff47_slavery_was_banned_everywhere.png)","Source: Various via Gapminder","For this question, we use the earliest year a country adopts a law or constitution or signs an official treaty condemning slavery and\u002For forced labor of all citizens and guest workers.\n(Which doesn't mean the activity stopped in practice!) The fact that law enforcement is not taking enough action to stop it, is a different matter to the one we asked the question about.\nWe only count the fact that the law is in place, not whether it is enforced, except in three countries where the state itself is reportedly breaking the law, and we find it too hypocritical to classify them as having a state that condemns slavery.\nThose are: China, Turkmenistan and North Korea.\n\n[1]  [Gapminder spreadsheet](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1-TB8zsmychU_HqTndNxp_3yTT_w3XBdkPisUfxJDlq0\u002Fedit#gid=1829670169)                     \n","There was a huge decline from 1950. Today, there are three countries (China, Turkmenistan and North Korea) that still reportedly have governmentally sanctioned slavery.\n",{"metadata":8068,"sys":8075,"fields":8085},{"tags":8069,"concepts":8074},[8070,8072],{"sys":8071},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8073},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":353},[],{"space":8076,"id":8078,"type":14,"createdAt":8079,"updatedAt":8080,"environment":8081,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":998,"contentType":8083,"locale":27},{"sys":8077},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7m0254IvrqpCmvN0USU4xb","2023-11-09T08:44:22.745Z","2023-11-27T09:07:25.983Z",{"sys":8082},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8084},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8086,"answers":8087,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"veryWrongPercentage":44,"name":8088,"questionText":8089,"statistics":8090,"veryWrongStatistics":8091,"correctSentence":8093,"dataSourceShortText":4216,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8094},"1754",[]," Updating developing countries","What is the official method for updating the list of countries called \"Developing countries\"?",[7080],[8092],"usa 0.06","There is no procedure for classifying a country as “developing,” which is why you may find countries like Singapore and South Korea labeled as developing nations, despite being among the richest countries in the world. Labeling nations without a criteria is a bad idea, because the labels tend to hang around long after the countries have changed.\n","[1]  [Khan et al “How we classify countries and people—and why it matters” published in BMJ Global Health in 2022.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC9185389\u002F)                     \n\n[2]  [Investopedia](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.investopedia.com\u002Fupdates\u002Ftop-developing-countries\u002F)    \n\n[3]  [Advocates for International Development – Understanding the Developed\u002FDeveloping Country Taxonomy](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.a4id.org\u002Fpolicy\u002Funderstanding-the-developeddeveloping-country-taxonomy\u002F)        ",{"metadata":8096,"sys":8099,"fields":8108},{"tags":8097,"concepts":8098},[],[],{"space":8100,"id":8102,"type":14,"createdAt":8103,"updatedAt":8103,"environment":8104,"publishedVersion":1370,"revision":112,"contentType":8106,"locale":27},{"sys":8101},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"65EwpmnIE6X9iUDFtssKaU","2023-04-13T08:58:38.280Z",{"sys":8105},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8107},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8109,"answers":8110,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":8111,"questionText":8112,"statistics":8113,"veryWrongStatistics":8114,"correctSentence":8115,"youWereWrong":8116,"youWereRight":8117,"dataSourceShortText":8118,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8119,"extendedAnswerText":8120,"headingVeryWrong":8121,"youWereVeryWrong":8116,"headingWrong":8121},"1555",[],"Minimum wage in rich countries","Roughly how much is the minimum wage for a day’s work across the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the European Union, on average?",[745],[6585],"The average minimum wage across the EU, Canada, US, Australia and New Zealand is around $60 a day.","The lowest paid workers in wealthy countries don’t live a life of luxury, but they are still paid way more than you realized.","The lowest paid workers in wealthy countries don’t live a life of luxury, but they are still paid way more than they realized.","Source: International Labour Organization (ILO)","The data we use in this question comes from the International Labour Organization (ILO). The average minimum wage across the countries in this question comes from 2019. The data refer to national minimum wage rates where they exist. For countries with no clear single minimum wage, the figure used refers to the lowest national minimum wage where one exists, or the rate for unskilled workers. \n\n[1]  [ILO - Global Wage Report 2020-21 (pages 105-107)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---dgreports\u002F---dcomm\u002F---publ\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_762534.pdf)\n\n[2]  [World Economic Forum - “Which countries have the highest minimum wages in the OECD?” from August 2022.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Fagenda\u002F2022\u002F08\u002Fhighest-minimum-wage-countries-oecd\u002F )\n\n[3]  [Investopedia - “5 Developed Countries without Minimum Wages”](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.investopedia.com\u002Farticles\u002Finvesting\u002F080515\u002F5-developed-countries-without-minimum-wages.asp )","Most rich countries have a minimum wage written into law or some kind of agreement between companies and trade unions about how much workers should be paid. It means that workers are protected from being exploited.\n\nThat does not mean that being lowly paid in some rich countries is not difficult. It can be. Wages haven’t gone up in many countries as much as prices for food and clothes have increased, meaning some families living on minimum wage only just scrape by. \n\nBut it is still very far from being at the level in countries where there is no legal protection for workers. Or for the very poorest people in extreme poverty who cannot afford to feed their families, get basic healthcare or have electricity in their homes. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf they underestimate how much the lowest paid workers in wealthy countries are paid it can make them skeptical that a comfortable standard of living is possible for everyone in those countries. If they knew that minimum wages would need to only be increased a few percentage points, it might seem more possible for all jobs to pay enough for people to live on. These minimum wages could then also be something that workers in low- and middle-income countries aspire to recreate in their own countries. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey probably see and hear of people in wealthy countries struggling financially and think that they are paid less than they are in reality.\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes. The data we use in this question comes from the International Labour Organization (ILO). The average minimum wage across the countries in this question comes from 2019. The data refer to national minimum wage rates where they exist. For countries with no clear single minimum wage, the figure used refers to the lowest national minimum wage where one exists, or the rate for unskilled workers. \n","More money, more minimum",{"metadata":8123,"sys":8126,"fields":8135},{"tags":8124,"concepts":8125},[],[],{"space":8127,"id":8129,"type":14,"createdAt":8130,"updatedAt":8130,"environment":8131,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":112,"contentType":8133,"locale":27},{"sys":8128},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"67wiHp1x1yG6PMOsrdyhkh","2024-05-23T11:33:16.886Z",{"sys":8132},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8134},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8136,"answers":8137,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"veryWrongPercentage":1583,"name":8138,"questionText":8139,"statistics":8140,"veryWrongStatistics":8141,"correctSentence":8143,"dataSourceShortText":8144,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8145},"1775",[],"Top US service export to China","What was the top US service export to China in 2021?",[2810],[8142],"us 0.43","Education was the top US service export to China in 2021.","Source: US-China Business Council","[US-China Business Council](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uschina.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fus_exports_to_china_2023_0.pdf)",{"metadata":8147,"sys":8150,"fields":8159},{"tags":8148,"concepts":8149},[],[],{"space":8151,"id":8153,"type":14,"createdAt":8154,"updatedAt":8154,"environment":8155,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":112,"contentType":8157,"locale":27},{"sys":8152},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5BYld0VR0KKgS444U9nHHE","2024-05-23T11:50:29.983Z",{"sys":8156},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8158},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8160,"answers":8161,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3512,"veryWrongPercentage":883,"name":8162,"questionText":8163,"statistics":8164,"veryWrongStatistics":8166,"correctSentence":8168,"dataSourceShortText":8144,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8145},"1776",[],"US-China trade jobs","How many jobs in the US are supported by exports to China?",[8165],"us 0.68",[8167],"us 0.26","Around 1 million jobs in the United States are supported by exports to China.",{"metadata":8170,"sys":8173,"fields":8183},{"tags":8171,"concepts":8172},[],[],{"space":8174,"id":8176,"type":14,"createdAt":8177,"updatedAt":8178,"environment":8179,"publishedVersion":733,"revision":883,"contentType":8181,"locale":27},{"sys":8175},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"b809d9e73d8d809452e47d8913b1d42b","2021-11-11T07:12:50.162Z","2024-09-03T08:37:13.843Z",{"sys":8180},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8182},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":8184,"heading":8185,"slug":8186,"questions":8187,"certificateText":8188},"sdg_world_08_cert","UN Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth Certificate","un-goal-8-decent-work-and-economic-growth-certificate-test",[7437,346,457,7469,7504,7536,7630,7661,7689,7720,7748,7777,7806,7890,7952,7980,8009,8038,564,2718],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":8190,"sys":8193,"fields":8201},{"tags":8191,"concepts":8192},[],[],{"space":8194,"id":8196,"type":39,"createdAt":8197,"updatedAt":8198,"environment":8199,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":44,"locale":27},{"sys":8195},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ik9ONJh05KsJO13Pu3xU8","2020-11-17T10:18:06.626Z","2023-09-04T10:07:50.355Z",{"sys":8200},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":8202,"description":8203,"file":8204},"8. Decent work and economic growth","Decent work and economic growth icon",{"url":8205,"details":8206,"fileName":8210,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002Fik9ONJh05KsJO13Pu3xU8\u002F3aab70a11fa06d5c720b03fa644bc4f7\u002Fsdg_08",{"size":8207,"image":8208},2963,{"width":8209,"height":7301},121,"sdg_08","#A21942",[8213],{"metadata":8214,"sys":8217,"fields":8227},{"tags":8215,"concepts":8216},[],[],{"space":8218,"id":8220,"type":14,"createdAt":8221,"updatedAt":8222,"environment":8223,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":45,"contentType":8225,"locale":27},{"sys":8219},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ogSH0TAFWv7KxP3JLcapt","2022-10-06T08:42:12.167Z","2023-09-04T10:07:55.000Z",{"sys":8224},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8226},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":8228,"title":8228,"challenges":8229},"UN Goal 8",[8230],{"metadata":8231,"sys":8234,"fields":8244},{"tags":8232,"concepts":8233},[],[],{"space":8235,"id":8237,"type":14,"createdAt":8238,"updatedAt":8239,"environment":8240,"publishedVersion":2107,"revision":998,"contentType":8242,"locale":27},{"sys":8236},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4BVHtNVO0L23VXuw9x9jMd","2022-10-06T08:42:08.889Z","2023-09-04T10:07:55.127Z",{"sys":8241},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8243},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":8245,"title":7417,"slug":8245,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":8246,"combos":8266},"sdg-world-goal-8",{"metadata":8247,"sys":8250,"fields":8258},{"tags":8248,"concepts":8249},[],[],{"space":8251,"id":8253,"type":39,"createdAt":8254,"updatedAt":8255,"environment":8256,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":8252},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"509mpDIZYFgKMV4SbqJIsT","2022-10-06T08:41:55.930Z","2023-09-04T10:07:50.365Z",{"sys":8257},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":8259,"description":48,"file":8260},"SDG icon 8-03",{"url":8261,"details":8262,"fileName":8265,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F509mpDIZYFgKMV4SbqJIsT\u002F528f9f593be34b1616dc857334b37866\u002FSDG_icon_8-03.png",{"size":8263,"image":8264},11273,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 8-03.png",[],{"metadata":8268,"sys":8271,"fields":8281},{"tags":8269,"concepts":8270},[],[],{"space":8272,"id":8274,"type":14,"createdAt":8275,"updatedAt":8276,"environment":8277,"publishedVersion":1370,"revision":1330,"contentType":8279,"locale":27},{"sys":8273},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6B47GVE8DcwocdYiE0X3l9","2020-11-19T19:37:32.710Z","2024-10-02T08:03:52.319Z",{"sys":8278},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8280},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":8282,"name":8283,"slug":8282,"tests":8284,"diplomaTest":8799,"icon":8819,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":8842,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":8843},"sdg-world-09","UN Goal 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure",[8285],{"metadata":8286,"sys":8289,"fields":8299},{"tags":8287,"concepts":8288},[],[],{"space":8290,"id":8292,"type":14,"createdAt":8293,"updatedAt":8294,"environment":8295,"publishedVersion":2376,"revision":808,"contentType":8297,"locale":27},{"sys":8291},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4ef5a312d1fcc8a9456d6deb7a19f95a","2021-11-11T07:12:51.737Z","2024-10-29T08:16:23.255Z",{"sys":8296},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8298},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":8300,"heading":8301,"slug":8302,"questions":8303},"sdg_world_09_t1","UN Goal 9: Industry innovation and infrastructure","un-goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure",[8304,8368,8401,8434,8466,8499,8534,8566,8597,8626,8663,8692,8723,8752,8774],{"metadata":8305,"sys":8313,"fields":8324},{"tags":8306,"concepts":8312},[8307,8309],{"sys":8308},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8310},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},"industry",[],{"space":8314,"id":8316,"type":14,"createdAt":8317,"updatedAt":8318,"environment":8319,"publishedVersion":8321,"revision":883,"contentType":8322,"locale":27},{"sys":8315},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"f714a3089d84817995c36a4f7a8cf4b4","2021-11-11T07:17:16.216Z","2025-08-11T08:19:37.888Z",{"sys":8320},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},101,{"sys":8323},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":8325,"answers":8326,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":8327,"questionText":2735,"statistics":8328,"veryWrongStatistics":8345,"correctSentence":8362,"youWereWrong":8363,"youWereRight":8364,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8365,"extendedAnswerText":8366,"headingVeryWrong":2744,"youWereVeryWrong":8367,"headingWrong":2746},"18",[],"How much of the world's economy comes from agricul",[8329,8330,8331,8332,8333,2584,8334,2250,2251,5170,8335,8336,8337,8338,8339,8340,8341,8342,8343,8344],"uk 0.8171999999999999","swe 0.8530387119783029","nor 0.789657971014491","fin 0.817704325667491","dnk 0.901058285300945","bra 0.89","mex 0.88","rus 0.68","esp 0.83","mys 0.83","mar 0.84","zaf 0.83","ind 0.69","pak 0.82","nga 0.9","phl 0.78",[936,8346,302,8347,8348,8349,8350,8351,8352,8353,8354,8355,628,8356,8357,8358,8359,4476,8360,8361],"usa 0.39","fra 0.42","deu 0.29","jpn 0.26","mex 0.47","rus 0.37","esp 0.40","swe 0.28","mys 0.48","mar 0.49","fin 0.28","nor 0.20","zaf 0.41","ind 0.43","nga 0.37","phl 0.41","Around 5% of the world’s economy comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing.","Many people mistakenly believe that agriculture, forestry and fishing make up more than a fifth of the global economy. When you buy a product just a tiny fraction of the price goes to producers of the raw ingredients and raw materials. Poor countries won’t get rich from such exports.","Many people mistakenly believe that agriculture, forestry and fishing make up more than a fifth of the global economy. They don’t realize what a tiny fraction of the economy comes from production of ingredients and raw materials.","The share of the world’s economy which is made up of agriculture, fishing and forestry[1] is only 6%, because almost all money made today comes from services and manufacturing. This is based on national accounts[2] data which is of poorer quality in poorer countries where the informal sector is larger. But this data problem doesn’t influence the global number much, as most of the value is generated in middle- and high-income countries, where data is of higher quality, and in high-income countries, only around 1% of GDP comes from the combined value of agriculture, fishing and forestry. \n\nOver the last 200 years, most countries increased their incomes and as they did they have followed very similar declines of agriculture as a share of their economies[3]. It’s hard to know exactly what the global percentage was at the start of the industrial revolution, but probably around 50%. That’s where a few extremely poor countries still are today.\n\n[1]  [International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC)](https:\u002F\u002Filostat.ilo.org\u002Fresources\u002Fconcepts-and-definitions\u002Fclassification-economic-activities\u002F)  \n[2]  [Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - World Bank national accounts data and OECD National Accounts data files.](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FNV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=XM-XP-XD-1W)  \n[3]  [Share of agriculture in GDP vs GDP per capita, 1801 to 2010, Our World in Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fgdp-vs-agriculture-gdp?country=DNK~GBR~USA~ESP~DEU~JPN~BEL~SWE~NLD)  \n[4]  [“Agriculture in the World Economy: an Historical Geography of Decline” by David Grigg in the journal Geography in July 1992.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jstor.org\u002Fstable\u002F40572192?seq=1)","During the last 200 years, the share of the world’s economy that comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing has been dropping steadily.\n\nOver that time, most countries increased their average incomes a lot, and as they did agriculture became a smaller and smaller part of their economy. There’s no country that has become rich without reducing agriculture’s share of incomes, by replacing it with other production such as refining raw material into products, manufacturing and services, or by extracting some valuable natural resource like oil.\n\nTo our great surprise, many people in rich countries believe that nearly half of the world’s money still comes from production of wood and the raw ingredients in food. When they buy food, they don’t realize what a tiny fraction of the price goes to the farmer or the fisherman. Almost all the money goes to the food manufacturers and the services who process, package, transport and sell the food to consumers.\n\nToday, most countries are middle-income or high-income, and their economies rely on some combination of manufacturing and services. Working in factories on average pays much better than farming, fishing and forestry. And services on average pay even more (such as jobs in shops, restaurants, banks, education, healthcare, real estate or entertainment industries). Seeing wages from agriculture as a big part of the global economy is an incredibly outdated view. Incomes from agriculture haven’t been 50% of the world economy for 200 years and they haven’t been around 30% for probably 100 years! \n\nIf you don't realize that most countries today have service-based economies, you are probably missing incredible opportunities to work in other places or do business, study and travel.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nJust a few countries today are heavily reliant on agriculture, forestry and fishing to support their economies. If we don’t realize this then we miss the great opportunities available to invest in developing economies globally. We must look at the service industries, modern technologies and manufacturing industries in developing economies today for investment. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople often think there are far more poor people in the world than there are and that the poorer countries are 100 or even 200 years behind where they are, and still heavily reliant on farming, fishing and forestry. People probably don’t want to overlook the work done in these countries and so overestimate the contribution of agriculture, forestry and fishing to the world’s economy.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but we must understand there are caveats. Firstly, this is a global figure and so we must remember there will be variations in this data between regions and countries. Generally, poorer countries are still more reliant on agriculture, forestry and fishing than richer countries. Nonetheless, as these countries progress they will transition towards manufacturing and service industries to support their economies and so investments must be made in these sectors to ensure they prosper over the coming decades. \n","Many people mistakenly believe that agriculture, forestry and fishing make up more than a fifth of the global economy. Agriculture, forestry and fishing haven’t been a major part of the world economy since the industrial revolution. Poor countries today won’t get rich from such exports.",{"metadata":8369,"sys":8376,"fields":8386},{"tags":8370,"concepts":8375},[8371,8373],{"sys":8372},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8374},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8377,"id":8379,"type":14,"createdAt":8380,"updatedAt":8381,"environment":8382,"publishedVersion":258,"revision":364,"contentType":8384,"locale":27},{"sys":8378},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"d712f4676f97e92969ad44e3ad86e7c8","2021-11-11T07:08:22.500Z","2024-06-12T17:21:23.605Z",{"sys":8383},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8385},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":8387,"answers":8388,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"name":8389,"questionText":8390,"statistics":8391,"veryWrongStatistics":8392,"correctSentence":8393,"youWereWrong":8394,"youWereRight":8395,"dataSourceShortText":8396,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8397,"extendedAnswerText":8398,"headingVeryWrong":8399,"youWereVeryWrong":8400,"headingWrong":8399},"60",[],"\nHow many people in the world have a mobile phone ","\nHow many people in the world have a mobile phone subscription?\n",[591],[626],"Worldwide, around to 78% of people have a mobile phone subscription.","When a new technology spreads fast, a lot of people overestimate how many can afford it, like you just did with mobile phones.","When a new technology spreads fast, many overestimate how common it is.","Source: ITU, GSMA & After Access","We used multiple different sources to come up with the answer of “around 78%”. That's the number provided by ITU[5] for mobile phone \"ownership\", which is higher than the estimates from the other sources. The source GSMA Intelligence[1] puts the figure for subscriber penetration at 69% in 2023. We cross-referenced that data with numbers from After Access[2], which put mobile ownership slightly higher in some African countries. That is why we chose the correct answer we did, which - despite those differences - is more correct than the other two answer options.\n\n[1]  [GSMA Intelligence - The Mobile Economy 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gsma.com\u002Fsolutions-and-impact\u002Fconnectivity-for-good\u002Fmobile-economy\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2024\u002F02\u002F260224-The-Mobile-Economy-2024.pdf)  \n[2]  [After Access - The Inside Internet Story of Africa, Asia and Latin America](https:\u002F\u002Fafteraccess.net\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002FAfter-Access-Website-layout-r1.pdf)  \n[3]  [“Mobile phones the pathway to internet in Africa” - Article from May 2015 in the Conversation by Indra de Lanerolle](https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fmobile-phones-the-pathway-to-internet-in-africa-42363)  \n[4]  [“Mobile phones are not always a cure for poverty in remote regions” - Article from March 2017 in the Conversation by Petr Matous](https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Fmobile-phones-are-not-always-a-cure-for-poverty-in-remote-regions-73901)\n[5] [ITU Facts and Figures 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.itu.int\u002Fitu-d\u002Freports\u002Fstatistics\u002F2023\u002F10\u002F10\u002Fff23-mobile-phone-ownership\u002F)\n","Like most new technology, mobile phones are often portrayed as the magic wand that will solve more problems than they actually do. As soon as the poorest can afford it, a mobile phone is typically the first modern technology they will buy, but one third of the world’s population still have more important things to spend their scarce resources on, like food, water and housing.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nShould I buy a phone or food? That’s a question you have probably never had to ask yourself, thankfully. But that's the reality for one third of humanity and, of course, they choose food over a phone. When we ask people what share of the world’s population don’t have enough food and compare their answers to this question, we can see that they think more of the world’s people are going hungry than have phones. That is not the case.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nEven if people are poor, we have heard that they very often have a phone. But that poverty is different from extreme poverty. The poor in rich countries can afford phones, because they are actually richer than the poorest third of humanity. It is easy to overestimate phone owners if you have never met anyone without a phone.\n\n### What kind of phones do the poorest have?\nYou can see hundreds of actual phone users on different incomes in our tool called [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=phones&max=140).\n\n![Screenshot 2021-01-18 at 11.19.53](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3k45F1Mmm0gKSH5dR51inV\u002Fe871dfbff7689e6a018ca0b7806f42f5\u002FScreenshot_2021-01-18_at_11.19.53.png)\n\nWhen we picture mobile phones nowadays, most of us think of bright colors, big screens and devices that you can use to stream movies and video chat with friends. But using phones the way we might in high- and middle-income countries is expensive. A majority of poorer people instead have simpler phones that they use to text and call, rather than stream and access social media.\n\n### Are mobile phones lifting people out of extreme poverty?\nMost people in the world who have their basic needs met and can read and write benefit enormously from having a mobile phone to find jobs and customers. That insight often makes people exaggerate the benefit of mobile phones to people on lower income levels. But people who can’t read will not benefit from a texting app and there are still around 20% of people who can’t read. The 10% of people with NO access to electricity couldn’t charge their phones. \nFor a phone to be worth the investment, there needs to be a distance to other people you want to have contact with, but that is not the case for many people who live local lives and can’t afford to travel. The idea that farmers can find their markets by using a phone, assumes they would then have resources to travel to the best market but, in that equation, the cost of traveling is usually more expensive than calling or texting. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes. We have checked five different sources and the answer “around 78%” represents the higher estimate. The number is not precise. For 2023, ITU put the estimate at 78% (for mobile phone ownership) while the second source, GSMA, put the figure for \"subscriber penetration\" at 69%. We cross-referenced that data with numbers from other sources, like one called After Access, which put mobile ownership slightly higher in some African countries in 2018, compared to GSMA. That is how we chose the correct answer we did, which - despite those uncertainties - we believe is \"more correct\" than the other two answer options.\n","Mobiles are cheap, not free","It’s common to overestimate how fast new technology spreads, like you just did. One third of people have more important things to buy.",{"metadata":8402,"sys":8409,"fields":8419},{"tags":8403,"concepts":8408},[8404,8406],{"sys":8405},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8407},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8410,"id":8412,"type":14,"createdAt":8413,"updatedAt":8414,"environment":8415,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":1330,"contentType":8417,"locale":27},{"sys":8411},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"80fdb5c87577bd074556a404a4ee2cef","2021-11-11T07:08:24.507Z","2023-11-27T09:07:25.743Z",{"sys":8416},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8418},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":8420,"answers":8421,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":8422,"questionText":8423,"statistics":8424,"veryWrongStatistics":8425,"correctSentence":8427,"youWereWrong":8428,"youWereRight":8429,"dataSourceShortText":8430,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8431,"extendedAnswerText":8432,"headingVeryWrong":8433,"youWereVeryWrong":8428,"headingWrong":8433},"61",[],"Ports in high-income countries handled around 350 ","Ports in high-income countries handled around 350 million containers in 2020. What was that number for low- and middle-income countries?",[1626],[8426],"uk 0.45","Ports in low- and middle-income countries handled more than 400 million containers in 2020.","If you had known that most people live in middle-income countries, you could have guessed that most containers are handled in their ports.","Many assume that high-income countries lead all globalization rankings.","Source: UNCTAD","The size of cargo containers ranges from 20-50 feet in length. The data source uses 20-foot equivalent units. Up to 40% of shipping is transhipping, which means the container is only stopping temporarily at a port on the way to its destination so, while the port may get some economic benefit, that middle country doesn’t. Some of those containers may even be empty. However, we have found no reason to believe that this differs between middle- and high-income countries. Up until 2012 high-income countries still had more containers than low- and middle-income countries, but it is changing fast with growing economies and growing middle classes in middle-income countries.[1] We consulted three independent experts for this question who had no objection to our correct answer and didn’t dispute that ports in low- and middle-income countries now handle most containers.\nThe fact that more than 70% of trade goes by boat, comes from UNCTAD[3].\n\n[1]  [UNCTAD (trends in income groups over time via World Bank website)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FIS.SHP.GOOD.TU?locations=XD-XO-1W&most_recent_value_desc=true)  \n[2]  [UNCTAD, Country-level data](https:\u002F\u002Functadstat.unctad.org\u002Fwds\u002FTableViewer\u002FtableView.aspx?ReportId=13321)  \n[3]  [Review of Maritime Transport 2018](https:\u002F\u002Functad.org\u002Fwebflyer\u002Freview-maritime-transport-2018#:~:text=Maritime%20transport%20is%20the%20backbone,are%20handled%20by%20ports%20worldwide)\n","### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we think high-income countries in Europe and North America lead in every single measure of economic growth we underestimate the progress in other parts of the world and completely miss opportunities for business, study and travel.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost of us do not think about goods traveling in containers very much and even if you have seen containers in a port somewhere, it's hard to compare with other (unseen) ports. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but it is important to understand what is being measured. Up to 40% of shipping is transhipping, which means the container is only stopping temporarily at a port on the way to its destination so, while the port may get some economic benefit, that middle country doesn’t. However, this is likely true for both middle- and high-income countries. We consulted three independent experts for this question who all agreed that ports in low- and middle-income countries now handle most containers. You can see the global trend [here](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FIS.SHP.GOOD.TU?locations=XD-XO-1W&most_recent_value_desc=true).\n\n### Where can I see the data for countries?\n[This bubble graph](https:\u002F\u002Fbit.ly\u002F3qkR88P) shows all countries as bubbles, with the average income on the horizontal axis. The size and vertical position shows the number of containers. To the right are the high-income countries on income level 4. \n\n![Screenshot 2021-01-18 at 13.47.26](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6c3ZuWayzHFHUX8Z5lU2tV\u002F3a7562a4d90493097f65fc1f8bda6bed\u002FScreenshot_2021-01-18_at_13.47.26.png)\n","Most people and most containers",{"metadata":8435,"sys":8442,"fields":8452},{"tags":8436,"concepts":8441},[8437,8439],{"sys":8438},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8440},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8443,"id":8445,"type":14,"createdAt":8446,"updatedAt":8447,"environment":8448,"publishedVersion":4253,"revision":259,"contentType":8450,"locale":27},{"sys":8444},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"8b2ac13182a68e1e0e40a73755c0a95e","2021-11-11T07:08:26.589Z","2025-02-03T08:55:49.318Z",{"sys":8449},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8451},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":8453,"answers":8454,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":8455,"questionText":8456,"statistics":8457,"veryWrongStatistics":8458,"correctSentence":8459,"youWereWrong":8460,"youWereRight":8461,"dataSourceShortText":5548,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8462,"extendedAnswerText":8463,"headingVeryWrong":8464,"youWereVeryWrong":8465,"headingWrong":8464},"62",[],"What share of all workers worldwide are employed i","What share of all workers worldwide are employed in the manufacturing sector?",[2456],[3642],"\nAround 15% of workers worldwide are employed in manufacturing.\n","Only 15% of workers worldwide are employed in manufacturing, but you thought it was more than twice as many!","They hugely overestimate how many people are employed in manufacturing.","This data includes manufacturing of a wide range of things – everything from food and beverages, to clothes, cars and drugs. \n\nThe highest share of workers employed in the manufacturing sector can be found in upper-middle-income countries where it is 18%, compared to low-income countries where it is only 6%. \n\nThere is a high level of uncertainty in the data for countries where the ILO have used estimates due to a lack of recorded data. It likely misses people employed in the informal sector too. That lack of data about the informal sector means the actual share working in manufacturing is likely lower than 15%. \n\nThe three independent experts we consulted for this question were confident in the ILO's estimates and that the two wrong answer options are not close to being correct.\n\n[1]  [ILO - SDG indicator 9.2.2](https:\u002F\u002Frshiny.ilo.org\u002Fdataexplorer35\u002F?lang=en&id=SDG_0922_NOC_RT_A)  \n[2]  [ILO - A breakdown of what is included under the category of “manufacturing”](https:\u002F\u002Filostat.ilo.org\u002Fresources\u002Fconcepts-and-definitions\u002Fclassification-economic-activities\u002F)","The global share of people making things like cars, clothes, electronics and all sorts of other products has stayed around 13-15% for the past couple of decades. The main change has been the share working in these manufacturing jobs in high-income countries (it has gone down) and lower-middle-income countries (it has gone up).\n\nToday, most people work in services, such as healthcare, call centers, teaching, restaurants, hairdressing, banking and nursing.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nExaggerating the importance of manufacturing gives a completely skewed view of what is most valuable in an economy. When imagining a world that is trying to get richer, it’s common to assume that the economy can grow only by extracting more raw materials and producing more stuff. But most economic growth comes from services. Countries that try to get richer by integrating into the world market often think they should produce more physical things to export. But exporting services, like call-center services and software development can be a more profitable kind of work.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen we think of work and production, we easily think of the physical stuff around us. Factories, conveyor belts and sweatshops are easy to document and the images show masses of workers in large rooms. They look like places where many people work, while images from hairdressers and classrooms show very few workers. But the total amount of service jobs adds up to a lot. Half of all workers are employed in some kind of service.\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes. However, there is a high level of uncertainty in the data for countries where the ILO have used estimates due to a lack of recorded data, which means the actual share working in manufacturing is likely lower than 15%. A lot of informal work is in the agriculture and service sectors. The three independent experts we consulted for this question were confident in the data we use.\n\n### Where can I see data for countries?\n[This bubble graph](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Fpwm) shows data for individual countries over time. \n","Machines manufacture a lot","Only 13% of workers worldwide are employed in manufacturing, but you thought it was 4 times more! ",{"metadata":8467,"sys":8474,"fields":8484},{"tags":8468,"concepts":8473},[8469,8471],{"sys":8470},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8472},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8475,"id":8477,"type":14,"createdAt":8478,"updatedAt":8479,"environment":8480,"publishedVersion":889,"revision":364,"contentType":8482,"locale":27},{"sys":8476},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"a2228aad4c60dcca53729090e84e2957","2021-11-11T07:08:29.029Z","2025-09-30T07:09:43.035Z",{"sys":8481},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8483},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":8485,"answers":8486,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":8487,"questionText":8488,"statistics":8489,"veryWrongStatistics":8490,"correctSentence":8491,"youWereWrong":8492,"youWereRight":8493,"dataSourceShortText":8494,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8495,"extendedAnswerText":8496,"headingVeryWrong":8497,"youWereVeryWrong":8498,"headingWrong":8497},"63",[],"How many people in the world live within range of ","How many people in the world live within range of a 3G or higher quality mobile network?",[2858],[668],"Worldwide, around 95% of people live within range of a 3G or higher quality mobile network, (but only around 70% are connected).","3G networks cover the areas where 95% of people live, but only around 70% of people are connected. Tech infrastructure has reached most parts of the inhabitable world, but not all people.","They might know that only around 70% the world's population use the Internet, and therefore they assume there’s no 3G in these areas.","Source: International Telecommunication Union (ITU)","The data is looking at the percentage of the world population who live within reach of a mobile broadband (or Internet) service, 3G or higher quality. That figure is 96%. Another 2% have access to a non-broadband mobile cellular signal. This means that only 2% of the world's population live in areas without any cell phone coverage. The data comes from the International Telecommunication Union, and is compiled using several different methodologies depending on the country. In some countries, when survey data does not exist, modelling or expert opinion is used, providing estimates that are usually less robust compared to survey data. When we compare the ITU figures with other sources like GSMA[2], they are very much the same (90%+).We also consulted three independent experts who recognized the ITU as the best source for this data and one they trust and use in their own work.\nOf the total world population, approximately 70% have a cell phone, according to GSMA[3] and 68% of people were connected to the Internet in 2024, according to ITU.\n\n[1]  [ITU - Mobile population coverage by type of network, 2015-2024](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.itu.int\u002Fitu-d\u002Freports\u002Fstatistics\u002F2024\u002F11\u002F10\u002Fff24-mobile-network-coverage\u002F)  \n[2]  [GSMA Intelligence - The Mobile Economy 2025](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gsma.com\u002Fsolutions-and-impact\u002Fconnectivity-for-good\u002Fmobile-economy\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2025\u002F04\u002F030325-The-Mobile-Economy-2025.pdf)\n[3]  [ITU - Individuals using the Internet](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.itu.int\u002Fen\u002FITU-D\u002FStatistics\u002FPages\u002Fstat\u002Fdefault.aspx) \n[4]  We consulted three independent experts for this question, including  Dhanaraj Thakur of the Center For Democracy and Technology.","\nIt’s easy to think of the world as divided in two, and we hear a lot about the digital divide. Huge inequalities certainly exist between people who are connected and those who are not, but globally it’s not a clear divide. Most of the people who are excluded from modern tech often live painfully close to those who have access.\n\nHaving a network nearby is not everything – you also need to be able to afford to use it. A lot of people haven’t even started using the Internet, and typically more women than men are not online.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we think the problem is a lack of access we might think we are many years away from creating the infrastructure to connect everyone to the Internet. The reality is, that the infrastructure is already in place almost everywhere but many still don’t use the Internet because of a lack of skills and affordability. Those things are easier to fix.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey think technology hasn’t yet reached low-income countries. In fact, it often has, but digital skills and affordability is still a blocker for the people most in need.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. It comes from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies. Their figure is similar to the figure that we find from other sources (90%+). We also consulted three independent experts who recognized the ITU as the best source for this data and one they trust and use in their own work.\n","Covered, not connected","3G networks already cover most areas where people live, but don’t reach all people.",{"metadata":8500,"sys":8507,"fields":8517},{"tags":8501,"concepts":8506},[8502,8504],{"sys":8503},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8505},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8508,"id":8510,"type":14,"createdAt":8511,"updatedAt":8512,"environment":8513,"publishedVersion":480,"revision":3538,"contentType":8515,"locale":27},{"sys":8509},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"010a8e8646bf8f0d2189d7cab5c4718e","2021-11-11T07:08:31.061Z","2025-01-07T09:24:50.589Z",{"sys":8514},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8516},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":8518,"answers":8519,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"name":8520,"questionText":8521,"shortQuestionText":8521,"statistics":8522,"veryWrongStatistics":8524,"correctSentence":8526,"youWereWrong":8527,"youWereRight":8528,"dataSourceShortText":8494,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8529,"extendedAnswerText":8530,"headingVeryWrong":8531,"youWereVeryWrong":8532,"headingWrong":8533},"64",[],"What share of the world’s population used the Inte","What share of the world’s population used the Internet in 2024?",[591,8523],"swe 0.6602",[8525,5393],"uk 0.1890","Around 70% of the world’s population used the Internet in 2024.","Most people you know are online, but more than a third of humanity is still not. Reaching 80% will still take roughly 5 years with current trends.","They think most people are already online but nearly half of humanity is not.","The data comes from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the United Nations' specialized agency for information and communication technologies. It is compiled through surveys and, where data is missing, from estimates. Some countries’ numbers may be overestimates and others are underestimates, for example there is often an underrepresentation of rural communities where Internet access might be lower, resulting in our number being an overestimation. On the other hand, data can be slow to come in from low-income settings where progress right now is the fastest, and the number we have might therefore also be an underestimation. Finally, the ITU’s definition of using the Internet is being online once in the previous three months. If someone was only online once or twice in that time, that is clearly very different from the constant connection many of us have. Despite these limitations, two independent experts we consulted considered the ITU’s figures the best and most reliable estimate of how many people use the Internet.\n\n[1]  [ITU](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.itu.int\u002Fen\u002FITU-D\u002FStatistics\u002FPages\u002Fstat\u002Fdefault.aspx)  \n\n[2]  [ITU\u002FUNESCO - The State of Broadband 2024](https:\u002F\u002Funesdoc.unesco.org\u002Fin\u002FdocumentViewer.xhtml?v=2.1.196&id=p::usmarcdef_0000390280&file=\u002Fin\u002Frest\u002FannotationSVC\u002FDownloadWatermarkedAttachment\u002Fattach_import_386080eb-44e8-4107-b684-42120ed17745%3F_%3D390280eng.pdf&locale=en&multi=true&ark=\u002Fark:\u002F48223\u002Fpf0000390280\u002FPDF\u002F390280eng.pdf#output-1.indd%3AAnchor%20158%3A303)\n\n[3]  We consulted three independent experts for this question, including  Dhanaraj Thakur of the Center For Democracy and Technology.","\nBack in 2005, just 16% of people were online. Since then, it has increased a lot and in 2024, it was 68%. Thanks to the Internet, a lot of people can now access information more easily, and it's easier for them to find education and job opportunities. Women and girls are less likely than men and boys to use the Internet. \n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nGetting people online is about teaching very basic skills that could ultimately be life changing. If people don’t know how many people are not yet online it is hard for them to push for more teaching of digital skills in low-income countries.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost of our children, family members and friends are using the Internet. It is easy to forget that many people in poorer countries have limited schooling and limited access to computers. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but the data has some limitations. It comes from the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies. Most importantly, the ITU’s definition of using the Internet is: “Being online once in the previous three months”. If someone was only online once or twice in that time, that is clearly very different from the constant connection many of us have. Despite these limitations, though, two independent experts we consulted considered the ITU’s figures the best and most reliable estimate of how many people use the Internet.\n\n### What has happened in my country?\nThis bubble graph shows on the vertical axis [the percent of people in all countries using the Internet](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=internet_users&space@=country&=time;&source=sg;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;&frame$value=2021;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1) It has increased everywhere since the 1990s.\n\n### Where can I see data for countries?\n[This bubble graph](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=net_users_num&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;&frame$value=2019;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1) shows the number of internet users per country.\n","You are 10 years ahead","Most people you know are online, but more than a third of humanity is still not. Reaching 95% will take roughly 10 years with current trends.","You are 5 years ahead",{"metadata":8535,"sys":8542,"fields":8552},{"tags":8536,"concepts":8541},[8537,8539],{"sys":8538},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8540},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8543,"id":8545,"type":14,"createdAt":8546,"updatedAt":8547,"environment":8548,"publishedVersion":2057,"revision":1584,"contentType":8550,"locale":27},{"sys":8544},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7z501TYZT69R5hCpB9yPPy","2023-04-21T09:42:38.175Z","2024-06-04T14:24:24.012Z",{"sys":8549},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8551},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8553,"answers":8554,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":8555,"questionText":8556,"statistics":8557,"veryWrongStatistics":8558,"correctSentence":8560,"youWereWrong":8561,"youWereRight":8562,"dataSourceShortText":8118,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8563,"extendedAnswerText":8564,"headingVeryWrong":8565,"youWereVeryWrong":8561,"headingWrong":8565},"1523",[],"Minimum wage in Asian factory countries","Roughly what is the minimum wage in these countries with lots of textile factories, India, China, Pakistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and Indonesia?",[2456],[8559],"uk 0.289","The minimum wage in India, China, Pakistan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar and Indonesia is around $10 a day.","Most clothes are made in countries that are now middle-income, where the vast majority earn enough to afford the basics.","They weren’t aware that most clothes are made in countries that are now middle-income, where the vast majority earn enough to afford the basics.","The average minimum wage across the countries in this question comes from 2016. There has been research indicating that many in the garment industry are paid below minimum wage in Asian countries. We mitigate this by making the answer “around 10 dollars” instead of 12 dollars indicated by the International Labour Organization (ILO) data. Despite the limitations of the data, three independent experts we consulted for this question considered the ILO data reliable. We also put differences between the three answer options so our correct answer is way more correct than the other two answer options. \n\n[1]  [ILO - Global Wage Report 2020-21](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---dgreports\u002F---dcomm\u002F---publ\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_762534.pdf)  \n[2]  [ILO - Wages and Working Hours in the Textiles, Clothing,\nLeather and Footwear Industries](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ilo.org\u002Fwcmsp5\u002Fgroups\u002Fpublic\u002F---ed_dialogue\u002F---sector\u002Fdocuments\u002Fpublication\u002Fwcms_300463.pdf)   ","As the range of products that clothing, textiles and shoe manufacturers made expanded in the 1990s, many moved the production abroad where it would be cheaper. \n\nMoving that production helped create millions of jobs in countries that had been poor in the early 1990s and has given women opportunities to get jobs in places where that hadn’t always been culturally accepted. \n\nPeople are considered to be in extreme poverty if they have an income of less than $2 a day. The minimum wage in countries with lots of textile factories is way more than that and it has enabled most people to have access to the basics, such as electricity, clean water, basic healthcare and enough nutritious food.\n\nHowever, that doesn’t mean there are no issues. The working hours can be long and unpredictable. In some places, there are problems with exploitation of workers, as well as abuse and harassment. There have also been issues with wages being paid late, or underpaid and there is a lack of social security and maternity payments. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nHaving an outdated view of the world prevents people from recognizing opportunities to travel, study and work in places that are far more developed than they realize. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nOne of the main misconceptions people have about the world is that it is divided in two, between rich and poor. The reality is that most people live in middle-income countries where the majority have enough income to buy food, medicine, electricity and transport. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but it does have some limitations. There has been research indicating that many in the garment industry are paid below minimum wage in Asian countries. We mitigate this by making the answer “around 10 dollars” instead of 12 dollars indicated by the International Labour Organization (ILO) data we use for this question. Despite the limitations of the data, three independent experts we consulted for this question considered the ILO data reliable. We also put differences between the three answer options so our correct answer is way more correct than the other two answer options. \n","Not rich but not extreme poverty either!",{"metadata":8567,"sys":8574,"fields":8584},{"tags":8568,"concepts":8573},[8569,8571],{"sys":8570},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8572},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8575,"id":8577,"type":14,"createdAt":8578,"updatedAt":8579,"environment":8580,"publishedVersion":2037,"revision":2107,"contentType":8582,"locale":27},{"sys":8576},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3xJl5AskTX9pAKXvU83dDj","2023-04-19T08:01:35.315Z","2026-03-17T07:21:50.691Z",{"sys":8581},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8583},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8585,"answers":8586,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":8587,"questionText":8588,"statistics":8589,"veryWrongStatistics":8592,"correctSentence":8595,"dataSourceShortText":8430,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8596},"1581",[],"Cargo ship weight","In 2023, cargo ships worldwide carried 11 billion tons. What share of the cargo was oil, petroleum products, gas and chemicals?",[8590,8591],"uk 0.818","swe 0.73",[8593,8594],"uk 0.449","swe 0.327","Oil, petroleum products, gas and chemicals make up around 40% of the total weight of goods carried on cargo ships.","[1]  [UNCTAD stat ](https:\u002F\u002Functadstat.unctad.org\u002Fdatacentre\u002Fdataviewer\u002FUS.SeaborneTrade)     \n\n[2]  [Gapminder calculations based on UNCTAD data](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1WAHgf0qCgwQGRxyuTkP-UkLID3-y8kDdobxySRyY2rY\u002Fedit?gid=0#gid=0)   ",{"metadata":8598,"sys":8605,"fields":8615},{"tags":8599,"concepts":8604},[8600,8602],{"sys":8601},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8603},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8606,"id":8608,"type":14,"createdAt":8609,"updatedAt":8610,"environment":8611,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":998,"contentType":8613,"locale":27},{"sys":8607},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3bZP3ySFWgzOi6JKK16Sys","2023-05-09T09:51:02.282Z","2023-11-27T09:07:25.505Z",{"sys":8612},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8614},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8616,"answers":8617,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":8618,"questionText":8619,"statistics":8620,"veryWrongStatistics":8621,"correctSentence":8623,"dataSourceShortText":8624,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8625},"1625",[],"Manufacturing share of global economy","In 2020, the manufacturing sector contributed how much to the world's economy?\n",[1456],[8622],"uk 0.326","The manufacturing sector contributed around 15% to the world’s economy in 2020.\n","Sources: World Bank and OECD","[1]  [World Bank and OECD, via Our World In Data – Manufacturing's value added to GDP, 1997 to 2020](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fmanufacturing-value-added-to-gdp?tab=chart&country=~OWID_WRL)   ",{"metadata":8627,"sys":8634,"fields":8645},{"tags":8628,"concepts":8633},[8629,8631],{"sys":8630},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8632},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8635,"id":8637,"type":14,"createdAt":8638,"updatedAt":8639,"environment":8640,"publishedVersion":8642,"revision":5259,"contentType":8643,"locale":27},{"sys":8636},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"CpN7HRrSgPdxCZl3T9ec8","2022-06-22T13:29:48.606Z","2024-10-09T08:28:29.362Z",{"sys":8641},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},164,{"sys":8644},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"globalId":8646,"answers":8647,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":8648,"questionText":8649,"statistics":8650,"veryWrongStatistics":8653,"correctSentence":8657,"youWereWrong":8658,"youWereRight":8658,"dataSourceShortText":8659,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8660,"extendedAnswerText":8661,"headingVeryWrong":8662,"youWereVeryWrong":8658,"headingWrong":8662},"1391",[],"China's Belt and Road Initiative","How many countries have made cooperation agreements with China's Belt and Road Initiative?",[855,706,8651,8652],"rus 0.75","jpn 0.9",[8654,8655,325,8656],"uk 0.46","usa 0.54","jpn 0.69","Around 140 countries have made cooperation agreements with China's Belt and Road Initiative.","Since it was launched in 2013, this huge Chinese-led project to expand global infrastructure has led to cooperation agreements with 70% of all countries.","Source: Belt And Road Portal","The official BRI website lists 143 countries in [the list of International Coorporations](https:\u002F\u002Feng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn\u002Flist\u002Fc\u002Fgbjg). The Fanhai International School of Finance at Fudan University in Shanghai put the number at 145 as of March 2022. We used the figure of \"around 140\" as the number has been changing and so any specific number is likely to  change.","Most people haven't yet recognized the sheer scale of this initiative, which is funding roads, railways and ports in many countries to better integrate them into the global trade of the future. The aim is to connect Europe, Asia and Africa. There are also several Latin American countries that have joined. Although most countries are on board in some way, there has been criticism of the project and China's intentions - particularly in the US - but there is no doubt it is a hugely ambitious infrastructure project.","A global mega agreement!",{"metadata":8664,"sys":8671,"fields":8681},{"tags":8665,"concepts":8670},[8666,8668],{"sys":8667},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8669},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8672,"id":8674,"type":14,"createdAt":8675,"updatedAt":8676,"environment":8677,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":998,"contentType":8679,"locale":27},{"sys":8673},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2FBxrea3rAXzoxX2flFXbj","2023-06-15T14:22:54.413Z","2024-02-08T13:25:29.198Z",{"sys":8678},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8680},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8682,"answers":8683,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3512,"name":8684,"questionText":8685,"statistics":8686,"veryWrongStatistics":8687,"correctSentence":8689,"dataSourceShortText":8690,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8691},"1680",[],"Countries with satellites","How many countries have satellites in orbit around the earth?",[4806],[8688],"uk 0.305","Around 80 countries have satellites in orbit around the earth.","Source: UN Office For Outer Space Affairs","1. [Source: UN Office For Outer Space Affairs](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unoosa.org\u002Foosa\u002Fosoindex\u002Fsearch-ng.jspx?lf_id=#?c=%7B%22filters%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22en%23object.status.inOrbit_s1%22,%22value%22:%22Yes%22%7D%5D,%22sortings%22:%5B%7B%22fieldName%22:%22object.launch.dateOfLaunch_s1%22,%22dir%22:%22desc%22%7D%5D%7D)  ",{"metadata":8693,"sys":8700,"fields":8710},{"tags":8694,"concepts":8699},[8695,8697],{"sys":8696},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8698},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8311},[],{"space":8701,"id":8703,"type":14,"createdAt":8704,"updatedAt":8705,"environment":8706,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":45,"contentType":8708,"locale":27},{"sys":8702},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5xkmEgD4WkVbTLdbizzkJ8","2023-06-29T14:09:35.211Z","2023-11-27T09:07:25.389Z",{"sys":8707},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8709},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8711,"answers":8712,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2482,"name":8713,"questionText":8714,"statistics":8715,"veryWrongStatistics":8717,"correctSentence":8719,"dataSourceShortText":8720,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8721,"extendedAnswerText":8722},"1685",[],"mobile money accounts by region","Globally, which region has the highest number of mobile money accounts?",[8716],"uk 0.538",[8718],"uk 0.91","Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest total number of mobile money accounts, with many countries having a very high prevalence of mobile money accounts.","Source: GSMA","[1]  [GSMA – Mobile money metrics](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gsma.com\u002Fmobilemoneymetrics\u002F#global)      ","Kenya has been a global leader when it comes to mobile money. It is the country with the highest share of adults with mobile money accounts (more than 90% in 2020) and the world's largest mobile money account, M-Pesa, was also developed in Africa by a Kenyan company, Safaricom. ",{"metadata":8724,"sys":8727,"fields":8737},{"tags":8725,"concepts":8726},[],[],{"space":8728,"id":8730,"type":14,"createdAt":8731,"updatedAt":8732,"environment":8733,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":998,"contentType":8735,"locale":27},{"sys":8729},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1ynLqSCsirrvy9trX0HnYO","2023-04-14T10:42:34.386Z","2024-05-27T14:40:01.956Z",{"sys":8734},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8736},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8738,"answers":8739,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":8740,"questionText":8741,"statistics":8742,"veryWrongStatistics":8743,"correctSentence":8744,"youWereWrong":8745,"youWereRight":8746,"dataSourceShortText":8747,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8748,"extendedAnswerText":8749,"headingVeryWrong":8750,"youWereVeryWrong":8751,"headingWrong":8750},"1563",[],"Airplane greenhouse gas","What share of all greenhouse gas emissions come from airplanes?",[2858],[2387],"Less than 6% of all greenhouse gas emissions come from airplanes.","Any source of greenhouse emissions that you exaggerate will make you underestimate others. To stop global warming, we better keep the proportions right. ","Any source of greenhouse emissions that they exaggerate will make them underestimate others. To stop global warming, we better keep the proportions right. ","High estimate across multiple sources...","Different sources put the share of greenhouse gas emissions from aviation at between 2% and 4% [2][3][4]. Because the emissions are released at a higher altitude, some experts say their effect on climate change is actually greater[1] and put it between 4% and 5%. No papers we have read or experts we contacted put the figure above 5%, though, which is why our correct answer is “less than 6%”. This very high number (6%), is still far below what the majority of people guess.\n\n[1]  [Science Direct report from 2018 (puts figure at 4-5%) “Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from international air travel of a country’s residents methodological development and application for Sweden” article published in Environmental Assessment Review in September 2018 by Jörgen Larsson, Anneli Kamb, Jonass Nässen and Jonas Åkerman.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fpii\u002FS0195925517303116#bb012)  \n[2]  [IPCC report from 1999 (puts figure at 3.5%)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsite\u002Fassets\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F03\u002Fav-en-1.pdf)  \n[3]  [The International Council for Clean Transportation (ICCT) report from 2019 (puts the figure at 2.4%)](https:\u002F\u002Ftheicct.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fpublications\u002FICCT_CO2-commercl-aviation-2018_20190918.pdf) \n[4]  [Climate Watch, World Resource Institute (2020) via Global greenhouse gas per sector — Our World in Data (puts the figure at 1.9%)](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fghg-emissions-by-sector?fbclid=IwAR2FeqlV8wDInMqE5puUGfDivqVTmj3_p2UdF2rpWgElC069Zg1TWA7vxDI)  ","Of all changes that need to happen to halt climate change, inventing carbon-free airplanes and skipping unnecessary flights are definitely on the list... but just like all other sources of emissions, airplanes are just one fraction of the total greenhouse gas emissions. \n\nIt’s absolutely not a third of all emissions like many seem to believe. Aviation’s share of greenhouse gas emissions is closer to 3.5%. But beware! Here’s the problem: We cannot trivialize emission sources just because they make up less than 5% of the total, because no matter how small that sounds, all the small pieces together make up a total of 100%. The argument that “3% is close to nothing” applies to all sources of emissions if we just break them into small pieces.\n\nThe reason we’re trying to confront the exaggerated contribution from airplanes, is NOT to trivialize it. For many rich people, reducing how much they fly is probably the easiest way to have a positive effect without having to change their everyday lives.\n\nBut if we think that will reduce total emissions by a third, we’re completely deluded. To stop global warming, we better keep the proportions right.  \n\nFor most of us flying is a luxury we can live without, but reducing emissions by a third requires far more changes!\n\nRead more about emissions from aviation at [Our World In Data] \n(https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fco2-emissions-from-aviation#aviation-accounts-for-2-5-of-global-co2-emissions)\n","No single source is huge","Avoiding unnecessary flights may be the single easiest thing you can do to cut your emissions. But any source of emissions you exaggerate will make you underestimate others. ",{"metadata":8753,"sys":8756,"fields":8765},{"tags":8754,"concepts":8755},[],[],{"space":8757,"id":8759,"type":14,"createdAt":8760,"updatedAt":8760,"environment":8761,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":112,"contentType":8763,"locale":27},{"sys":8758},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2AXoYT6Fy4AFjq0Qf2TW6s","2024-09-11T13:01:57.172Z",{"sys":8762},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8764},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8766,"answers":8767,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"veryWrongPercentage":1389,"name":8768,"questionText":8769,"statistics":8770,"veryWrongStatistics":8771,"correctSentence":8772,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8773},"1793",[],"SSA agriculture, forestry and fishing","How much of all the money earned in sub-Saharan Africa comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing?\n",[1626],[3732],"Around 20% of all the money earned in sub-Saharan Africa comes from agriculture, forestry and fishing.\n","[1] [World Bank – Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - Sub-Saharan Africa](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FNV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZG) ",{"metadata":8775,"sys":8778,"fields":8788},{"tags":8776,"concepts":8777},[],[],{"space":8779,"id":8781,"type":14,"createdAt":8782,"updatedAt":8783,"environment":8784,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":91,"contentType":8786,"locale":27},{"sys":8780},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7FNxb5Uwicb5M4Fep5Fevk","2023-05-02T13:19:49.936Z","2023-08-17T15:46:02.157Z",{"sys":8785},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8787},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":8789,"answers":8790,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":8791,"questionText":8792,"statistics":8793,"veryWrongStatistics":8794,"correctSentence":8795,"youWereWrong":8796,"youWereRight":8797,"dataSourceShortText":7860,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8798},"1614",[],"HIC exports","In the year 2000, the exports from high-income countries were worth 4 times more than those from all other countries combined. What was that figure in 2022?",[3388],[936],"Today, high-income countries export goods and services worth 2 times more than the exports from all other countries.\n","Like most other people you couldn’t imagine that and, instead, thought that high-income countries’ exports had continued to soar ahead of those of other countries.","They thought that high-income countries’ exports had continued to soar ahead of those of other countries.","[1]  [World Bank & OECD – Exports of goods and services (current US$) ](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FNE.EXP.GNFS.CD?locations=XO-XD-XM)  ",{"metadata":8800,"sys":8803,"fields":8813},{"tags":8801,"concepts":8802},[],[],{"space":8804,"id":8806,"type":14,"createdAt":8807,"updatedAt":8808,"environment":8809,"publishedVersion":21,"revision":2377,"contentType":8811,"locale":27},{"sys":8805},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"d86336c7cced33522a48235ad84e487a","2021-11-11T07:12:53.447Z","2024-10-02T08:03:42.777Z",{"sys":8810},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8812},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":8814,"heading":8815,"slug":8816,"questions":8817,"certificateText":8818},"sdg_world_09_cert","UN Goal 9: Industry innovation and infrastructure Certificate","un-goal-9-industry-innovation-and-infrastructure-certificate-test",[8304,8499,8466,8434,8401,8368,8534,8566,8597,8626,8663,8692,8723],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 9: Industry innovation and infrastructure, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":8820,"sys":8823,"fields":8831},{"tags":8821,"concepts":8822},[],[],{"space":8824,"id":8826,"type":39,"createdAt":8827,"updatedAt":8828,"environment":8829,"publishedVersion":2377,"revision":22,"locale":27},{"sys":8825},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2LZqqvz3RViBsHpinuLFJ5","2020-11-17T11:12:08.443Z","2022-05-17T14:05:25.025Z",{"sys":8830},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":8832,"description":8833,"file":8834},"9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure","Industry, innovation and infrastructure icon",{"url":8835,"details":8836,"fileName":8841,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F2LZqqvz3RViBsHpinuLFJ5\u002F01af75da3b81e7da27e383ce62f953fa\u002Fsdg_09",{"size":8837,"image":8838},1657,{"width":8839,"height":8840},127,129,"sdg_09","#FD6925",[8844],{"metadata":8845,"sys":8848,"fields":8857},{"tags":8846,"concepts":8847},[],[],{"space":8849,"id":8851,"type":14,"createdAt":8852,"updatedAt":8852,"environment":8853,"publishedVersion":998,"revision":112,"contentType":8855,"locale":27},{"sys":8850},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1GkBpKxZAwHDrtUNn2fruC","2022-10-06T08:47:07.215Z",{"sys":8854},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8856},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":8858,"title":8858,"challenges":8859},"UN Goal 9",[8860],{"metadata":8861,"sys":8864,"fields":8874},{"tags":8862,"concepts":8863},[],[],{"space":8865,"id":8867,"type":14,"createdAt":8868,"updatedAt":8869,"environment":8870,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":45,"contentType":8872,"locale":27},{"sys":8866},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3UxBANEkGa68iVGLIZtJRV","2022-10-06T08:47:04.578Z","2022-10-06T11:20:02.957Z",{"sys":8871},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8873},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":8875,"title":8283,"slug":8875,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":8876,"combos":8896},"sdg-world-goal-9",{"metadata":8877,"sys":8880,"fields":8888},{"tags":8878,"concepts":8879},[],[],{"space":8881,"id":8883,"type":39,"createdAt":8884,"updatedAt":8885,"environment":8886,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":8882},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7nBNMidOK2hq2kePGYzLU1","2022-10-06T08:41:27.690Z","2022-10-06T14:21:31.962Z",{"sys":8887},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":8889,"description":48,"file":8890},"SDG icon 9-03",{"url":8891,"details":8892,"fileName":8895,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F7nBNMidOK2hq2kePGYzLU1\u002Fb0517912a6c6dc79d89802ae3ec64daa\u002FSDG_icon_9-03.png",{"size":8893,"image":8894},14201,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 9-03.png",[],{"metadata":8898,"sys":8901,"fields":8911},{"tags":8899,"concepts":8900},[],[],{"space":8902,"id":8904,"type":14,"createdAt":8905,"updatedAt":8906,"environment":8907,"publishedVersion":403,"revision":1270,"contentType":8909,"locale":27},{"sys":8903},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5BlRQJUSMVhEyCtr5k7ncR","2020-11-19T19:37:32.715Z","2023-09-04T09:13:07.913Z",{"sys":8908},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8910},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":8912,"name":8913,"slug":8912,"tests":8914,"diplomaTest":9329,"icon":9349,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":9371,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":9372},"sdg-world-10","UN Goal 10: Reduced inequalities",[8915],{"metadata":8916,"sys":8919,"fields":8929},{"tags":8917,"concepts":8918},[],[],{"space":8920,"id":8922,"type":14,"createdAt":8923,"updatedAt":8924,"environment":8925,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":1184,"contentType":8927,"locale":27},{"sys":8921},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"95c08fa9596b8d340f0966c379bc6d7e","2021-11-11T07:12:55.277Z","2024-10-14T12:01:34.549Z",{"sys":8926},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8928},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":8930,"heading":8913,"slug":8931,"questions":8932},"sdg_world_10_t1","un-goal-10-reduced-inequalities",[8933,8976,9010,9095,9126,9159,9191,9219,9276,9301],{"metadata":8934,"sys":8942,"fields":8953},{"tags":8935,"concepts":8941},[8936,8938],{"sys":8937},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8939},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8940},"inequalities",[],{"space":8943,"id":8945,"type":14,"createdAt":8946,"updatedAt":8947,"environment":8948,"publishedVersion":8950,"revision":1017,"contentType":8951,"locale":27},{"sys":8944},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"57d041294f6bdb2857ce50082d62075c","2021-11-11T07:05:20.843Z","2024-09-16T12:51:55.729Z",{"sys":8949},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},104,{"sys":8952},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":8954,"answers":8955,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":409,"name":8956,"questionText":8957,"statistics":8958,"veryWrongStatistics":8964,"correctSentence":8970,"youWereWrong":8971,"youWereRight":8972,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":8973,"extendedAnswerText":8974,"headingVeryWrong":8975,"youWereVeryWrong":8971,"headingWrong":8975},"17",[],"What share of countries in the world have laws aga","What share of countries in the world have laws against sexual harassment at work?",[8959,8960,8961,8962,8963],"uk 0.8363","swe 0.954705854868136","nor 0.94154824016563","fin 0.9277716170920061","dnk 0.946481893936318",[8965,8966,8967,8968,8969],"uk 0.47","swe 0.79","dnk 0.82","fin 0.69","nor 0.73","More than 70% of countries have laws against sexual harassment at work.","In theory, gender equality is excellent in many countries, with nice looking laws. But in practice, the perpetrators are seldom brought to justice.","They think that laws are missing, while in reality the problem is often that the existing laws are not enforced.","The data used in this question comes from 2022[1]. The  World Bank report we use  mentions that while more than 70% of countries have laws against sexual harassment at work, actual criminal penalties are in place in fewer. The 2022 report said that of the 144 economies that have enacted legislation on sexual harassment in the workplace, only 97 had established criminal penalties for such acts. Meanwhile, civil remedies, such as compensation for victims of sexual harassment, were available in 107 economies. Another issue is that laws in different countries might define sexual harassment differently. That is why we chose the answer option “more than 70%” and put big differences between the three answer options to be sure that the incorrect options were clearly wrong.\n\n[1] [Women, Business and the Law 2023 from March 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fserver\u002Fapi\u002Fcore\u002Fbitstreams\u002Fe3f5880b-2fa2-4af3-8ef4-3c9469d60baf\u002Fcontent) \n[2] [World Bank - “Global and Regional Trends in Women’s Legal Protection Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Harassment” from March 2018.](http:\u002F\u002Fpubdocs.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002F679221517425064052\u002FEndingViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls-GBVLaws-Feb2018.pdf) (page 9)  \n[3]  [Efforts to prevent sexual harassment in academia, Report 2020:1, An international research review](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uhr.se\u002Fglobalassets\u002F_uhr.se\u002Fpublikationer\u002F2020\u002Fuhr-efforts-to-prevent-sexual-harassment-in-academia.pdf)\n[4]  [Efforts to prevent sexual harassment in academia, Report 2020:1, An international research review](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uhr.se\u002Fglobalassets\u002F_uhr.se\u002Fpublikationer\u002F2020\u002Fuhr-efforts-to-prevent-sexual-harassment-in-academia.pdf )  ","The #metoo movement started in 2017 and it has helped more people realize the massive problem of sexual harassment of women by male colleagues and bosses at work all over the world. Between 2017 and 2022, at least eleven more countries added laws to fight sexual harassment in the workplace. It is a great start...but not enough.\n\n>”While having laws on the books is important, it is not sufficient. In many places, adequate laws may coexist with high prevalence of domestic violence or sexual harassment.” concludes the report [Ending Violence against women and girls.](http:\u002F\u002Fpubdocs.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002F679221517425064052\u002FEndingViolenceAgainstWomenandGirls-GBVLaws-Feb2018.pdf)\n\nAs long as men keep thinking there will be no punishment, many bullies, harassers and abusers know they can do what they want without consequences. And as long as perpetrators are not likely to be punished, it may instead be the victims who take the risk of losing their jobs if they report the crimes. Even with a law in place, many women feel too powerless to dare to speak out. \n\nThanks to the #metoo movement, all kinds of organizations and companies have realised they must have committed leadership to end sexual harassment, and upgrade workplace norms so bystanders become responsible coworkers. They need new routines for complaint handling and a support structure, like [Swedish universities](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uhr.se\u002Fglobalassets\u002F_uhr.se\u002Fpublikationer\u002F2020\u002Fuhr-efforts-to-prevent-sexual-harassment-in-academia.pdf) or [Garment factories in Cambodia](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.care.org.au\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F12\u002FSTOP-Rapid-Review.pdf).\n\nIn lots of workplaces where sexual harassment has been underreported, finally there’s some hope that the norms can start changing thanks to #metoo. If they do, the laws will become useful.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nStamping out sexual harassment seems like an even bigger task when we think there are not even laws on the books yet to fight it. Creating new laws takes time in many countries. The fact that most countries have these laws means we can push for enforcement, rather than needing to start at the beginning. That should give people hope things can change more quickly than they expect.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nRecent portrayals of sexual harassment in the media, especially when the #MeToo movement was being discussed heavily, may have led many to think that there are few legal protections for victims of sexual harassment at work.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, the data comes from the World Bank Report, [Women, Business and The law 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwbl.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Freports). The report before this latest one explained that of the 144 countries that had enacted legislation on sexual harassment in the workplace, only 97 have criminal penalties. Meanwhile, civil remedies, such as compensation for victims of sexual harassment, are available in 107 countries. Another issue is that laws in different countries might define sexual harassment differently. That is why we chose the answer option “around 70%” and put big differences between the three answer options to be sure that the incorrect options were clearly wrong.\n\nOn [this map](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Fvshl), the data shows how laws on sexual harassment at work grew over time, from two countries in 1970 to 141 in 2020.\n","Enforcing the law is the problem",{"metadata":8977,"sys":8984,"fields":8994},{"tags":8978,"concepts":8983},[8979,8981],{"sys":8980},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":8982},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8940},[],{"space":8985,"id":8987,"type":14,"createdAt":8988,"updatedAt":8989,"environment":8990,"publishedVersion":2447,"revision":587,"contentType":8992,"locale":27},{"sys":8986},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"cff81c771c2379ff9dbb885983b1aa0b","2021-11-11T07:10:02.287Z","2025-01-20T09:24:31.859Z",{"sys":8991},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":8993},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":8995,"answers":8996,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":8997,"questionText":8998,"statistics":8999,"veryWrongStatistics":9000,"correctSentence":9002,"youWereWrong":9003,"youWereRight":9004,"dataSourceShortText":9005,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9006,"extendedAnswerText":9007,"headingVeryWrong":9008,"youWereVeryWrong":9009,"headingWrong":9008},"71",[],"Income inequality","In what part of the world is income inequality the smallest, when measuring how much the richest 10% earn of all income?",[2638],[9001],"uk 0.2560","In 2023, the richest 10% of Europeans received 36% of income. That was the lowest of any region in the world.","You probably don’t realize that the rich people in poorer places grab a larger portion of the total income.","They don’t realize that the rich people in poorer places grab a larger portion of the total income.","Source: World Inequality Database","This data comes from the World Inequality Database (WID) [1][2]. \n\nWID involves more than 100 researchers from over 70 countries. Together they compile data from all countries, describing the entire distribution of income and wealth, from bottom to top. Data is combined from different data sources such as national accounts, survey data, fiscal data, and wealth rankings. For the top 10% earners, pre-tax national income is used. This is defined as the sum of all pre-tax personal income flows [2].\n\n[1]  [World Inequality Database 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwid.world\u002Fworld\u002F#sptinc_p90p100_z\u002FWO;QE;XM;XF\u002Flast\u002Feu\u002Fk\u002Fp\u002Fyearly\u002Fs\u002Ffalse\u002F27.984\u002F80\u002Fcurve\u002Ffalse\u002Fcountry)  \n[2]  [World Inequality Database Methodology](https:\u002F\u002Fwid.world\u002Fmethodology\u002F)  ","In Europe, 37% of the total income was received by the top 10% of earners in 2023, as opposed to 55% in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 57% in the Middle East. The world average is 53%.\n\nJust because a country or a region is poorer on average, it doesn’t mean the differences in income between those who earn the most and those who earn the least is smaller. The images we see from Africa and the Middle East often show poverty. But the number of rich people is actually larger in those regions than most people realize, and the share of the total income that those rich people get compared to everyone else is much larger than in Europe. That has been the case as far back as the 1980s (and probably before that). Inequality has been increasing in Europe, which people are probably aware of, but the income inequality is still much larger in Africa and the Middle East.\n\nWe have gathered photos to show the huge differences in living standards across all regions. They are freely available on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street) where you can compare hundreds of families from all over the world. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nBeing wrong about this means we are blind to the fact that inequality is a global problem that affects many, whether in rich countries or poor. While it is important for people to know that incomes have grown a lot in recent decades, it is equally important to know that the growth hasn’t been equal. Income inequality is something that is fixable and efforts should be made to address it, as growing inequality can slow down a country’s development and potentially lead to conflict.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen we see and hear stories of people walking miles to retrieve water or living on less than two dollars a day in regions like Sub-Saharan Africa or in refugee camps in the Middle East, it can be hard to imagine that there are also insanely rich people there too. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. This data comes from the World Inequality Database. \nBut it is important to be aware that those regional averages mask differences between countries.\nWe have spoken to four independent experts who recommended and trust this data source. \n\n### Where can I learn more?\nYou can explore income distribution in our [interactive tools](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ffw\u002Fincome-mountains\u002F). Start by exploring the income differences in your country over time.[Our World in data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fglobal-economic-inequality#) is another good resource.\n","Poor regions have large inequality","You probably don’t realize that the rich people in poorer places grab a larger portion of the total income. ",{"metadata":9011,"sys":9018,"fields":9029},{"tags":9012,"concepts":9017},[9013,9015],{"sys":9014},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9016},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8940},[],{"space":9019,"id":9021,"type":14,"createdAt":9022,"updatedAt":9023,"environment":9024,"publishedVersion":9026,"revision":1689,"contentType":9027,"locale":27},{"sys":9020},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"bcffa2387bb182b081e1f23ab7457314","2021-11-11T07:10:04.643Z","2025-04-29T16:22:14.946Z",{"sys":9025},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},206,{"sys":9028},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9030,"answers":9031,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":9032,"questionText":9033,"shortQuestionText":9033,"statistics":9034,"veryWrongStatistics":9063,"correctSentence":9088,"youWereWrong":9089,"youWereRight":9090,"dataSourceShortText":9091,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9092,"extendedAnswerText":9093,"headingVeryWrong":9094,"youWereVeryWrong":9089,"headingWrong":9094},"72",[],"Population living in another country","In 1990, 3% of the world’s population lived in a different country than where they were born. What is that share today?",[3153,779,9035,9036,9037,9038,9039,9040,5171,9041,9042,9043,9044,9045,9046,9047,9048,9049,9050,9051,9052,9053,9054,9055,9056,9057,9058,9059,9060,9061,9062],"arg 0.89","aus 0.89","bel 0.88","bra 0.91","can 0.85","chn 0.79","deu 0.86","hun 0.92","idn 0.88","ita 0.91","jpn 0.82","mex 0.93","pol 0.9","rus 0.89","sau 0.85","sgp 0.9","kor 0.8","esp 0.9","swe 0.84","tur 0.86","mys 0.87","egy 0.9","are 0.9","col 0.94","rou 0.93","per 0.9","jor 0.93","mar 0.89",[2387,7224,9064,9065,9066,9067,9068,9069,9070,337,9071,9072,9073,8349,9074,9075,2273,9076,9077,9078,222,6690,9079,9080,9081,9082,9083,9084,9085,9086,9087],"arg 0.43","aus 0.4","bel 0.34","bra 0.4","can 0.36","chn 0.2","fra 0.30","hun 0.39","idn 0.35","ita 0.43","mex 0.48","pol 0.48","sau 0.42","sgp 0.43","kor 0.26","tur 0.34","mys 0.34","egy 0.45","are 0.39","col 0.52","rou 0.52","per 0.45","jor 0.53","mar 0.48","Today, 3.7% of the world’s population live in a different country to the one they were born in.","In the news it looks like everyone is on the move. We hear a lot about migration and refugees. In reality, most people stay in their country of birth.","They don’t realize that most people are either happy to live in the country where they were born or can’t afford to move somewhere else.\n","Data source: UN International Migrant Stock (2020)","This data comes from the UN International Migrant Stock (2024)[1] and uses mostly census data, equating international migrants with the foreign-born population whenever possible. The percentage of the total population that lived in another country than the one they were born in was 3.7% in 2024. \n\nIn most countries that lacked data on place of birth, information on the country of citizenship was available and was used as the basis for the identification of international migrants. \nIn these cases, equating international migrants with foreign citizens (this was for 46 of the countries or areas). \nThere are some drawbacks with this: People who were born in the country of residence may be included in the number of international migrants even though they may have never lived abroad. Also, people who were born abroad and who naturalized in their country of residence are excluded from the stock of international migrants when using citizenship to define international migrants.\n\nThe UN says coverage of refugees in population censuses is uneven. In countries where refugees have been granted refugee status and allowed to integrate, they are normally covered by the population census as any other international migrant. However, in many countries, refugees lack freedom of movement and are required to reside in camps or other designated areas. In these cases, population censuses may ignore refugees. When it comes to undocumented immigrants, they may or may not be included depending on the country. \n\nNo matter how you count, the number of 4% will be much closer to the truth than any of the other alternatives.\n\n[1]  [UN International Migrant Stock (2024)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpd\u002Fcontent\u002Finternational-migrant-stock) \n[2]  [UN International Migrant Stock (2020) Methodology](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpd\u002Fsites\u002Fwww.un.org.development.desa.pd\u002Ffiles\u002Fundesa_pd_2020_international_migrant_stock_documentation.pdf)  \n[3]  [International Migrant Stock World Map - Migration Data Portal](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.migrationdataportal.org\u002Finternational-data?t=2024&i=stock_perc_)\n[4]  For this question we consulted two independent experts, including Madeleine Sumption of the Migration Observatory at Oxford University.","Globally, migration is just as common as it was 30 years ago. The number of people living abroad has increased since 1990, but so has the world population, and therefore the overall share has not increased much.\n\nIn the media we hear a lot about people moving all over the world for work or other reasons. There is also a lot of coverage of refugees being displaced or fleeing their homes to another country, which probably explains why people overestimate the global number of migrants by a lot. \n\nIn reality, the vast majority of people live in the country they were born in. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nA lot of media coverage focuses on the few people that live abroad. On TV and in the tabloids we see celebrities and other filthy rich globetrotters that easily and often move around the world. And in the news, we see refugees that have had to risk their lives to flee their country because of war and other catastrophes. \nBut both are exceptions. Most people are neither filthy rich celebrities, nor refugees and most of us stay in the country where we were born. \n\n### Why is it a problem if people are wrong about this?\nOverestimating global migration easily leads to a feeling that the control of a country’s borders has been lost and tougher rules are needed. Across the world, most people who say they want to move to a different country are hindered by visa regulations or they don’t have the money needed.\n\n### Is the number of immigrants this low in all countries?\nNo, as with any global figure there is large variation between countries and regions. \nIn high-income countries, the percentage of the population born in another country is on average 15%. In Oceania, the percentage of the population who are foreign born is above 20%, whereas in regions like Asia, Africa and Latin America the shares are all around 2%. In [this graph](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Fvms), you can visualize the share of immigrants in different countries and the variation across the countries over time. \nInterestingly, when we tested this question in different countries, there was little or no relationship between a country’s own level of migration and how wrong people were when it came to this question.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can but you need to keep a few things in mind. The first thing is recognizing the large differences between countries and regions, as this is a percentage of the total global population. \nAnother thing is that in some countries data on the foreign born population is not available so instead information on the country of citizenship was used.\nAlso, coverage of refugees in census data can be very uneven across countries, and undocumented immigrants are not recorded in all countries. \nDespite these caveats, the experts we have spoken to agree with the global figure of 4% and believe this data to be trustworthy. \n","Almost everyone stays put",{"metadata":9096,"sys":9103,"fields":9113},{"tags":9097,"concepts":9102},[9098,9100],{"sys":9099},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9101},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8940},[],{"space":9104,"id":9106,"type":14,"createdAt":9107,"updatedAt":9108,"environment":9109,"publishedVersion":3983,"revision":1184,"contentType":9111,"locale":27},{"sys":9105},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ff9add1558b2d94bd218e3b3b330f476","2021-11-11T07:10:07.416Z","2023-11-27T09:07:25.196Z",{"sys":9110},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9112},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9114,"answers":9115,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"name":9116,"questionText":9117,"statistics":9118,"veryWrongStatistics":9119,"correctSentence":9120,"youWereWrong":9121,"youWereRight":9122,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9123,"extendedAnswerText":9124,"headingVeryWrong":9125,"youWereVeryWrong":9121,"headingWrong":9125},"73",[],"Racial discrimination signatories","Of 195 countries, how many have promised to create laws against racism, in accordance with the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination?",[591],[593],"182 countries have committed to respect the rights in the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.","You thought only a fraction of countries promise to ban racism, but almost all have. It’s easy to promise...","Most people have missed that almost all countries have signed the UN declaration against racism. But signing a declaration and actually implementing new laws are two different things. ","Already by the year 2000 more than 150 states had ratified the convention.\n\nThere is a difference between signatories and parties to a UN convention. Signatories who have not ratified the convention are not bound to it and are simply showing that they intend to become parties to the treaty later. Only Bhutan, Nauru and Palau are signatories who have not ratified the treaty. \n\n182 states are parties to the treaty, which legally binds them to a convention “subject to valid reservations, understandings and declarations”. Only 10 countries or states, Brunei, Kiribati, North Korea, Malaysia, Micronesia, Myanmar, Samoa, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and South Sudan have not signed the convention.\n\nThe UN has 193 member states with a right to vote. Palestine and the Vatican are observing  countries, but have still ratified the international convention on racial discrimination.\n\n[1]  [List of signatories and parties to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination](https:\u002F\u002Ftreaties.un.org\u002FPages\u002FViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4)  \n[2]  [Full text of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002FEN\u002FProfessionalInterest\u002FPages\u002FCERD.aspx)  \n[3]  [Countries that have ratified the convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination by Gapminder.](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1Wqq3t17i-bJKWlVQn-rdR1Nl6vux41WUaIQhvC24BVU\u002Fedit#gid=0)  ","In the mid-1960s, UN members adopted a convention to try to to stop racial hatred and incitement to hatred, to combat prejudice and guarantee employment without discrimination. They were lofty goals and many people are surprised to learn that nearly every country has recognized these aims and agreed to be legally bound to them. \n\nIt sounds impressive and in many ways, it is amazing to get nearly every country to recognize that racial discrimination is bad. \nBut we all know that racism hasn’t ended. That people are still not given jobs based on their skin color or religion, among many other things. \n\nAgreeing that the principles in a convention are correct is the first step. Introducing laws, educating the public and enforcing laws are a much bigger step that need to be taken to make the convention effective.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWe often think that people in other places are more racist than we are in our country. That makes it harder to imagine collaborating with others and progress towards a more equal world. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe hear that other countries are weird, fantastic or scary, which makes it hard to recognize that everywhere most people have similar interests and goals and live pretty normal lives. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, it comes [directly from the UN](https:\u002F\u002Ftreaties.un.org\u002FPages\u002FViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4). 182 countries are parties to the treaty, which legally binds a country to a convention “subject to valid reservations, understandings and declarations”.\n","Most promise to ban racism",{"metadata":9127,"sys":9134,"fields":9144},{"tags":9128,"concepts":9133},[9129,9131],{"sys":9130},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9132},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8940},[],{"space":9135,"id":9137,"type":14,"createdAt":9138,"updatedAt":9139,"environment":9140,"publishedVersion":2190,"revision":1584,"contentType":9142,"locale":27},{"sys":9136},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"0cddabd82a37caa2aff76c5095f1812a","2021-11-11T07:10:10.210Z","2023-11-27T09:07:25.137Z",{"sys":9141},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9143},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9145,"answers":9146,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":9147,"questionText":9148,"statistics":9149,"veryWrongStatistics":9151,"correctSentence":9152,"youWereWrong":9153,"youWereRight":9154,"dataSourceShortText":9155,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9156,"extendedAnswerText":9157,"headingVeryWrong":9158,"youWereVeryWrong":9153,"headingWrong":9158},"74",[],"IMF LMIC members","What share of the members of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) are low- and middle-income countries?",[9150],"uk 0.816",[668],"Around 70% of the countries in the IMF are low- and middle-income countries.","You probably didn’t know that most countries in the world today are middle-income countries, and they are part of global collaborations.","They don’t realize that a majority of countries today are middle-income, and they participate in global collaborations for a stable world economy.","Sources: IMF and World Bank","The International Monetary Fund (IMF)[1] was set up in 1945 to help to foster international monetary cooperation. There are currently 189 country members of the IMF[2] that are also UN member states with voting rights. Kosovo is also a member of the IMF, but at the moment it does not have UN membership voting rights. There are a total of 193 UN member states. The four countries that are members of the UN, but not in the IMF are Cuba, Liechtenstein, Monaco and North Korea. For the FY 2022, Liechtenstein and Monaco are classified as high-income, Cuba as upper-middle-income and North Korea as low-income economies.[3]. \n\nThe newest country in the world is South Sudan, which in 2011 gained independence from Sudan. Just one year later, in 2012, Sudan became a member of the IMF.\n\n[1]  [IMF - About](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FAbout)  \n[2]  [IMF - List of members](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fexternal\u002Fnp\u002Fsec\u002Fmemdir\u002Fmemdate.htm)  \n[3]  [World Bank Country and Lending Groups](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups)  \n[4]  [IMF members by income groups compiled by Gapminder](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F10mP16noIj655PqITygx_30IGlJB8sVqnyZk80wfzPcA\u002Fedit#gid=0)  ","Most people seem to have an outdated view of global partnerships. They imagine that big international organizations are made up of mainly rich countries. And many people don’t realize that a majority of countries have gotten richer over recent decades by competing in the globalized world market. These countries are becoming more influential in all global collaborations, and they are already involved in organizations working for a stable world economy.\n\nThere are roughly 195 countries in the world. Around 56% of them are “middle-income”, and 14% are “low-income” countries. They make up roughly 71% of the members of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) - an organization established to ensure stability and cooperation in the international monetary system.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe world is far from equal and there are many international rules that benefit countries that are already rich and powerful. During recent decades, many low- and middle-income countries have become much richer and more powerful, and they now make up the majority of members in all UN organizations and organizations like the IMF. As almost all countries are members already, if these organizations are reformed to become even more democratic, they can serve as a great platform to create a more just world economy. But if people wrongly assume that low- and middle-income countries are a minority of the members, they probably don’t recognize the IMF as an organization pushing for a more equal world.\n\n### Do all countries have an equal say in the IMF?\nNo. The richer countries have more votes and more power in decision making. All of the 190 members of the IMF have an equal number of basic votes, but are then allocated a differing number of votes based on their quota. A country’s quota broadly reflects their relative strength in the world economy.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThe world has developed quickly and many are stuck with an old worldview, where they imagine a majority of countries as very poor, and excluded from important global decision making. That was true 60 years ago. The world has changed. Most countries have become richer, but such changes happen so slowly that they never get reported in the news. It’s hard to know why so many people guess wrongly about this. Here’s another hypothesis: When the international meetings are displayed in the media, it’s hard to realize that a majority of the leaders in fancy clothes sitting in fancy rooms, actually represent the people in middle-income and low-income countries, where pretty much everyone is poorer than their leaders. We see a room full of well-dressed decision makers and we might mistakenly think they are from richer countries, as we can’t see any poor people in the picture.\n\n![Board of Governors International Monetary Fund](\u002F\u002Fimages.contentful.com\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4BuayYYnnuykvNYtASjmS\u002Fefe807db44d1f5756200d1a967e6ef48\u002FBoard_of_Governors_International_Monetary_Fund.jpg)\n\n### What does the International Monetary Fund do?\nThe [IMF’s mission](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FAbout) is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system. It does so in three ways: 1. Keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member countries; 2. Lending to countries with financial difficulties; and 3. Giving practical help to members.\n\n### How do you classify countries as “low- and middle-income”?\nWe use the World Bank’s classification, which is based on a country's average income (GNI per capita, calculated using the World Bank Atlas method). A country can change groups if it gets richer or poorer. The average income says nothing about the income inequalities within countries. In many middle-income countries, there are large population groups living in poverty. The World Bank’s classification is available on [its website](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups).\n","Most countries are middle-income",{"metadata":9160,"sys":9167,"fields":9177},{"tags":9161,"concepts":9166},[9162,9164],{"sys":9163},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9165},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8940},[],{"space":9168,"id":9170,"type":14,"createdAt":9171,"updatedAt":9172,"environment":9173,"publishedVersion":1370,"revision":1246,"contentType":9175,"locale":27},{"sys":9169},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"0aa31760e4f912fc9185469bc5534efe","2021-11-11T07:10:12.273Z","2023-11-27T09:07:25.075Z",{"sys":9174},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9176},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9178,"answers":9179,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":9180,"questionText":9181,"statistics":9182,"veryWrongStatistics":9183,"correctSentence":9184,"youWereWrong":9185,"youWereRight":9186,"dataSourceShortText":9187,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9188,"extendedAnswerText":9189,"headingVeryWrong":9190,"youWereVeryWrong":9185,"headingWrong":9190},"75",[],"IMF leadership","Since it was founded, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has had 12 managing directors. How many of them were born in Europe?",[855],[7105],"All 12 of the managing directors of the IMF were born in Europe.","Imagine if all 12 had come from China. Would you call that an “International” Monetary Fund?","They don’t realize the so-called “International” Monetary Fund has only had European-born leaders.","Source: IMF","The current managing director of the IMF is Kristalina Georgieva, from Bulgaria. Of the previous 11 managing directors, five have been from France, two from Sweden and one each from the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium and Germany.\n\n[1]  [IMF - List of managing directors](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FAbout\u002Fsenior-officials\u002Fmanaging-directors)  \n[2]  We consulted three independent experts for this question, including Jan Aart Scholte of Leiden University","Instead of picking the leader with the strongest merits, the IMF picks a European every time. Why? It’s not a coincidence that every head of the IMF has been from Europe, just like all the heads of the World Bank have been from the USA. This is an unwritten agreement that has been followed for 75 years, but that doesn’t mean it should always be that way.\n\nThe IMF has done some valuable work since it was formed at the end of the Second World War. It has helped countries avoid dire financial crises, and saved nations from completely collapsing under debt. But the world has changed since then, and most countries have modernized. It’s high time for the IMF to modernize and abandon the habit of Eurocentric leadership. It is time for the “I” in IMF to become truly “International”!\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf people think the IMF is already representing the global economy in a non-biased way, they won’t realize that change is needed. They can’t understand that the complaints from countries outside Europe are actually valid, and if those complaints are not taken seriously they will eventually lead to the IMF losing its role as the global coordinator of currencies, which we all need for financial stability.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe have seen other big, important international organizations like the UN have leaders from non-European and North American countries and they probably assume that has been the case also for the IMF.\n\n### Find out more\n\n[Here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fen\u002FAbout\u002Fsenior-officials\u002Fmanaging-directors) is the list of the 12 managing directors of the IMF. In Gapminder’s bubble graph you can see just how much the world has modernized since the IMF was formed in 1945. \n\nAll [countries have become richer and life expectancy](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F) which shows why Europe is no longer the “natural” leader of the international monetary system.\n","12 out of 12 is not a coincidence",{"metadata":9192,"sys":9199,"fields":9209},{"tags":9193,"concepts":9198},[9194,9196],{"sys":9195},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9197},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8940},[],{"space":9200,"id":9202,"type":14,"createdAt":9203,"updatedAt":9204,"environment":9205,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":998,"contentType":9207,"locale":27},{"sys":9201},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4RkKHClDKcIfQskLDCAdgf","2023-06-30T09:11:05.893Z","2023-11-27T09:07:25.020Z",{"sys":9206},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9208},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9210,"answers":9211,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":9212,"questionText":9213,"statistics":9214,"veryWrongStatistics":9215,"correctSentence":9217,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9218},"1690",[],"Share of European population living outside the country they were born in","What share of Europe's population are migrants?",[1964],[9216],"uk 0.271","Around 12% of the European population are living outside the country they were born in.","[1]  [UN International Migrant Stock 2020]( https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpd\u002Fcontent\u002Finternational-migrant-stock)            \n\n[2]  [Migration Data Portal]( https:\u002F\u002Fwww.migrationdataportal.org\u002Finternational-data?m=1&rm49=150&i=stock_abs_&t=2020)      ",{"metadata":9220,"sys":9229,"fields":9239},{"tags":9221,"concepts":9228},[9222,9224,9226],{"sys":9223},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9225},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":8940},{"sys":9227},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":1770},[],{"space":9230,"id":9232,"type":14,"createdAt":9233,"updatedAt":9234,"environment":9235,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":580,"contentType":9237,"locale":27},{"sys":9231},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5t5kKLBK4QJYjAqUmL7ujd","2023-09-04T09:11:46.352Z","2024-08-28T08:59:57.431Z",{"sys":9236},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9238},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9240,"answers":9241,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":9242,"questionText":9243,"questionImage":9244,"statistics":9266,"veryWrongStatistics":9267,"correctSentence":9269,"youWereWrong":9270,"youWereRight":9270,"dataSourceShortText":9271,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9272,"extendedAnswerText":9273,"headingVeryWrong":9274,"youWereVeryWrong":9275,"headingWrong":9274},"1721",[],"DNA variation","Which part of the world has the largest genetic diversity, meaning variation of human DNA?",{"metadata":9245,"sys":9248,"fields":9256},{"tags":9246,"concepts":9247},[],[],{"space":9249,"id":9251,"type":39,"createdAt":9252,"updatedAt":9253,"environment":9254,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":9250},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"j4yINkSNiqKqVAThZAd8f","2023-09-12T07:23:28.648Z","2024-08-28T08:59:54.452Z",{"sys":9255},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":9257,"description":48,"file":9258},"BlankMap-World gray-3options",{"url":9259,"details":9260,"fileName":9265,"contentType":1110},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002Fj4yINkSNiqKqVAThZAd8f\u002F7d714bde42d8ad0057105897569396ce\u002FBlankMap-World_gray-3options.jpg",{"size":9261,"image":9262},384356,{"width":9263,"height":9264},2400,1142,"BlankMap-World_gray-3options.jpg",[1626],[9268],"uk 0.426","Africa (answer option B) is the region with largest genetic variation..\n","There is more DNA variation in Africa, because that is where humans originated. People in the Americas, Asia and Europe all descended from smaller groups of early Africans.\n","Source: Bergstrom et. al","[1]  [Bergstrom et al, “Insights into human genetic variation and population history from 929 diverse genomes”  published in Science in 2020.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aay5012)     ","Scientists have discovered that Africans have higher genetic diversity than native people elsewhere in the rest of the world. That helps show that the first humans originated in Africa and the rest of the world’s population descended from some smaller groups that migrated out of Africa.","Africa is the cradle of humanity!","There is more DNA variation in Africa, because that is where humans originated. People in the Americas, Asia and Europe all descended from those early Africans.\n",{"metadata":9277,"sys":9280,"fields":9290},{"tags":9278,"concepts":9279},[],[],{"space":9281,"id":9283,"type":14,"createdAt":9284,"updatedAt":9285,"environment":9286,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":45,"contentType":9288,"locale":27},{"sys":9282},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7skdn6X9SeNvPv9xVxhX1U","2023-10-17T12:57:03.320Z","2023-10-18T11:41:22.876Z",{"sys":9287},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9289},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9291,"answers":9292,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":9293,"questionText":9294,"statistics":9295,"veryWrongStatistics":9296,"correctSentence":9298,"dataSourceShortText":1598,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9299,"extendedAnswerText":9300},"1742",[],"Child deaths in richest and poorest 20%","In the poorest 25 countries, how many more children die among the poorest 20% of the population, compared to the richest 20%?",[1812],[9297],"usa 0.35","Somewhere around 3 to 5 times more children die among the poorest 20% of the population compared to the richest 20% in the poorest countries. ","[1]  [ WHO Inequality Monitor](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.who.int\u002Fdata\u002Finequality-monitor) ","In the poorest 25 countries, called low-income countries, the richest 20% are also very poor. Despite being the richest in those countries, their incomes are lower than the poorest 20% in high-income countries, and their children also die from many diseases that are prevented when incomes are higher.   ",{"metadata":9302,"sys":9305,"fields":9314},{"tags":9303,"concepts":9304},[],[],{"space":9306,"id":9308,"type":14,"createdAt":9309,"updatedAt":9309,"environment":9310,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":112,"contentType":9312,"locale":27},{"sys":9307},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"DiT05OaTU1LZLRiUSx34O","2023-04-27T20:14:26.188Z",{"sys":9311},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9313},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9315,"answers":9316,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":9317,"questionText":9318,"statistics":9319,"veryWrongStatistics":9321,"correctSentence":9323,"youWereWrong":9324,"youWereRight":9325,"dataSourceShortText":9326,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9327,"headingVeryWrong":9328,"youWereVeryWrong":9324},"1609",[],"largest money flow to Africa","Which of these represent the largest flow of money to Africa? ",[9320],"uk 0.777",[9322],"uk 0.556","Remittance transfers from Africans abroad bring in the largest flow of money to Africa. ","But you, like most others, assumed that it comes from sources like foreign aid or foreign companies investing in the country. ","Most people underestimate how much money Africans abroad send home.","Source: African Development Bank","[1]  [African Economic Outlook 2022 from the African Development Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.afdb.org\u002Fen\u002Fdocuments\u002Fafrican-economic-outlook-2022)       ","Most money comes from Africans abroad sending money home",{"metadata":9330,"sys":9333,"fields":9343},{"tags":9331,"concepts":9332},[],[],{"space":9334,"id":9336,"type":14,"createdAt":9337,"updatedAt":9338,"environment":9339,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":2107,"contentType":9341,"locale":27},{"sys":9335},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"f1101a22826d8ce6a55c094d871f01a9","2021-11-11T07:12:57.315Z","2023-09-04T09:13:09.923Z",{"sys":9340},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9342},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":9344,"heading":9345,"slug":9346,"questions":9347,"certificateText":9348},"sdg_world_10_cert","UN Goal 10: Reduced inequalities Certificate","un-goal-10-reduced-inequalities-certificate-test",[8933,8976,9010,9095,9126,9159,9191,9219],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 10: Reduced inequalities, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":9350,"sys":9353,"fields":9361},{"tags":9351,"concepts":9352},[],[],{"space":9354,"id":9356,"type":39,"createdAt":9357,"updatedAt":9358,"environment":9359,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":2107,"locale":27},{"sys":9355},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6GFouBI4XVh9evFphaC1pw","2020-11-17T11:13:45.181Z","2023-09-04T09:13:07.517Z",{"sys":9360},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":9362,"description":9363,"file":9364},"10. Reduced inequalities","Reduced inequalities icon",{"url":9365,"details":9366,"fileName":9370,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6GFouBI4XVh9evFphaC1pw\u002F63f87933b7213bbd88c3948c17062f3b\u002Fsdg_10",{"size":9367,"image":9368},3519,{"width":9369,"height":9369},131,"sdg_10","#DD1367",[9373],{"metadata":9374,"sys":9377,"fields":9387},{"tags":9375,"concepts":9376},[],[],{"space":9378,"id":9380,"type":14,"createdAt":9381,"updatedAt":9382,"environment":9383,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":45,"contentType":9385,"locale":27},{"sys":9379},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"27X2M3JInFkSTo5js7vTTp","2022-10-06T09:08:19.543Z","2023-09-04T09:13:09.941Z",{"sys":9384},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9386},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":9388,"title":9388,"challenges":9389},"UN Goal 10",[9390],{"metadata":9391,"sys":9394,"fields":9404},{"tags":9392,"concepts":9393},[],[],{"space":9395,"id":9397,"type":14,"createdAt":9398,"updatedAt":9399,"environment":9400,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":91,"contentType":9402,"locale":27},{"sys":9396},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"77BeQ9yr6lirhnNk9VIAFI","2022-10-06T09:02:07.593Z","2023-09-04T09:13:09.981Z",{"sys":9401},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9403},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":9405,"title":8913,"slug":9406,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":9407,"combos":9427},"sdg_world_goal_10","sdg-world-goal-10",{"metadata":9408,"sys":9411,"fields":9419},{"tags":9409,"concepts":9410},[],[],{"space":9412,"id":9414,"type":39,"createdAt":9415,"updatedAt":9416,"environment":9417,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":9413},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4apF3HTtNTspFWbJk7qr3F","2022-10-06T08:38:46.292Z","2023-09-04T09:13:07.525Z",{"sys":9418},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":9420,"description":48,"file":9421},"SDG icon 10-03",{"url":9422,"details":9423,"fileName":9426,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4apF3HTtNTspFWbJk7qr3F\u002F51d28bfa0cb9f236258184b920483e2a\u002FSDG_icon_10-03.png",{"size":9424,"image":9425},8891,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 10-03.png",[],{"metadata":9429,"sys":9432,"fields":9442},{"tags":9430,"concepts":9431},[],[],{"space":9433,"id":9435,"type":14,"createdAt":9436,"updatedAt":9437,"environment":9438,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":2377,"contentType":9440,"locale":27},{"sys":9434},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"OoU2JFe2CFgpg7fCuo9Xd","2020-11-19T19:37:32.220Z","2023-09-01T14:19:26.532Z",{"sys":9439},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9441},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":9443,"name":9444,"slug":9443,"tests":9445,"diplomaTest":9867,"icon":9910,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":9932,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":9933},"sdg-world-11","UN Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities",[9446],{"metadata":9447,"sys":9450,"fields":9460},{"tags":9448,"concepts":9449},[],[],{"space":9451,"id":9453,"type":14,"createdAt":9454,"updatedAt":9455,"environment":9456,"publishedVersion":2608,"revision":808,"contentType":9458,"locale":27},{"sys":9452},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"dd89c167d8df6127824c50f46323236c","2021-11-11T07:12:59.376Z","2024-10-14T09:32:54.075Z",{"sys":9457},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9459},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":9461,"heading":9444,"slug":9462,"questions":9463},"sdg_world_11_t1","un-goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities",[9464,9567,9659,9692,640,9724,9757,9784,9813,9843],{"metadata":9465,"sys":9472,"fields":9483},{"tags":9466,"concepts":9471},[9467,9469],{"sys":9468},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9470},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},[],{"space":9473,"id":9475,"type":14,"createdAt":9476,"updatedAt":9477,"environment":9478,"publishedVersion":9480,"revision":5763,"contentType":9481,"locale":27},{"sys":9474},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ede9b4dddc8b13eb0af4e724e2295cf6","2021-11-11T07:04:20.420Z","2025-12-08T09:34:59.889Z",{"sys":9479},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},173,{"sys":9482},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9484,"answers":9485,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"name":9486,"questionText":9487,"statistics":9488,"veryWrongStatistics":9524,"correctSentence":9560,"youWereWrong":9561,"youWereRight":9562,"dataSourceShortText":9563,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9564,"extendedAnswerText":9565,"headingVeryWrong":9566,"youWereVeryWrong":9561,"headingWrong":9566},"13",[],"What share of the world’s population lives in mega","What share of the world’s population lives in megacities (cities with at least 10 million people)?",[9489,9490,9491,9492,9493,9494,9495,9496,9497,9498,9499,9500,9501,9502,9503,9504,9505,9506,9507,9508,9509,9510,9511,9512,9513,9514,9515,9516,9517,1905,9518,9519,1524,9520,9521,311,2258,9522,9523],"uk 0.7322","usa 0.6972","arg 0.84","aus 0.7683","bel 0.7944","bra 0.849","can 0.7033","chn 0.7053","fra 0.7771","deu 0.6577","hun 0.776","idn 0.8942","ita 0.7331","jpn 0.55515","mex 0.805","pol 0.6387","rus 0.7593","sau 0.8683","sgp 0.7892","kor 0.7565","esp 0.7551","swe 0.68535","tur 0.8202","mys 0.7834","egy 0.8383","are 0.8763","col 0.864","rou 0.6766","per 0.8284","mar 0.80635","dnk 0.7","nor 0.71","zaf 0.76","nga 0.74","phl 0.76",[9525,9526,9527,9528,9529,9530,9531,9532,9533,9534,9535,9536,9537,9538,9539,9540,9541,9542,9543,9544,9545,9546,9547,9548,9549,9550,9551,9552,9553,9554,9555,9556,9557,6483,329,2265,9558,9559,8361],"uk 0.2190","usa 0.2260","arg 0.3560","aus 0.2488","bel 0.1996","bra 0.3950","can 0.1828","chn 0.1887","fra 0.2799","deu 0.1965","hun 0.2560","idn 0.4631","ita 0.1664","jpn 0.1564","mex 0.39","pol 0.1277","rus 0.3568","sau 0.3613","sgp 0.2306","kor 0.2176","esp 0.3144","swe 0.1709","tur 0.3347","mys 0.3618","egy 0.3373","are 0.3094","col 0.3560","rou 0.1876","per 0.3095","jor 0.3128","mar 0.4023","dnk 0.14","fin 0.25","pak 0.50","nga 0.35","Around 8% of the world’s population live in megacities.","Most people massively overestimate how many people live in huge cities. The big cities are large but very few. The media and political debates give them lots of attention. In reality, far more people live in smaller cities.","Most people massively overestimate how many people live in huge cities. They don’t realize that more people live in smaller cities, as a few big cities steal most of the media attention.","Source: UN - The World’s Cities 2018","According to the UN[1] in 2025, there were 33 cities with more than 10 million inhabitants, representing 7.6% of the world's population of8 billion. In this question we use 8% as the correct answer to make sure we are not understating the number, as so many believe it is much higher. The UN estimate could potentially be a bit too low, as there is no international standard for defining city boundaries when counting citizens. The UN report mixes methods used by different countries. If the more generous methods that include sparsely populated outskirts were used everywhere, then a few more cities would maybe qualify as megacities.\nDespite that legitimate concern, most cities are not even close to 10 million people, so even adding a couple of more million extra people to most cities wouldn’t make a big difference to the number of megacities.\nHowever, we chose to put the correct answer as 8% to try to take into account any data concerns about underestimation of city size. Even if the number of megacities and their population sizes are increasing, it will probably not reach 8% for many years. The UN[1] projects that the number of megacities will grow from 33 to 37 by 2050, but the people living in them will still only make up 7.9% of the global population. Of all urban dwellers then, an even larger share will live in cities that are not megacities.\n\n[1]  [World Urbanizaion Prospects 2025](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwup\u002Fassets\u002FPublications\u002Fundesa_pd_2025_wup2025_summary_of_results_final.pdf)  \n[2]  [UN - The World’s Cities in 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpopulation\u002Fpublications\u002Fpdf\u002Furbanization\u002Fthe_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf)  ","It doesn’t matter what country you live in, the media probably pays much more attention to the people living in the capital and other large cities, compared to the rest of the population. Intuitively the reason is that more people live in a few big cities, but if you do the math, in many countries, there are actually more people living in medium-sized cities, and those are often growing just as fast as the few big cities. More than half the world’s population live in cities and that share keeps increasing. But there are only 33 cities with more than 10 million inhabitants in the world today. Almost all city dwellers live in much smaller cities.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIn many ways, it’s easier to create a sustainable lifestyle in a city, compared to remote rural areas, where scalable solutions for many citizens are difficult to create. Cities often have better education, healthcare, public transport, sewage, more effective energy use, etc. But the discussion about future urbanization tends to focus too much on the megacities, probably because they seem so futuristic. But their needs are not typical for most cities. Most cities are smaller, with access to nature close by. They have more to learn from similar sized cities in other parts of the world. They need regular sized waste management and transport systems.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nLooking at the result from this question we can see how the exaggerated attention on megacities has made lots of people believe that roughly a third of humanity live in them.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but you should know what is being measured and how. According to the UN in 2025, there were 33 cities with more than 10 million inhabitants. That is 7.6% of the world's population of 8 billion. But in this question we use 8% as the correct answer to make sure we are not understating the number, as so many believe it is much higher. The UN estimate could potentially be a bit too low, as there is no international standard for defining city boundaries when counting citizens. The UN report mixes methods used by different countries. If the more generous methods that include sparsely populated outskirts were used everywhere, then a few more cities would maybe qualify as megacities. Despite that legitimate concern, most cities are not even close to 10 million people, so even adding a couple of more million extra people to most cities wouldn’t make a big difference to the number of megacities.\nHowever, we chose to put the correct answer as 8% to try to take into account any data concerns about underestimation of city size. \n\nEven if the number of megacities and their population sizes are increasing, it will probably not reach 8% for many years. The UN projects that the number of megacities will grow from 34 to 37 by 2050, but the people living in them will still only make up 7.9% of the global population. Of all urban dwellers then, an even larger share will live in cities that are not megacities.\n\n### Discover more\nTo understand the reality in other countries, most regular media images don't help much. They often show unusual events and famous or suffering people. Therefore, Gapminder has collected the world's largest free photo database that lets you see how people really live across the world. Visit: [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street).\n\nRicher countries generally have a larger number of people living in cities. This bubble-chart shows the increasing [urbanization since 1960 in all countries](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapm.io\u002Fturb), compared to average income of the country. [In this graph](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Fvpc), you can also see the proportion of people living in megacities by country since 1950. ","The big city steals the show... again",{"metadata":9568,"sys":9575,"fields":9585},{"tags":9569,"concepts":9574},[9570,9572],{"sys":9571},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9573},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},[],{"space":9576,"id":9578,"type":14,"createdAt":9579,"updatedAt":9580,"environment":9581,"publishedVersion":5792,"revision":2057,"contentType":9583,"locale":27},{"sys":9577},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"f2a98a0cc440c4a0cef60da544ddb4bd","2021-11-11T07:10:14.726Z","2025-09-16T07:30:21.499Z",{"sys":9582},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9584},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9586,"answers":9587,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":9588,"questionText":9589,"statistics":9590,"veryWrongStatistics":9621,"correctSentence":9653,"youWereWrong":9654,"youWereRight":9655,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9656,"extendedAnswerText":9657,"headingVeryWrong":9658,"youWereVeryWrong":9654,"headingWrong":9658},"76",[],"Urban vs rural since 1950s","Worldwide, more than 5 times more people live in towns and cities today than in 1950. What happened to the rural population?",[9591,9592,9593,9594,9595,9596,9597,9598,9599,9600,9601,9602,9603,9604,9605,9606,9607,9608,9609,9610,9611,9612,1865,9613,9614,9615,9616,9617,9618,9619,9620],"uk 0.8251","usa 0.8152","arg 0.746","aus 0.8312","bel 0.8323","bra 0.816","can 0.8012","chn 0.909","fra 0.8222","deu 0.8921","hun 0.906","idn 0.6786","ita 0.8111","jpn 0.9321","mex 0.546","pol 0.8843","rus 0.9561","sau 0.7785","sgp 0.8429","kor 0.9561","esp 0.8941","swe 0.9301","mys 0.8448","egy 0.6068","are 0.7425","col 0.624","rou 0.9042","per 0.5419","jor 0.8294","mar 0.8426",[9622,9623,9624,9625,9626,9627,9628,9629,9630,9631,9632,9633,9634,9635,9636,9637,9638,9639,9640,9641,9642,9643,9644,9645,9646,9647,9648,9649,9650,9651,9652],"uk 0.5584","usa 0.5475","arg 0.5580","aus 0.5834","bel 0.4950","bra 0.6180","can 0.5944","chn 0.7666","fra 0.6733","deu 0.6503","hun 0.7440","idn 0.4471","ita 0.6205","jpn 0.7912","mex 0.36","pol 0.7106","rus 0.8603","sau 0.5250","sgp 0.6302","kor 0.8503","esp 0.7882","swe 0.7904","tur 0.8546","mys 0.6169","egy 0.4571","are 0.4551","col 0.4660","rou 0.8104","per 0.3824","jor 0.7559","mar 0.7430","The world’s rural population has nearly doubled since 1950.","When we have two groups, and one increases, we automatically think the other will decrease. But both urban and rural populations increased, because the total world population increased.\n","They don’t realize both urban and rural populations can increase at the same time when the population grows. ","Different countries have very different definitions of what is urban and what is rural, for instance how many people need to live in a village for it to be urban and not rural? The UN uses the estimates based on each country’s national definition which means that the data coming from different countries is not directly comparable, but the UN still pools it into one global average.\n\nThere is skepticism among some experts about the UN’s method of just taking data from each country since the definitions vary so much. But no matter how you count, it’s clear that our correct answer still stands: as the urban population has been increasing, so too has the rural population.[1]\n\nExperts who find this lack of clear definition problematic are working on new ways to define what’s urban and what’s rural. One suggested method includes satellite imagery, using the density of buildings and density of people as a criteria for determining whether a place is urban or rural.\n\n[1]  [UN Population Division (World Urbanization Prospects 2018)](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwup\u002F)  \n[2]  [Gapminder calculations based on the UN’s World Population Prospects 2018 ](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1yyTwoT0VhHPHcg5qqHWY2F5QhiQEbMAJ3MjZxqllf2w\u002Fedit#gid=1093822345)  ","The world’s rural population went from 1.8 billion in 1950 to 3.4 billion in 2022. \n\nThe urban and rural populations have BOTH grown because the world’s population increased from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 7.9 billion today. \n\nUp until 2007, a majority of the world’s population still lived in rural areas, but the world is becoming more urbanized and the rural population is actually expected to start decreasing after 2021. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe competition for land has increased in many rural areas of the world. This means that it has become more important to keep track of who owns which lot of land, as the number of people has increased in rural places. Many parts of the world need better systems to keep track of land ownership to ensure that poor farmers have the right to their land. Land reforms have become more important, as more people are competing for the same fields. People who believe the rural population has generally decreased, assume there is now rural land in abundance. They don't realize the importance of stopping so-called land grabs, where big companies or governments buy or capture the right to land without compensating local communities and the increasing population that depends on the land.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThis intuitive mistake is common whenever we divide a total population into two groups, and we learn that one of the groups is increasing. If we don’t think twice, we assume the other group must be decreasing. We tend to forget that the total number may have increased. People are aware that the world is more urbanized today than before. They know that the urban share has increased and the rural share has decreased. But that is a question of shares. This question is about amounts. In terms of amounts, both groups increased, because the total population increased so much. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, the trend we ask about is definitely correct, while the actual number of rural dwellers is disputed. Different countries have very different definitions of what is urban and what is rural, and the numbers we use come from estimates based on each country’s national definition, which is what the UN uses. Some experts we talked to are skeptical about the UN’s method of just taking data reported from each country, but they are not skeptical about the magnitude of the trends. Even if all countries used the same criteria for the border between urban and rural areas, it’s clear that our correct answer still stands: as the urban population has been increasing, so has the rural population.\n\n### Find out more\nThe UN’s [World Urbanization report from 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpopulation\u002Ftheme\u002Furbanization\u002Findex.asp)\n\nExplore homes on [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?topic=homes&media=image) to see the differences in how people in urban and rural places live on different income levels all over the World. \n\nTake a look at [Gapminder tools](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Frurpop) where you can see the size of country’s population living in urban and rural areas since the 1960s. \n","Rural population also increased",{"metadata":9660,"sys":9667,"fields":9677},{"tags":9661,"concepts":9666},[9662,9664],{"sys":9663},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9665},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},[],{"space":9668,"id":9670,"type":14,"createdAt":9671,"updatedAt":9672,"environment":9673,"publishedVersion":403,"revision":2377,"contentType":9675,"locale":27},{"sys":9669},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"65fb9f7ba2148ae70a8afc177794e960","2021-11-11T07:10:17.232Z","2023-11-27T09:07:24.470Z",{"sys":9674},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9676},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9678,"answers":9679,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":9680,"questionText":9681,"statistics":9682,"veryWrongStatistics":9683,"correctSentence":9684,"youWereWrong":9685,"youWereRight":9686,"dataSourceShortText":9687,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9688,"extendedAnswerText":9689,"headingVeryWrong":9690,"youWereVeryWrong":9685,"headingWrong":9691},"77",[],"Share of land built on","How much of the world’s total land surface has some physical infrastructure built on it, like houses or roads (excluding farm land)?",[7713],[2067],"Less than 5% of the world’s land surface has been built on.","Humans have had a huge impact on the Earth, but our constructions cover less than 5% of the total land area.\n","They don’t realize that less than 5% of the world’s land has been built on.","Source: Various ","The Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP) which is hosted by Columbia University and funded by NASA estimated that the earth’s urban settlement was 2.7%.[1] \n\nWe consulted seven experts for this question, including academics from the [POPGRID data collaborative] (https:\u002F\u002Fwww.popgrid.org\u002F) who confirmed that the share of earth’s land built on is less than 5% and probably actually closer to 1%.[2]\n\nThe lowest we have seen is 0.5% and that comes from the European Commission’s Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL).[3] It uses satellite imaging technology to measure the built-up area on the Earth’s land. Their global estimation of built up surface share for 2014 was between 0.52% and 0.58% of land mass, depending on if you include Antarctica or not in the global land mass surface. The GHSL uses a strict target semantic - meaning they count only the building footprints, not the surfaces of roads or green areas within an urban settlement. \n\nIt is important to note that this figure of land built on does not take into account all land appropriated for human consumption, such as land used for agriculture, forestry etc. About 10% of all land surface is used for agriculture for human consumption.[4]\n\n[1]  [The Global Rural-Urban Mapping Project (GRUMP)](https:\u002F\u002Fsedac.ciesin.columbia.edu\u002Fdata\u002Fcollection\u002Fgrump-v1)  \n[2]  [POPGRID data collaborative](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.popgrid.org\u002F)  \n[3]  [Global Human Settlement Layer - European Commission](https:\u002F\u002Fghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu\u002Findex.php)  \n[4]  [Our World in Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fglobal-land-for-agriculture) \n[5]  We consulted seven independent experts for this question, including Alex de Sherbinin of Columbia University.","We see media coverage of cities crowded with buildings and roads, and we hear about urbanization and population growth, which makes us assume humans are everywhere. But, when you look at Earth from above, you can see lots of wide-open spaces untouched by humans, such as deserts, huge forests and mountains.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf you overestimate how much humans have permanently impacted the surface of the planet, you may give up hope that we will ever manage to find a sustainable way of living where plants and animals get enough space.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost people spend a lot of their lives in cities or towns, surrounded by buildings and roads and other human made constructions. Then when they see images in the media of expanding cities all over the world it can be hard to imagine that the structural footprint from humans is relatively small. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes the correct answer is definitely below 5%, but the exact figure is hard to know. The number is calculated using satellite data, which is difficult to do. Different researchers arrive at different numbers according to how good their satellite imagery is and what and how they identify human constructions in the images. The numbers they suggest range between 0.5% and 3%.\n\nWe consulted seven experts for this question and they all agreed that the correct answer is definitely lower than 5%, with many of them estimating the actual number as closer to 1%.\n\n### Where can I see this?\nLook for buildings on [Google Earth](https:\u002F\u002Fearth.google.com\u002Fweb\u002F@13.06080661,20.81959172,-1457.87737279a,22253212.05812931d,35y,222.94158815h,0t,0r)\n","Most land is empty","Lots of humans live on little land",{"metadata":9693,"sys":9700,"fields":9710},{"tags":9694,"concepts":9699},[9695,9697],{"sys":9696},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9698},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},[],{"space":9701,"id":9703,"type":14,"createdAt":9704,"updatedAt":9705,"environment":9706,"publishedVersion":403,"revision":587,"contentType":9708,"locale":27},{"sys":9702},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"c52be9f024b725e578a6e164e09d71fb","2021-11-11T07:10:19.642Z","2023-11-27T09:07:24.409Z",{"sys":9707},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9709},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9711,"answers":9712,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":769,"name":9713,"questionText":9714,"statistics":9715,"veryWrongStatistics":9716,"correctSentence":9717,"youWereWrong":9718,"youWereRight":9719,"dataSourceShortText":9720,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9721,"extendedAnswerText":9722,"headingVeryWrong":9723,"youWereVeryWrong":9718,"headingWrong":9723},"78",[],"Future African city population","In 2020, there were around 68 cities in Africa with more than 1 million inhabitants. How many cities of this size will there be in Africa in 2030, according to UN experts?",[3855],[593],"There will be more than 90 African cities with more than 1 million inhabitants in 2030, according to UN experts.","You thought there would be slightly more big cities in Africa by 2030, but as the African population increases very fast, the number of big cities will too.","Most people have missed that there will be more big cities in the future as the African population increases. ","Source: UN - World Urbanization Prospects 2018","They are projections, so of course they can’t be considered perfect. The UN works hard to create these projections and the trend of more people living in urban areas than rural is clear. Most importantly, there is no agreement on how a city’s boundaries are drawn. The data the UN uses is based on every country’s own measurement, which can differ quite a lot. This may lead to people arguing that some cities are bigger or smaller than the UN says. Despite these limitations, the number of African cities has been growing steadily and we are confident in the UN’s population growth estimates, which show a growing population in Africa in the coming years, which will lead to more and bigger cities.\n\n[1]  [UN - World Urbanization Prospects 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwup\u002F)  \n[2]  [UN - The World’s Cities in 2018 (page 6)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fevents\u002Fcitiesday\u002Fassets\u002Fpdf\u002Fthe_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf)  \n","In recent decades, the share of the world’s population living in cities and towns has been growing, and globally since 2007 the majority of people have been living in urban areas. In Africa, however, 42% live in urban areas. The share is increasing fast, though, as people leave the countryside for cities in search of jobs and higher living standards.\n\n### Why is it a problem if people are wrong about this?\nIt shows that people have an outdated, stereotypical view of Africa as a place with few modern cities. Africa is where the population will grow most in the coming years and, with growing cities, usually comes more business and trade opportunities. But with an outdated view of Africa you will probably not realize that until it has already happened.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThe media often shows stereotypical images of Africa of chaos, conflict and catastrophe. Images of people in mud huts and shanties in rural areas make it hard to imagine a continent full of large cities.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, the trend of more people living in urban areas than rural is clear. But these numbers are projections, so they can’t be considered perfect. Also, there is no agreement on how a city’s boundaries are drawn. The data the UN uses mixes different measurements and that may lead to people arguing that some cities are bigger or smaller than the UN says. \nDespite these limitations, the number of African cities has been growing fast. We are also confident in the UN’s population growth estimates, which show a growing population in Africa in the coming years leading to more and bigger cities.\n\n### Find out more\nThe UN’s [World Urbanization report from 2018](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fdevelopment\u002Fdesa\u002Fpopulation\u002Ftheme\u002Furbanization\u002Findex.asp)\n\nExplore [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street?regions=af) to visit homes on different income levels in Africa, in both cities and in the countryside. \n\nTake a look at [the number of cities with  more than 1 million people ](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Fcit) in Gapminder´s bubble chart. \n","Cities are growing in Africa too",{"metadata":9725,"sys":9732,"fields":9742},{"tags":9726,"concepts":9731},[9727,9729],{"sys":9728},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9730},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},[],{"space":9733,"id":9735,"type":14,"createdAt":9736,"updatedAt":9737,"environment":9738,"publishedVersion":1933,"revision":259,"contentType":9740,"locale":27},{"sys":9734},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"eac26544e925d2d139a10ddacf88b1ae","2021-11-11T07:10:24.767Z","2025-10-30T08:36:38.847Z",{"sys":9739},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9741},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":9743,"answers":9744,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":9745,"questionText":9746,"statistics":9747,"veryWrongStatistics":9748,"correctSentence":9750,"youWereWrong":9751,"youWereRight":9752,"dataSourceShortText":9753,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9754,"extendedAnswerText":9755,"headingVeryWrong":9756,"youWereVeryWrong":9751,"headingWrong":9756},"80",[],"Homeless from natural disasters","Since 1990, roughly 2.5 million people were made temporarily homeless in Europe due to natural disasters. The number for Asia during the same period was...",[855],[9749],"uk 0.13","Since 1990, 40 times more people in Asia were made temporarily homeless due to natural disasters than in Europe.","There are many more people in Asia, and around a quarter of a billion of them live in extreme poverty, in homes unable to withstand severe weather events.","They don’t realize how many more people live in Asia than Europe and how much harder disasters hit low- and middle-income countries.","Source: EM-DAT, International Disaster Database","There is some disagreement as to what constitutes a natural disaster which can make estimates vary between countries and regions. Similar issues also apply to historical data where what was known about the disasters impose limitations. \n\nConflict is another factor that can affect the number of people made homeless but they’re not always included in these disaster estimates. Homeless in the context of our question refers to the number of people whose house is destroyed or heavily damaged and therefore need shelter after an event. It can be difficult to estimate how many are made homeless by an event, i.e. who were homeless prior to a disaster and what is still considered a home afterwards may affect the numbers.\n\nThe economic and infrastructure impact from these disasters might not be the same between Europe and Asia. Within Asia there are big regional differences in how the disasters have impacted societies. Unsurprisingly, countries at a higher income level are often more resilient when hit by disasters.\n\nOne of the biggest disasters that left people in Europe temporarily homeless, was the 1997 Central European flood that impacted mostly Poland and Czech Republic and where 62 000 people were left homeless. In Asia, meanwhile, severe floods at times left millions of people homeless, for instance during the 1998 China floods, where 15 million people were left homeless in the Hubei province in China by extreme floods caused by prolonged heavy rains.\n\nOne important clarification when it comes to these figures is: The 41 times more answer is if Türkiye is included in Europe's figures. If it is not, then Asia has more than 70 times more homeless. That is because Türkiye accounts for 1.1 million homeless.\n\nDespite the limitations of the database, four independent experts we consulted for this question say they regarded EM-DAT as a reliable source and there was no doubt that more people in Asia are impacted by natural disasters.\n\n[1]  [EM-DAT, International Disaster Database - Gapminder spreadsheet showing data calculations](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F13aoSomvIDR3GtLSrrg5Rguuj4dy0ADrXyy9wV7LmCdo\u002Fedit?gid=0#gid=0)   \n","There are three main reasons why there are 40 times more victims of disasters in Asia than in Europe: Asia has more natural disasters; there are more people in Asia; more Asians live in poor communities which are less prepared for disasters.\n\nHumanity cannot stop extreme events like hurricanes, floods, droughts, heatwaves and earthquakes. What we can do is be better prepared for these events. Across the world, more people are better prepared than ever before. We build better buildings, roads and infrastructure that are more capable of withstanding extreme events. There has also been lots of progress in predicting where disasters will hit, and to communicate emergencies to people so they have time to evacuate. Even the poorest communities survive in greater numbers than they did in the past. But still, the richer a country is, the more it can afford to spend on disaster preparation. And Asia still has several very poor countries where many become victims when a disaster hits.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWhen we talk about where resources should be used, it is important that we know the facts about where the biggest need is.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen we hear about regions like Europe and Asia, they sound like they are comparable in size. But Asia's population (4.7 billion) is much bigger than Europe’s (0.9 billion). \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but there are some things to keep in mind. There is some disagreement as to what constitutes a natural disaster, which can make estimates vary between countries and regions. Similar issues also apply to historical data where what was known about the disasters impose limitations. Despite the limitations of the database, four independent experts we consulted for this question say they regarded EM-DAT as a reliable source and there was no doubt that more people in Asia are impacted by natural disasters.\n\n### Find out more\nYou can see a breakdown of the types and numbers of disasters in Europe and Asia in [this spreadsheet](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F13aoSomvIDR3GtLSrrg5Rguuj4dy0ADrXyy9wV7LmCdo\u002Fedit?gid=1850392817#gid=1850392817) \n\n[This graph](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$ui$chart$endBeforeForecast=2020;;&model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=hmless_nd&source=fasttrack&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;&frame$value=2020;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1) shows the number of victims to natural disasters by country and year.\n\nSee homes on different income levels in Asia and Europe in  [Dollar Street](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002F?regions=as%2Ceu)\n\n[This family](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002Ffamilies\u002Fparamanik-01) lives in Bangladesh in a home vulnerable to floods. [Here you can see another family](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002Ffamilies\u002Fdevi) living in Nepal and their house gets flooded during the rainy season. [This family](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002Ffamilies\u002Fmacho) lives in Myanmar and flooding is a particular problem for them. \n","Five times more live in Asia!",{"metadata":9758,"sys":9765,"fields":9775},{"tags":9759,"concepts":9764},[9760,9762],{"sys":9761},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9763},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},[],{"space":9766,"id":9768,"type":14,"createdAt":9769,"updatedAt":9770,"environment":9771,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":91,"contentType":9773,"locale":27},{"sys":9767},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1DLudx1WRoRAH32fCv5Icf","2023-04-19T08:06:35.254Z","2023-11-27T09:07:24.235Z",{"sys":9772},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9774},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9776,"answers":9777,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"name":9778,"questionText":9779,"statistics":9780,"veryWrongStatistics":9781,"correctSentence":9782,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9783},"1582",[],"number of megacities","How many megacities are there in the whole world (metropolitan areas with more than 10 million inhabitants)?",[591],[5655],"Worldwide, there are around 35 megacities.","[1]  [UN World Urbanization Prospects 2018 ](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwup\u002FDownload\u002F)      ",{"metadata":9785,"sys":9792,"fields":9802},{"tags":9786,"concepts":9791},[9787,9789],{"sys":9788},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9790},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},[],{"space":9793,"id":9795,"type":14,"createdAt":9796,"updatedAt":9797,"environment":9798,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":998,"contentType":9800,"locale":27},{"sys":9794},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2A8ngrsWvNW27Mx5wKaMlE","2023-08-31T15:38:40.792Z","2023-11-27T09:07:24.177Z",{"sys":9799},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9801},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9803,"answers":9804,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":9805,"questionText":9806,"statistics":9807,"veryWrongStatistics":9808,"correctSentence":9810,"dataSourceShortText":9811,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9812},"1707",[],"Biggest city by 2100","If current trends continue, in 2100 the biggest city in the world is expected to be in:",[934],[9809],"uk 0.113","Lagos in Nigeria is projected to have a population of more than 80 million people by 2100, making it the biggest in the world. \n","Source: Global Cities Institute and the UN","\n[1]  [Global Cities Institute, “Socioeconomic Pathways and Regional\nDistribution of the World’s 101 Largest Cities “ by Hoornweg and Pope, published in 2014](http:\u002F\u002Fmedia.wix.com\u002Fugd\u002F672989_62cfa13ec4ba47788f78ad660489a2fa.pdf)      \n[2]  [UN – World Urbanization Prospects 2018 ](https:\u002F\u002Fpopulation.un.org\u002Fwup\u002F)            \n\nWhile Lagos is projected to be the largest city by 2100, experts anticipate two other African cities being the second and third largest. Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is also expected to have a population of more than 80 million,  and Dar Es Salaam in Tanzania more than 70 million. Meanwhile, the biggest city outside of Africa is expected to be Mumbai in India (around 67 million).\n",{"metadata":9814,"sys":9821,"fields":9831},{"tags":9815,"concepts":9820},[9816,9818],{"sys":9817},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":9819},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":647},[],{"space":9822,"id":9824,"type":14,"createdAt":9825,"updatedAt":9826,"environment":9827,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":998,"contentType":9829,"locale":27},{"sys":9823},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ahffhkazNLIP1JLEKZG6C","2023-09-01T14:18:08.239Z","2023-11-27T09:07:24.114Z",{"sys":9828},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9830},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9832,"answers":9833,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":9834,"questionText":9835,"statistics":9836,"veryWrongStatistics":9837,"correctSentence":9839,"dataSourceShortText":9840,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9841,"extendedAnswerText":9842},"1709",[],"most expensive cities","When listing the ten most expensive cities to live in the world in 2022, how many were in Europe?",[855],[9838],"uk 0.279","Four of the world’s 10 most expensive cities in 2022 were in Europe. ","Source:  Economist Intelligence Unit","[1]  [Economist Intelligence Unit, via World Economic Forum ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.weforum.org\u002Fagenda\u002F2022\u002F12\u002Fworld-most-expensive-cities\u002F)    ","Here were the 10 most expensive cities to live in, in 2022, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit.\n\n![unnamed](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002FBEks3k7iBYFrafGyRED4f\u002F72264885ce729c0cfaa34547c68702dc\u002Funnamed.png)\n\nThe four European cities were Zurich and Geneva (both Switzerland), Paris in France and Copenhagen in Denmark.\n",{"metadata":9844,"sys":9847,"fields":9857},{"tags":9845,"concepts":9846},[],[],{"space":9848,"id":9850,"type":14,"createdAt":9851,"updatedAt":9852,"environment":9853,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":998,"contentType":9855,"locale":27},{"sys":9849},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3OlZnz5mqRunxaVgK24juv","2023-10-18T14:12:49.354Z","2025-09-09T08:40:58.210Z",{"sys":9854},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9856},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9858,"answers":9859,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1839,"veryWrongPercentage":90,"name":9860,"questionText":9861,"statistics":9862,"veryWrongStatistics":9863,"correctSentence":9864,"dataSourceShortText":9865,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9866},"1745",[],"Economic impact of natural disasters","During the 1990s, the total damage caused by natural disasters was about 0.25% of total world income (GDP). During the last 10 years, that number was…",[3885],[5577],"The total damage as a share of global income caused by natural disasters over the past decade is roughly the same as it was during the 1990s. ","Source: EM-DAT","[1]  [EM-DAT, Total economic damages from disasters as a share of GDP, via Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Feconomic-damages-from-natural-disasters-as-a-share-of-gdp)  ",{"metadata":9868,"sys":9871,"fields":9881},{"tags":9869,"concepts":9870},[],[],{"space":9872,"id":9874,"type":14,"createdAt":9875,"updatedAt":9876,"environment":9877,"publishedVersion":2709,"revision":808,"contentType":9879,"locale":27},{"sys":9873},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"9e2a7fb328e6a2451618a216ec7cd964","2021-11-11T07:13:00.961Z","2023-09-01T14:19:28.927Z",{"sys":9878},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9880},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":9882,"heading":9883,"slug":9884,"questions":9885,"certificateText":9909},"sdg_world_11_cert","UN Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities Certificate","un-goal-11-sustainable-cities-and-communities-certificate-test",[9464,9567,9659,9692,640,9724,9757,9886,9784,9813],{"metadata":9887,"sys":9890,"fields":9900},{"tags":9888,"concepts":9889},[],[],{"space":9891,"id":9893,"type":14,"createdAt":9894,"updatedAt":9895,"environment":9896,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":998,"contentType":9898,"locale":27},{"sys":9892},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4ob0jqkCdeFpyPxGxizKBy","2023-06-12T13:51:41.516Z","2023-09-01T14:19:28.974Z",{"sys":9897},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9899},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":9901,"answers":9902,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":657,"name":9903,"questionText":9904,"statistics":9905,"veryWrongStatistics":9906,"correctSentence":9907,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":9908},"1671",[],"Rural population in 30 years","In the next 30 years, UN experts expect the world’s urban population to grow to 6.7 billion people. What do they think will happen to the rural population in that period?",[1661],[5088],"Experts at the UN expect the total rural population to decrease between 2022 and 2050, despite the total world population expected to increase.","[1]  [UN World Urbanization Prospects via Our World In Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Furbanization#how-many-people-will-live-in-urban-areas-in-the-future)      ","for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 11: Sustainable cities and communities, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":9911,"sys":9914,"fields":9922},{"tags":9912,"concepts":9913},[],[],{"space":9915,"id":9917,"type":39,"createdAt":9918,"updatedAt":9919,"environment":9920,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":580,"locale":27},{"sys":9916},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3cTdxwHGJoseRVPsFK6g8o","2020-11-17T11:16:36.534Z","2023-09-01T14:19:26.383Z",{"sys":9921},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":9923,"description":9924,"file":9925},"11. Sustainable cities and communities","Sustainable cities and communities icon",{"url":9926,"details":9927,"fileName":9931,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3cTdxwHGJoseRVPsFK6g8o\u002F7f20d0522e0961c87e06d31edba8794b\u002Fsdg_11",{"size":9928,"image":9929},22164,{"width":9930,"height":8839},170,"sdg_11","#FD9D24",[9934],{"metadata":9935,"sys":9938,"fields":9948},{"tags":9936,"concepts":9937},[],[],{"space":9939,"id":9941,"type":14,"createdAt":9942,"updatedAt":9943,"environment":9944,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":45,"contentType":9946,"locale":27},{"sys":9940},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7rQULksTupNYZXkM3tZhU7","2022-10-06T09:04:20.024Z","2023-09-01T14:19:29.126Z",{"sys":9945},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9947},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":9949,"title":9949,"challenges":9950},"UN Goal 11",[9951],{"metadata":9952,"sys":9955,"fields":9965},{"tags":9953,"concepts":9954},[],[],{"space":9956,"id":9958,"type":14,"createdAt":9959,"updatedAt":9960,"environment":9961,"publishedVersion":1184,"revision":998,"contentType":9963,"locale":27},{"sys":9957},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4JhLZfliZ8tYhhlTcH6hr7","2022-10-06T09:04:00.600Z","2023-09-01T14:19:29.172Z",{"sys":9962},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":9964},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":9966,"title":9444,"slug":9967,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":9968,"combos":9988},"sdg_world_goal_11","sdg-world-goal-11",{"metadata":9969,"sys":9972,"fields":9980},{"tags":9970,"concepts":9971},[],[],{"space":9973,"id":9975,"type":39,"createdAt":9976,"updatedAt":9977,"environment":9978,"publishedVersion":580,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":9974},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3fqxFLTU41vN10TwdoruTc","2022-10-06T08:32:37.117Z","2023-09-01T14:19:26.389Z",{"sys":9979},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":9981,"description":48,"file":9982},"SDG icon 11-03",{"url":9983,"details":9984,"fileName":9987,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3fqxFLTU41vN10TwdoruTc\u002Fa3b207ba43b60f297cc84e42501e9976\u002FSDG_icon_11-03.png",{"size":9985,"image":9986},12696,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 11-03.png",[],{"metadata":9990,"sys":9993,"fields":10003},{"tags":9991,"concepts":9992},[],[],{"space":9994,"id":9996,"type":14,"createdAt":9997,"updatedAt":9998,"environment":9999,"publishedVersion":2677,"revision":1270,"contentType":10001,"locale":27},{"sys":9995},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3pGlxRDBO95yK8hohXhDJ0","2020-11-17T11:22:11.793Z","2023-10-27T10:34:12.705Z",{"sys":10000},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10002},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":10004,"name":10005,"slug":10004,"tests":10006,"diplomaTest":10514,"icon":10534,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":10555,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":10556},"sdg-world-12","UN Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production",[10007],{"metadata":10008,"sys":10011,"fields":10021},{"tags":10009,"concepts":10010},[],[],{"space":10012,"id":10014,"type":14,"createdAt":10015,"updatedAt":10016,"environment":10017,"publishedVersion":1583,"revision":1081,"contentType":10019,"locale":27},{"sys":10013},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"8c8cc32f4e214b7579eadfa3e320db0a","2022-01-03T13:52:49.937Z","2024-10-14T11:50:15.914Z",{"sys":10018},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10020},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":10022,"heading":10005,"slug":10023,"questions":10024},"sdg_world_12_t1","un-goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production",[10025,10095,10158,10192,10227,10260,10292,10321,10348,10377,10406,10434,10463,10490],{"metadata":10026,"sys":10034,"fields":10044},{"tags":10027,"concepts":10033},[10028,10031],{"sys":10029},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},"consumption",{"sys":10032},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10035,"id":10037,"type":14,"createdAt":10038,"updatedAt":10039,"environment":10040,"publishedVersion":3512,"revision":2377,"contentType":10042,"locale":27},{"sys":10036},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"e6a146ce5d63a1d16007343795864a58","2021-11-11T09:17:12.183Z","2023-11-27T09:07:11.573Z",{"sys":10041},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10043},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10045,"answers":10046,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":10047,"questionText":10048,"statistics":10049,"veryWrongStatistics":10070,"correctSentence":10088,"youWereWrong":10089,"youWereRight":10090,"dataSourceShortText":10091,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10092,"extendedAnswerText":10093,"headingVeryWrong":10094,"youWereVeryWrong":10089,"headingWrong":10094},"16",[],"Most used raw material","After water, which raw material is most used in the world in terms of volume?",[10050,10051,10052,10053,10054,10055,10056,10057,10058,10059,10060,10061,10062,10063,10064,10065,10066,10067,10068,10069],"uk 0.8777","nor 0.817617687074827","fin 0.820099561644271","dnk 0.856852374334012","usa 0.8124","bra 0.7784","fra 0.7942","deu 0.7024","jpn 0.9609","mex 0.9049","rus 0.6661","esp 0.8021","swe 0.85","mys 0.7346","mar 0.8037","zaf 0.7372","ind 0.7974","pak 0.823","nga 0.6694","phl 0.7283",[7105,10071,10072,10073,10074,10075,10076,10077,10078,7106,10079,10080,628,10081,10082,10083,10084,10085,10086,10087],"usa 0.3067","bra 0.2194","fra 0.3115","deu 0.3261","jpn 0.3570","mex 0.2014","rus 0.3667","esp 0.2879","mys 0.2348","mar 0.3023","fin 0.26","nor 0.37","zaf 0.2331","ind 0.3541","pak 0.2830","nga 0.2099","phl 0.3085","Ten times more sand is used compared to oil and wood.","Roads, glass and buildings don’t look like sand. So you don’t see it. And you can’t see if a lake floor or river bed was destroyed when the sand was taken.","They don’t realize how much sand is actually being used. Because roads, buildings and glass don’t look like sand.","Source: UN Environment Programme","The studies available[1][2] show similar estimates of the amount of sand and gravel mined every year. The lowest estimate we have seen is 32 billion tonnes[2] but that was some years ago. The UN puts it around 40 to 50 billion tonnes [1]. The amount of oil extracted every year is much less, around 4 billion tonnes, and the amount of wood used is around 2 billion tonnes[2]. The total weight of a material doesn't represent its total environmental impact.\n\n[1]  [UN Environment Programme](https:\u002F\u002Funepgrid.ch\u002Fen\u002Factivity\u002Fsand)  \n[2]  [From resource extraction to outflows of wastes and emissions: The\nsocioeconomic metabolism of the global economy, 1900–2015 by Fridolin Krausmann, Christian Lauk, Willi Haas and Dominik Wiedenhofer in Global Environmental Change in July 2018.](https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1016\u002Fj.gloenvcha.2018.07.003)","Sand and gravel is mostly used in construction in things like concrete, glass, asphalt and electronics. The best kind of sand for construction is often found in rivers and lakes, and the mining of it is often unregulated and causes huge damage to these ecosystems.\n\nSand somehow has slipped between most environmentalists' fingers. Every year around 40-50 billion tonnes of sand and gravel is extracted, which is roughly half of the weight of all materials extracted in total. In comparison, around 4 billion tonnes of oil and 2 billion tonnes of wood are being extracted yearly. \n\n“Sand resource governance is one of the greatest sustainability challenges of the 21st century.” writes the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) in [this report](https:\u002F\u002Funepgrid.ch\u002Fen\u002Factivity\u002Fsand).\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThere is a limited amount of sand. As the demand continues to grow, beaches and river beds are being stripped of their sand and the business of mining and selling it is attracting criminals. If the need for sand isn’t addressed it could lead to many environmental problems and maybe even conflicts.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey don’t realize how much sand and gravel is used in construction and everyday products. Its importance is never written and talked about in the same way as oil (or even wood).\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, even though there haven’t been many studies on this. The available studies show similar estimates of the amount of sand and gravel mined every year. The lowest estimate we have seen is 32 billion tonnes but that was some years ago. The UN puts it around 40 to 50 billion tonnes. The amount of oil extracted every year is much less, around 4 billion tonnes, and the amount of wood used is around 2 billion tonnes. It is important to recognize that the total weight of a material doesn't represent its total environmental impact.\n","The invisible sand",{"metadata":10096,"sys":10103,"fields":10114},{"tags":10097,"concepts":10102},[10098,10100],{"sys":10099},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10101},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10104,"id":10106,"type":14,"createdAt":10107,"updatedAt":10108,"environment":10109,"publishedVersion":10111,"revision":2854,"contentType":10112,"locale":27},{"sys":10105},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"02cebd554e7aa84e13200c1060056310","2021-11-11T07:17:16.743Z","2024-10-09T08:28:27.613Z",{"sys":10110},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},155,{"sys":10113},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10115,"answers":10116,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":10117,"questionText":10118,"statistics":10119,"veryWrongStatistics":10133,"correctSentence":10150,"youWereWrong":10151,"youWereRight":10152,"dataSourceShortText":10153,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10154,"extendedAnswerText":10155,"headingVeryWrong":10156,"youWereVeryWrong":10157,"headingWrong":10156},"58",[],"What happened to the total amount of raw materials","What happened to the total amount of raw materials used across the world annually since 2000?",[7713,10120,10121,10122,6849,10123,10124,5168,10125,10126,10127,10128,10129,10130,10131,10132,4653],"usa 0.64","bra 0.66","fra 0.75","jpn 0.71","mex 0.75","esp 0.77","mys 0.73","mar 0.64","ind 0.73","pak 0.57","nga 0.78","phl 0.73","prt 0.5645",[3732,10134,10135,10136,10137,10138,10139,10140,10141,10142,10143,10144,10145,10146,10147,10148,10149],"usa 0.23","prt 0.1914","phl 0.25","nga 0.3","pak 0.21","ind 0.19","mar 0.18","mys 0.24","esp 0.22","rus 0.1","mex 0.24","jpn 0.3","deu 0.23","fra 0.15","bra 0.29","swe 0.1553","We are extracting 70% more natural resources now than 20 years ago.","Larger and larger bites of nature are taken every year, but you didn’t realize how fast the plundering is increasing.","They don’t realize how fast the plundering of nature is increasing.","Source: UN Stats","The data on raw materials comes from the UN Statistics division (UN Stats) using the term “material footprint”. It refers to “the total amount of raw materials extracted to meet final consumption demands”. [1] Raw materials include biomass, fossil fuels, metals and non-metallic minerals. \n\nThe number for each country includes imports of raw materials, but excludes exports, to count the material use where the consumption is happening. High-income countries, for example, rely a great deal on extraction of raw materials from other countries (up to 40%), but this is included in their material footprint as imports.\n\nUN Stats gets the data from the International Resource Panel, a global science-policy platform established by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2007 [2]. In their Global Material Flows Database, they have collected data on material flows from The European Union and Japan, while data from all other countries is modelled. [3]\n\n[1]  [UN Stats](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fexplore-topics\u002Fsustainable-development-goals\u002Fwhy-do-sustainable-development-goals-matter\u002Fgoal-12-1)  \n[2]  [International Resource Panel](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.resourcepanel.org\u002Freports\u002Fglobal-resources-outlook)  \n[3]  [Global Material Flows Database](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.resourcepanel.org\u002Fglobal-material-flows-database)\n[4]  We consulted four independent experts for this question, including Paul Behrens of Leiden University.","The richest countries’ material use has remained stable over the past 20 years, around 25 metric tons per person, which is roughly 13 times more than in low-income countries. The reason the global number increased is that billions of people got richer over recent decades and, just like those who were already rich, they started to consume more materials. Therefore the global material usage has increased very fast over the past 20 years.\n\n### Is the increased consumption due to the world’s increasing population? \nNot really. It’s rather a consequence of billions of people becoming richer. We know the increase in material footprint has been more than 3 times higher than the population growth (19%) over the past 20 years. Material footprint has more closely followed economic growth, but also increased faster (GDP increased by 90% from the year 2000 to 2019). This means that until now, on the global level, there has been no decoupling of material footprint growth from either population growth or GDP growth.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf people are unaware of the increased plundering of nature they don’t realize why a lifestyle of overconsumption will have to change. Billions more people are expected to become richer and if the material consumption of the rich doesn’t decrease, lots of natural resources will soon run low and many natural habitats will be destroyed.\nThe reality is that when people get wealthier, their material footprint increases. Although there is a ceiling on this increase, as we see today in the world’s wealthiest countries, this ceiling is far too high and completely unsustainable.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople in high-income countries today are aware of the need to recycle their waste and are concerned about using reusable coffee cups; they probably get an illusion that this has a major impact on the global total material consumption. We don’t know for sure, but maybe the idea of the circular economy is so widely discussed that many assume our current consumption pattern is sustainable. The increased recycling is a small step in the right direction, but it is far from enough. Rich people have become accustomed to a very high rate of consumption and they may believe a small reduction is a big thing.\n\n### Where can I see data for countries?\nThis graph shows how strong the link between GDP per capita and Material Footprint is, with each country shown as a bubble. The size of bubbles shows the total material use, and the vertical axis is the per capita material use. You can interact with the graph [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=matfootp_cap&source=fasttrack&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;&frame$value=2017;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1). \n\n![materialfootprint](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F31GvgXDqVXjTYMaE4PofpH\u002Fe8d7c47deabadd06b6572c8c194fa804\u002Fmaterialfootprint.gif)\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, the data comes from a UN report and the increased use of all kinds of materials is well documented. Some of the data is modelled, based on a huge number of smaller sources.\n\n### Where can I learn more?\nSee this UN report for an in-depth discussion on the state of our world’s natural resources [Global Resources Outlook 2019](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.resourcepanel.org\u002Freports\u002Fglobal-resources-outlook) \n","Shut your eyes and plunder","Larger and larger bites of nature are taken every year, but you were completely unaware of it.",{"metadata":10159,"sys":10166,"fields":10177},{"tags":10160,"concepts":10165},[10161,10163],{"sys":10162},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10164},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10167,"id":10169,"type":14,"createdAt":10170,"updatedAt":10171,"environment":10172,"publishedVersion":10174,"revision":2377,"contentType":10175,"locale":27},{"sys":10168},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"0b06b26f722ba8f48e4c7a968da87689","2022-01-03T11:24:03.553Z","2023-11-27T09:07:23.908Z",{"sys":10173},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},151,{"sys":10176},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10178,"answers":10179,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":10180,"questionText":10181,"statistics":10182,"veryWrongStatistics":10183,"correctSentence":10184,"youWereWrong":10185,"youWereRight":10186,"dataSourceShortText":10187,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10188,"extendedAnswerText":10189,"headingVeryWrong":10190,"youWereVeryWrong":10191,"headingWrong":10190},"81",[],"Ozone agreement","How many years did it take between the discovery of ozone depleting substances and the signing of an international agreement to ban them?",[934],[2458],"It took 14 years between the discovery of substances that deplete the ozone layer and an international agreement to ban them.","You don't realize how quickly all countries have been able to agree and act based on scientific facts.","They don’t realize how quickly countries have been able to agree to act based on scientific facts.","Data: UN and other sources","The Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer[1] was signed in 1987 and came into force in 1989[2]. In 1985, the British Antarctic Survey discovered the hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica.\n\nThe ozone depleting substances that it was aiming to phase down (and eventually out) were discovered to be destructive to ozone in the atmosphere in 1973[3][4]. These substances were mostly Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other molecules that were used in refrigeration and aerosols, amongst other uses. \n\nThe Montreal Protocol has widely been seen as a success and has played a large role in the recently noted recovery of the ozone layer[5]. \nThe members also continue to meet and work out new agreements to continue the protection of the ozone layer and reduce the use and production of other substances that have been used in place of the banned ones, that are harmful in other ways[1]. \n\n[1]  [The Montreal Protocol - UN Environment](https:\u002F\u002Fozone.unep.org\u002Ftreaties\u002Fmontreal-protocol)  \n[2]  [The Montreal Protocol - Wikipedia](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FMontreal_Protocol)  \n[3]  [Chlorofluorocarbons and Ozone Depletion - American Chemical Society](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.acs.org\u002Fcontent\u002Facs\u002Fen\u002Feducation\u002Fwhatischemistry\u002Flandmarks\u002Fcfcs-ozone.html)  \n[4]  [Molina & Rowland (1974) - Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002F249810a0)  \n[5]  [Strahan & Douglass (2018) - Decline in Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Lower Stratospheric Chlorine Determined From Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations](https:\u002F\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\u002Fdoi\u002Ffull\u002F10.1002\u002F2017GL074830)  ","In 1973, scientists discovered that common gases in spray cans and freezers depleted the ozone layer that protects us from dangerous sun radiation. By 1987 most countries agreed to ban these gases.\n\nWhen we think of global cooperation between countries we imagine long, drawn-out processes with constant struggles to get every country to agree. But when it came to protecting the ozone layer (which protects us by filtering harmful radiation from the sun) this was not the case! It took 14 years from discovery to the signing of an international agreement to remove almost all production and use.\n\nIt is even more amazing if we consider the year when the hole in the ozone layer was actually discovered, 1985, it took only two years from then for the agreement to come together.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nMost people don't realize that international agreements can work and have major impact. The Montreal Protocol is a major triumph of global collaboration that everyone should know about.\n\nIf you know that all UN members have been able to come together in agreement and then keep to their promises to significantly reduce ozone depleting substances, it is possible for you to imagine that this kind of successful cooperation can be achieved again. A similar success story can be told about the universal ban of lead in gasoline. If people fail to recognize that such swift and universal cooperation has actually happened, they underestimate the benefit of international collaborations, which is devastating when we need to collaborate to reduce other kinds of emissions, such as greenhouse gases.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen most people think of large international agreements they probably think of the arguments between countries and disagreements that we see in the media, rather than looking at successful examples like this one. \n\n### What is the Montreal Protocol?\nThe Montreal Protocol is the name of the agreement that was first signed in 1987 and has been ratified by all UN members. The protocol set - and continues to set - timelines for each member state to phase down (and eventually out) the use and production of ozone depleting substances. The original focus was on Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) but amendments have been made and added to reduce the use of non-ozone depleting molecules called HFCs as well. HFCs were used to replace CFCs but are now known to be powerful greenhouse gases. \n\n### Was the Montreal Protocol a success?\nYes it was! It has been ratified by all countries and has so far met its objectives in protecting the ozone layer.\n[In 2018, research started to show signs](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\u002Ffeature\u002Fgoddard\u002F2018\u002Fnasa-study-first-direct-proof-of-ozone-hole-recovery-due-to-chemicals-ban) that the ozone layer and the hole in it was starting to recover.\n","The world can act on facts","In 1973, it was discovered that some gases in spray cans and freezers depleted the ozone layer that protects us from dangerous radiation from the sun, and their use was quickly reduced to nearly nothing.",{"metadata":10193,"sys":10200,"fields":10211},{"tags":10194,"concepts":10199},[10195,10197],{"sys":10196},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10198},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10201,"id":10203,"type":14,"createdAt":10204,"updatedAt":10205,"environment":10206,"publishedVersion":10208,"revision":1390,"contentType":10209,"locale":27},{"sys":10202},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"777d939470855fba69d00f9f6629b941","2022-01-03T09:27:02.698Z","2025-10-08T08:17:45.555Z",{"sys":10207},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},262,{"sys":10210},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10212,"answers":10213,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":480,"name":10214,"questionText":10215,"statistics":10216,"veryWrongStatistics":10217,"correctSentence":10219,"youWereWrong":10220,"youWereRight":10221,"dataSourceShortText":10222,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10223,"extendedAnswerText":10224,"headingVeryWrong":10225,"youWereVeryWrong":10226,"headingWrong":10225},"83",[],"Food waste","Globally, how much food is lost between being harvested and sold in stores?\n",[3994],[10218],"uk 0.58","Around 15% of food is lost between harvest and being sold in stores.","You probably know that a lot of food is wasted, while many people don't have enough to eat. But the food loss is only half of what you guessed.","They probably think of all the people that don't have enough food, and then they overestimate how much food is wasted.","Source: The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)","A lot of food loss occurs between harvesting and being sold in stores. Measuring food loss is difficult as there is a big lack of data, and the data that exists is often compiled using different methodologies (do you include the skin of the banana or not?). Most of the food loss takes place in low- or lower-middle-income countries, where crops can be spoiled due to inadequate storage for example, but also where data is more difficult to collect. \n\nFood that is lost after being sold in stores but is not eaten is called food waste, and is more common in high-income countries. This data is usually of better quality than for food loss, since high-income countries have the resources to measure the waste. It is estimated that in addition to 15% of all food produced being lost between harvest and sale, another 15% of all food is wasted between the store and the consumer.[2] \n\nThe measuring limitations, including the fact that the data is based on rough estimates, are why we put a lot of difference between the three possible answer options. Four independent experts we consulted also agreed that this is best data available for food waste and that our correct answer is more correct than the other two answers.\n\n[1]  [FAO - Indicator 12.3.1 - Global Food Loss and Waste](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Fsustainable-development-goals\u002Findicators\u002F1231\u002Fen\u002F)  \n[2]  [Un Environment Programme Food Waste Index Report 2024 (page XII)](https:\u002F\u002Fwedocs.unep.org\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.11822\u002F45230)  ","Food is lost between harvest and stores for many reasons: poor storage, bad handling techniques, lack of refrigeration, careless transport or processing. In poorer places, the problems are larger. Some of those issues are very solvable and solutions can be as simple as transporting goods in plastic crates instead of sacks. Improving storage to prevent pests ruining crops and refrigerated warehouses are harder problems to solve in low-income countries with less access to electricity.\n\nFood loss occurs at different stages for different income levels. In poorer countries, crops are more likely to be lost in the fields. In rich countries more is lost in the consumption stage when people throw out food they don’t eat.\n\nReducing food loss should be a priority, for two major reasons: Firstly, around 11% of the world’s people don’t have enough food to eat. Secondly, all food production contributes to climate change.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nLike with all overestimated problems, we easily get the impression that it's unsolvable. Instead of exaggerating the problem and losing hope, we should get the proportions right and break down the big numbers into the actual causes of waste at different stages, in different places. Then we can focus on the potential solutions, such as improved electricity access and transport in poor countries.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nLots of people probably answer the worst possible alternative because they feel they don't want to trivialize the problem that a lot of food is wasted while many people in the world are hungry.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but please be aware of its limitations. Measuring food waste is difficult, and the number we use is a rough estimate. The four independent food waste experts we consulted all agreed that this is the best data available, and that our \"correct answer\" is certainly more correct than the other two options. As the uncertainty is high we give three answer options that are very different.\n\n### Where can I learn more?\nYou can read more about the data and issues related to different regions when it comes to food waste in the UN’s 2024 [Food Waste Index Report](https:\u002F\u002Fwedocs.unep.org\u002Fhandle\u002F20.500.11822\u002F45230). \n","Less loss but still too much","You probably know that a lot of food is wasted while many people don't have enough to eat. But the food loss is just a third of what you guessed.",{"metadata":10228,"sys":10235,"fields":10246},{"tags":10229,"concepts":10234},[10230,10232],{"sys":10231},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10233},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10236,"id":10238,"type":14,"createdAt":10239,"updatedAt":10240,"environment":10241,"publishedVersion":10243,"revision":1270,"contentType":10244,"locale":27},{"sys":10237},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"e64e7a15f3b06098ae9dbabc22e8d78f","2022-01-03T10:58:25.912Z","2023-11-27T09:07:23.783Z",{"sys":10242},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},333,{"sys":10245},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10247,"answers":10248,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":409,"name":10249,"questionText":10250,"statistics":10251,"veryWrongStatistics":10252,"correctSentence":10253,"youWereWrong":10254,"youWereRight":10255,"dataSourceShortText":10256,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10257,"extendedAnswerText":10258,"headingVeryWrong":10259,"youWereVeryWrong":10254,"headingWrong":10259},"84",[],"Plastic waste as share","Of all waste collected from homes, businesses and schools worldwide, how much of the total weight is plastic?",[151],[7051],"Worldwide, around 12% of all the garbage collected from households, schools and businesses is plastic.","No other garbage gets talked about more than plastic. The other waste is jealous. They can also do harm if not managed properly.","They overestimate how much waste is plastic, as it is the number one celebrity in the world of garbage.","Source: What a Waste 2.0","Our source for this question is global Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) data from the “What a Waste 2.0” report from the World Bank [1]. MSW accounts for about a quarter of all waste. [2] Their definition of MSW includes residential, commercial, and institutional waste, but not industrial, medical, hazardous, electronic, and construction and demolition waste, in their global average of 12% of MSW being plastic. \n\nThe UN’s Global Waste Management Outlook [2] is a slightly older report but does not include any commercial waste in their global average of plastic percentage of MSW. It puts plastic as a share of household waste at a slightly lower 10%. \n\nWe checked the correct answer with three independent researchers, two of whom agreed that 12% is correct and a third who directed us to compare with the Global Waste Management Outlook. \n\nBecause waste is hard to measure and the data uncertain, we put big differences between the three options, so that our ‘correct’ answer is ‘more correct’ than any of the other answers.\n\n[1]  [What a Waste 2.0: A global snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. World Bank Group, 2018 (page 117](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fhandle\u002F10986\u002F30317)  \n[2]  [Global Waste Management Outlook, Chapter 3: Waste Management: Global Status. United Nations Environment Programme, 2015 (pages 56-57)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uncclearn.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002Flibrary\u002Funep23092015.pdf)  \n[3]  [WWF briefing on pulp and paper](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldwildlife.org\u002Findustries\u002Fpulp-and-paper)  ","Plastic has gotten a bad name, but it's a fantastic material in many ways. In healthcare, plastic syringes save lives every day. Fresh food wrapped in plastic reduces food waste. But plastic is also problematic. The production of plastic emits carbon dioxde which leads to global warming. Plastic pollution in nature and oceans degrades very slowly and therefore plastic waste must be managed very carefully. But thinking about plastic in a categorical way can lead to unintended consequences. People in extreme poverty often can't afford any other materials to store their food in a safe way. The alternative materials that are often suggested to replace plastic, such as fabric bags, are often bad for the environment too.\n\nOf course we need to use less plastic - this is vitally important. But the other waste materials deserve lots of attention too. We can't protect nature by simplifying the waste problem to just plastic. We must reduce all kinds of material use. We must recycle paper and other materials. Rich countries must stop wasting food. When other materials are suggested to replace plastic, the environmental impact of these materials must be fully understood, instead of simply assuming that anything is better than plastic.\n\n### Why is it a problem to be wrong about this?\nThe fixation on plastic waste as the symbol of environmental awareness can potentially lead to unintended consequences. Banning and reducing unnecessary overuse of plastics in high-income countries makes complete sense but for people in extreme poverty, often there’s no safe affordable alternative to a plastic bag, as you can see in the homes of these families living in extreme poverty with less than 2 dollars per day.\n\nThis is how they store their [grain](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002Falbums\u002Fshared\u002F4uTTbXCr3duUy9fKqvtxQ0NlxH7xgLHqXTad8eNP):![Screenshot 2021-10-20 at 17.42.27](\u002F\u002Fimages.contentful.com\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6OIY26ZW1M4OccVCnXhUAw\u002F7468f521bd011ec8ceacbf9e69f3aa1c\u002FScreenshot_2021-10-20_at_17.42.27.png)\n\n[meat](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002Falbums\u002Fshared\u002F6qQdT8oZX4abKFLz8pAvkzr9FBgfahI6MoRRgRIR): ![Screenshot 2021-10-20 at 17.43.14](\u002F\u002Fimages.contentful.com\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F2VCvbqok5OE2vJJTPtgBOg\u002F31f86b2d7edcbc5345f7d450bb74650e\u002FScreenshot_2021-10-20_at_17.43.14.png)\n\nand [medicine](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Fdollar-street\u002Falbums\u002Fshared\u002FuZVDRhfEWRLyAAkbCrcI4M3OybaSve8VhDqWk7wK): ![Screenshot 2021-10-20 at 17.43.45](\u002F\u002Fimages.contentful.com\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4DQYRJmAAfAdyjzlSfzKKX\u002F51efa2cd1dd4efc94c98f0f01e5a27fd\u002FScreenshot_2021-10-20_at_17.43.45.png)\n\n### Why are many wrong about this?\nCurrently plastic waste is on everyone's minds. We see it in the media all the time and it's a material we all handle ourselves daily. It is easier to find compelling photos of plastic waste than any other kind of waste.\n\n### How can plastic be a small share of waste? \nAcross the world, organic waste from food and plants make up the biggest share of household waste. In low- and middle-income countries, where 84% of humanity live, most of the food-related waste is unavoidable cut offs from cooking, whereas in high-income countries it’s often edible food that gets wasted. \n\n### What is the biggest source of waste? \nOrganic waste from food and plants make up the biggest share of household waste. Processing and then distributing food creates greenhouse gases and uses a lot of resources. Reducing waste is good for the environment, and so is making sure it is dealt with properly. That’s because when it decays it emits methane, which contributes to climate change and if it enters rivers it can reduce the amount of oxygen available to fish and increase the growth of harmful organisms. \n\nWorldwide, paper is also a bigger share of waste than plastic. We should keep pushing to recycle as much paper as we can. In some places, chopping down trees for paper is not done responsibly and causes big ecological problems. Producing paper takes lots of water and chemicals, which also strains the environment. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\n\nYes you can, but you need to be aware of the certainty of the data. Waste is difficult to measure, particularly on a global level and there can be many different definitions of municipal solid waste. Two of the experts agreed with the figure of 12% from our source, [the World Banks' What a Waste 2.0 report](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fhandle\u002F10986\u002F30317) and a third suggested we compare with an older report that had the figure at a slightly lower 10%. \nBecause of the uncertainty in the exact share of plastic in household waste in the world we made our correct answer \"Around 12%\" and left large margins between the other two incorrect options. ","Garbage’s number one celebrity!",{"metadata":10261,"sys":10268,"fields":10278},{"tags":10262,"concepts":10267},[10263,10265],{"sys":10264},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10266},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10269,"id":10271,"type":14,"createdAt":10272,"updatedAt":10273,"environment":10274,"publishedVersion":925,"revision":91,"contentType":10276,"locale":27},{"sys":10270},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2JN2QoOO3s0i53tbR0ak6p","2023-04-19T10:36:40.715Z","2023-11-27T09:07:23.721Z",{"sys":10275},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10277},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10279,"answers":10280,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":694,"name":10281,"questionText":10282,"statistics":10283,"veryWrongStatistics":10284,"correctSentence":10285,"youWereWrong":10286,"youWereRight":10287,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10288,"extendedAnswerText":10289,"headingVeryWrong":10290,"youWereVeryWrong":10291,"headingWrong":10290},"1585",[],"Waste produced in N America","What share of the world’s waste is generated in North America?",[151],[2458],"Of the 2.017 billion tonnes of municipal waste generated in 2016, North America was responsible for 289 million tonnes, which is 14%","Only 5% of the world’s population live in North America. Even if they produce more waste per person than any other region, it's just half of what you thought.","They overestimate how much of the waste comes from North Americans. ","The data comes from the World Bank’s “What A Waste 2.0” report. In the report, the waste includes residential, commercial, and institutional waste. It does not include industrial, medical, hazardous,electronic, and construction and demolition waste.\n\nIn some regions, the data is collected from primary sources and is considered to be good. In others, the World Bank used estimates and so have a large margin of error. \nBecause waste is hard to measure and the data uncertain, we put big differences between the three options, so that our ‘correct’ answer is ‘more correct’ than any of the other answers, despite the limitations of the data.\n\nIndependent experts we have consulted regard the What A Waste report to be the best analysis of global waste and two experts we asked about this question agreed that the answer of 14% is correct, out of the three alternatives.\n\n[World Bank, What A Waste 2.0](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10986\u002F30317\u002F211329ov.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y)\n","When it comes to municipal waste from people’s homes and institutions like schools and hospitals, the US and Canada produce more waste per person than any other region. \n\nBut the region with the biggest total amount of waste is Asia, which makes sense as that is where most of the world’s population lives.\n\nWaste - particularly plastic waste - has become a bigger issue in the news in recent years and people are right to be concerned. BUT we also need to know where to focus our efforts in order to protect the environment. To keep waste away from nature and the damage it can do there, it needs to be collected and dealt with properly. In North America, almost all 100% of waste is collected.\n\nIn other parts of the world, waste collection hasn’t kept up with economic growth and damage is being done to the environment through the burning of garbage and uncollected waste washing into rivers and then into the sea.\n\n### Why is it a problem being wrong about this?\nWhen people try to pin all of the world’s problems on the US, they ignore other countries and regions which have bigger issues stopping waste getting into the ocean and damaging the environment in other ways.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this? \nPeople are right that most waste per person is produced in North America. They just hugely overestimate what share of the world’s population lives there.\n\n### How much waste is produced in each region? \n2 billion tonnes of municipal waste were generated in 2016. Here is the breakdown by region:\n\nEast Asia and Pacific: 468 million tonnes\nEurope and Central Asia: 392 million tonnes\nSouth Asia: 334 million tonnes\nNorth America: 289 million tonnes\nLatin America and the Caribbean: 231 million tonnes\nSub-Saharan Africa: 174 million tonnes\nMiddle East and North Africa: 129 million tonnes\n\n### How much waste does each person produce in each of these regions? \nThis is different from total waste. The data shows that richer countries, because they consume more, have the most waste per person on average. Here is the breakdown (in kg, per person, per day):\nNorth America 2.2\nEurope and Central Asia 1.2\nLatin America and the Caribbean 1.0\nMiddle East and North Africa 0.8East Asia and Pacific 0.6\nSouth Asia 0.5\nSub-Saharan Africa 0.5\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, but it does have limitations. The data comes from the World Bank’s “What A Waste 2.0” report. In some regions, the data is collected from primary sources and is considered to be good. In others, the World Bank used estimates and have a varying margin of error. Despite its limitations, independent experts we have consulted agree that the World Bank’s “What A Waste 2.0” report  is the best analysis of global waste and that our correct answer (14%) is indeed correct. \n","You blame North America too much","Even though they produce the most waste per person, they only make up 5% of the world’s population. You exaggerated their waste by three times.",{"metadata":10293,"sys":10300,"fields":10310},{"tags":10294,"concepts":10299},[10295,10297],{"sys":10296},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10298},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10301,"id":10303,"type":14,"createdAt":10304,"updatedAt":10305,"environment":10306,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":22,"contentType":10308,"locale":27},{"sys":10302},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1wlrtz3WIoWPV7sIkcaEtW","2023-04-19T13:29:44.046Z","2023-11-27T09:07:23.634Z",{"sys":10307},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10309},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10311,"answers":10312,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":657,"name":10313,"questionText":10314,"statistics":10315,"veryWrongStatistics":10317,"correctSentence":10319,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10320},"1586",[],"Waste in MIC vs HIC","Compared to people in high-income countries, how much waste do people living in middle-income countries generate per person per day?",[10316],"uk 0.637",[10318],"uk 0.367","People in middle-income countries generate half the amount of waste per person than those living in high-income countries.","[1]  [World Bank - “What A Waste 2.0” report ]( https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F1uLgxQWuwTtc_72Ni-32EvKkLsHZA4lf4\u002Fview)      \n",{"metadata":10322,"sys":10329,"fields":10339},{"tags":10323,"concepts":10328},[10324,10326],{"sys":10325},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10327},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10330,"id":10332,"type":14,"createdAt":10333,"updatedAt":10334,"environment":10335,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":91,"contentType":10337,"locale":27},{"sys":10331},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1IMiTsb6sGNNNGKWyToy4P","2023-05-09T14:34:22.891Z","2023-11-27T09:07:23.554Z",{"sys":10336},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10338},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10340,"answers":10341,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":769,"name":10342,"questionText":10343,"statistics":10344,"veryWrongStatistics":10345,"correctSentence":10346,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10347},"1628",[],"Waste in landfill","Globally, what share of waste that is collected from households, businesses and streets ends up in managed landfills (not open dump sites)?",[3855],[5392],"Worldwide, around 35% of waste that is collected from households, businesses and streets ends up in managed landfills.","[1]  [ World Bank – What A Waste 2.0](https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F1uLgxQWuwTtc_72Ni-32EvKkLsHZA4lf4\u002Fview?usp=sharing)     ",{"metadata":10349,"sys":10356,"fields":10366},{"tags":10350,"concepts":10355},[10351,10353],{"sys":10352},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10354},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10357,"id":10359,"type":14,"createdAt":10360,"updatedAt":10361,"environment":10362,"publishedVersion":3983,"revision":44,"contentType":10364,"locale":27},{"sys":10358},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"jM8Zl6SuakKv5HO3DYwqk","2023-06-12T13:01:24.669Z","2023-12-07T10:45:28.071Z",{"sys":10363},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10365},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10367,"answers":10368,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":10369,"questionText":10370,"statistics":10371,"veryWrongStatistics":10372,"correctSentence":10373,"dataSourceShortText":10374,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10375,"extendedAnswerText":10376},"1669",[],"Lead gasoline","Out of 195 countries, how many have banned gasoline containing lead?",[1964],[2556],"Lead gasoline is now banned in all of the world’s 195 countries.\n\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F890845276>","Source: UNEP","[1]  [UNEP – Era of leaded petrol over, eliminating a major threat to human and planetary health, published in August 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fpress-release\u002Fera-leaded-petrol-over-eliminating-major-threat-human-and-planetary)","At a global summit back in 2002, it was decided that the use of lead in gasoline should come to an end. At that time, 117 countries still allowed the use of leaded petrol. Within 20 years, the UN reported that no countries sold it anymore.\n\nThere is still some uncertainty about how much leaded gas is still being produced by China and given to closed countries such as North Korea or Myanmar. Also, many airplanes and racing cars still run on leaded petrol.\n\nDespite those uncertainties, there is no doubt that the push to ban lead in gasoline has been extremely effective and incredibly important for the health of people across the world.\n",{"metadata":10378,"sys":10385,"fields":10395},{"tags":10379,"concepts":10384},[10380,10382],{"sys":10381},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10383},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10386,"id":10388,"type":14,"createdAt":10389,"updatedAt":10390,"environment":10391,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":91,"contentType":10393,"locale":27},{"sys":10387},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"518GjGickcnUXxf19Zg7DI","2023-09-01T14:26:07.166Z","2023-11-27T09:06:19.351Z",{"sys":10392},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10394},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10396,"answers":10397,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":139,"name":10214,"questionText":10398,"statistics":10399,"veryWrongStatistics":10400,"correctSentence":10402,"dataSourceShortText":10403,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10404,"extendedAnswerText":10405},"1710",[],"What share of waste that is collected from households, businesses and streets is food and other green waste (e.g. grass cuttings)?",[8965],[10401],"uk 0.156","Around 45% of waste that is collected from households, businesses and streets is food and other green waste.","Source:  The World Bank","[1]  [The World Bank - “What A Waste 2.0”](https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F1uLgxQWuwTtc_72Ni-32EvKkLsHZA4lf4\u002Fview)     ","![unnamed](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1sxnMoYvdZaH5IuFzyTotj\u002Fca75553e2bd7c34f59739148e3973c30\u002Funnamed.png)\n\nSource: https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F1uLgxQWuwTtc_72Ni-32EvKkLsHZA4lf4\u002Fview ",{"metadata":10407,"sys":10414,"fields":10424},{"tags":10408,"concepts":10413},[10409,10411],{"sys":10410},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10412},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10415,"id":10417,"type":14,"createdAt":10418,"updatedAt":10419,"environment":10420,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":998,"contentType":10422,"locale":27},{"sys":10416},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"38PGxXwAHqLQfOu7x1Ljv3","2023-10-27T10:32:20.820Z","2023-11-27T09:06:19.278Z",{"sys":10421},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10423},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10425,"answers":10426,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":10427,"questionText":10428,"statistics":10429,"veryWrongStatistics":10430,"correctSentence":10431,"dataSourceShortText":595,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10432,"extendedAnswerText":10433},"1747",[],"Carbon tax","Of all greenhouse gases emitted in the world in 2004, around 1% required some kind of carbon tax or fee to be paid. What was the number in 2022?",[934],[6268],"Around 23% of global emissions were covered by either a carbon tax or an emissions trading system in 2022.","[1]  [The World Bank – States and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fentities\u002Fpublication\u002F58f2a409-9bb7-4ee6-899d-be47835c838f)       ","The fact that there has been a huge increase in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions subject to a direct carbon tax or an emissions trading system is positive. But, experts agree that the amount companies are paying to pollute is too low. If burning fossil fuels is to be completely ended, measures to make their use more expensive than clean fuels is going to be an important tool.",{"metadata":10435,"sys":10442,"fields":10452},{"tags":10436,"concepts":10441},[10437,10439],{"sys":10438},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":10440},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10443,"id":10445,"type":14,"createdAt":10446,"updatedAt":10447,"environment":10448,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":45,"contentType":10450,"locale":27},{"sys":10444},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7eXcqaCfCIHt8XbmkL94MY","2023-11-16T11:42:06.559Z","2023-11-27T09:06:19.208Z",{"sys":10449},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10451},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10453,"answers":10454,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":973,"veryWrongPercentage":1330,"name":10455,"questionText":10456,"statistics":10457,"veryWrongStatistics":10458,"correctSentence":10460,"dataSourceShortText":10461,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10462},"1760",[],"Material use by income","How much raw material does each person in high-income countries use every year compared to those in middle-income countries?",[4184],[10459],"usa 0.14","People in high-income countries use 60% more raw materials per capita each year than those in middle-income countries.","Source:  UN Stats","The data on raw materials comes from the UN Statistics division (UN Stats) using the term “material footprint”. It refers to “the total amount of raw materials extracted to meet final consumption demands”. [1] Raw materials include biomass, fossil fuels, metals and non-metallic minerals. \n\nThe number for each country is including imports of raw material, but excluding exports, to count the material use where the consumption is happening. High-income countries for example rely a great deal on extraction of raw materials from other countries (up to 40%), but this is included in their material footprint as imports.\n\nUN Stats gets the data from the International Resource Panel, a global science-policy platform established by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2007 [2]. In their Global Material Flows Database, they have collected data on material flows from The European Union and Japan, while data from all other countries is modelled. [3]\n\nThe most recent breakdown by income group only runs to 2017. There are more recent figures available (up to 2019)[4], however, there is no breakdown by income group. That overall data still shows that the trend in global material use has continued. We feel safe to say that “more than 60%” as that is actually the figure for the richer half of the middle-income countries called “upper-middle”-income countries. In those countries people on average use 56% less than high-income. People in the poorer half of middle-income countries, called “lower-middle”-income countries use much less – only 18% of what high-income countries use per person.\n\n[1]  [UN Stats – SDG12 ](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Freport\u002F2019\u002Fgoal-12\u002F)                        \n\n[2]  [International Resource Panel](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.resourcepanel.org\u002Freports\u002Fglobal-resources-outlook) \n\n[3]  [Global Material Flows Database](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.resourcepanel.org\u002Fglobal-material-flows-database) \n\n[4]  [UNEP – Material Footprint](https:\u002F\u002Fwesr.unep.org\u002Fsdg\u002Fcountry_profile\u002Fglobalindicator1221.html?country=GL)         \n",{"metadata":10464,"sys":10467,"fields":10477},{"tags":10465,"concepts":10466},[],[],{"space":10468,"id":10470,"type":14,"createdAt":10471,"updatedAt":10472,"environment":10473,"publishedVersion":436,"revision":998,"contentType":10475,"locale":27},{"sys":10469},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4Xnl3U7qMRWSkYiWu7EpIq","2023-08-25T07:23:42.380Z","2023-09-25T06:54:58.008Z",{"sys":10474},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10476},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10478,"answers":10479,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":10480,"questionText":10481,"statistics":10482,"veryWrongStatistics":10483,"correctSentence":10484,"youWereWrong":10485,"youWereRight":10485,"dataSourceShortText":10486,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10487,"extendedAnswerText":10488,"headingVeryWrong":10489,"youWereVeryWrong":10485,"headingWrong":10489},"1700",[],"China graphite and dysprosium ","Graphite is used in electric-vehicle batteries and dysprosium is used in electric-vehicle motors. What share of those materials is processed in China? ",[2584],[4894],"Close to 100% of graphite and dysprosium are processed in China.","Graphite and dysprosium are just two of the materials that are becoming more important as the world transitions to cleaner forms of energy. The share of those two that are processed in China helps demonstrate its status as the global leader when it comes to the mining and refining of critical materials needed for electric vehicles, wind turbines and batteries. ","Source: IRENA","\nThe figures we use for this question come from a 2023 report from IRENA. In the report, China is credited with processing 100% of graphite and dysprosium. Note, processing is different to the mining of these materials. We used \"close to 100%\" after consulting with independent experts, three of whom confirmed that the report is a solid source and that our correct answer is way more correct than either of the other two options.\n\n[1]  [IRENA – Geopolitics of the Energy Transition, Critical Materials\n](https:\u002F\u002Fmc-cd8320d4-36a1-40ac-83cc-3389-cdn-endpoint.azureedge.net\u002F-\u002Fmedia\u002FFiles\u002FIRENA\u002FAgency\u002FPublication\u002F2023\u002FJul\u002FIRENA_Geopolitics_energy_transition_critical_materials_2023.pdf?rev=f289d177cda14b9aaf2d1b4c074798b4) ","Every country needs to swap fossil fuels for renewable energy, which is perhaps why people wouldn't expect one nation to have such a stranglehold over the materials that are going to be increasingly important. China has a head start on every country, including the United States, in part because of the relationships it has built with countries in Africa where important metals and minerals are mined.","You underestimate China's dominance!",{"metadata":10491,"sys":10494,"fields":10504},{"tags":10492,"concepts":10493},[],[],{"space":10495,"id":10497,"type":14,"createdAt":10498,"updatedAt":10499,"environment":10500,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":998,"contentType":10502,"locale":27},{"sys":10496},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1XPmH6m8luBRBQojV3s5B","2023-04-21T07:47:41.692Z","2023-09-01T15:43:51.516Z",{"sys":10501},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10503},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10505,"answers":10506,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":442,"name":10507,"questionText":10508,"statistics":10509,"veryWrongStatistics":10510,"correctSentence":10511,"dataSourceShortText":10512,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10513},"1588",[],"Reporting on sustainability","How many of the world's 250 largest companies (by revenue) are now reporting on sustainability each year?",[447],[8426],"Around 95% of the world’s largest companies now report on sustainability each year.","Source: KPMG","[1]  [ KPMG Survey On Sustainability Reporting 2022 ](https:\u002F\u002Fassets.kpmg.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fkpmg\u002Fxx\u002Fpdf\u002F2022\u002F10\u002Fssr-executive-summary-small-steps-big-shifts.pdf) ",{"metadata":10515,"sys":10518,"fields":10528},{"tags":10516,"concepts":10517},[],[],{"space":10519,"id":10521,"type":14,"createdAt":10522,"updatedAt":10523,"environment":10524,"publishedVersion":1370,"revision":1390,"contentType":10526,"locale":27},{"sys":10520},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"c5eb45c38f4a401cc7f60d50c3540d59","2022-01-03T13:52:57.670Z","2023-11-16T11:46:34.433Z",{"sys":10525},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10527},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":10529,"heading":10530,"slug":10531,"questions":10532,"certificateText":10533},"sdg_world_12_cert","UN Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production Certificate","un-goal-12-responsible-consumption-and-production-certificate-test",[10025,10095,10227,10192,10158,10292,10260,10321,10348,10377,10406,10434],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 12: Responsible consumption and production, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":10535,"sys":10538,"fields":10546},{"tags":10536,"concepts":10537},[],[],{"space":10539,"id":10541,"type":39,"createdAt":10542,"updatedAt":10543,"environment":10544,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":580,"locale":27},{"sys":10540},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7H7RPWg95SKHi9hrjgynrQ","2020-11-17T11:22:03.925Z","2023-09-01T15:43:47.147Z",{"sys":10545},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":10547,"description":10548,"file":10549},"12. Responsible consumption and production","Responsible consumption and production icon",{"url":10550,"details":10551,"fileName":10554,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F7H7RPWg95SKHi9hrjgynrQ\u002F4ea50951459b875f47f3ec401f2586dc\u002Fsdg_12",{"size":10552,"image":10553},2683,{"width":7906,"height":3149},"sdg_12","#BF8B2E",[10557],{"metadata":10558,"sys":10561,"fields":10571},{"tags":10559,"concepts":10560},[],[],{"space":10562,"id":10564,"type":14,"createdAt":10565,"updatedAt":10566,"environment":10567,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":998,"contentType":10569,"locale":27},{"sys":10563},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3eT2he0l4ooooaipBxzkhs","2022-10-06T09:07:32.198Z","2023-09-01T15:43:51.376Z",{"sys":10568},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10570},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":10572,"title":10572,"challenges":10573},"UN Goal 12",[10574],{"metadata":10575,"sys":10578,"fields":10588},{"tags":10576,"concepts":10577},[],[],{"space":10579,"id":10581,"type":14,"createdAt":10582,"updatedAt":10583,"environment":10584,"publishedVersion":1184,"revision":91,"contentType":10586,"locale":27},{"sys":10580},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1Q8b2xBB1sSNza6qAEUdKN","2022-10-06T09:07:17.690Z","2023-09-01T15:43:51.421Z",{"sys":10585},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10587},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":10589,"title":10005,"slug":10590,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":10591,"combos":10611},"sdg_world_goal_12","sdg-world-goal-12",{"metadata":10592,"sys":10595,"fields":10603},{"tags":10593,"concepts":10594},[],[],{"space":10596,"id":10598,"type":39,"createdAt":10599,"updatedAt":10600,"environment":10601,"publishedVersion":2107,"revision":91,"locale":27},{"sys":10597},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4y9Jv5Hj9qQQHwC7pR2UuF","2022-10-06T08:28:32.189Z","2023-09-01T15:43:47.157Z",{"sys":10602},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":10604,"description":48,"file":10605},"SDG icon 12-03",{"url":10606,"details":10607,"fileName":10610,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4y9Jv5Hj9qQQHwC7pR2UuF\u002F00123d49166450d2475c9e200fa1b16c\u002FSDG_icon_12-03.png",{"size":10608,"image":10609},21817,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 12-03.png",[],{"metadata":10613,"sys":10616,"fields":10626},{"tags":10614,"concepts":10615},[],[],{"space":10617,"id":10619,"type":14,"createdAt":10620,"updatedAt":10621,"environment":10622,"publishedVersion":2376,"revision":1270,"contentType":10624,"locale":27},{"sys":10618},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7vdbiibYQweYwBnfO7oF6x","2020-11-19T19:37:32.362Z","2023-11-23T09:44:02.482Z",{"sys":10623},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10625},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":10627,"name":10628,"slug":10627,"tests":10629,"diplomaTest":11582,"icon":11602,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":11624,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":11625},"sdg-world-13","UN Goal 13: Climate Action",[10630],{"metadata":10631,"sys":10634,"fields":10644},{"tags":10632,"concepts":10633},[],[],{"space":10635,"id":10637,"type":14,"createdAt":10638,"updatedAt":10639,"environment":10640,"publishedVersion":1689,"revision":2376,"contentType":10642,"locale":27},{"sys":10636},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"8e4219f38d689ff05a0a6cfeb4c16d5d","2021-11-11T07:13:04.143Z","2024-10-29T08:39:16.360Z",{"sys":10641},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10643},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":10645,"heading":10628,"slug":10646,"questions":10647},"sdg_world_13_t1","un-goal-13-climate-action",[10648,10773,10807,10849,10884,10917,10970,10999,6732,6700,11028,11058,11086,11147,11177,11206,11235,11264,11295,11324,11357,11385,11415,11443,752,11478,721,11507,11534,11556],{"metadata":10649,"sys":10656,"fields":10667},{"tags":10650,"concepts":10655},[10651,10653],{"sys":10652},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":10654},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10657,"id":10659,"type":14,"createdAt":10660,"updatedAt":10661,"environment":10662,"publishedVersion":10664,"revision":2447,"contentType":10665,"locale":27},{"sys":10658},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"a0b33735454036d0c0f292005f443748","2021-11-11T07:03:35.571Z","2024-09-16T12:51:17.850Z",{"sys":10663},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},353,{"sys":10666},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10668,"answers":10669,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"ruleOfThumbs":10670,"name":10671,"questionText":10672,"statistics":10673,"veryWrongStatistics":10708,"correctSentence":10741,"youWereWrong":10742,"youWereRight":10743,"dataSourceShortText":10744,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10745,"extendedAnswerText":10746,"headingVeryWrong":10747,"youWereVeryWrong":10748,"headingWrong":10747,"starShareText":10749,"starShareTitle":10750,"starShareImage":10751},"5",[],[],"How much of the excess heat from global warming is","How much of the excess heat from global warming is captured in the oceans?",[10674,10675,10676,10677,10678,10679,10680,10681,10682,10683,10684,10685,10686,10687,10688,10689,10690,10691,10692,10693,10694,10695,10696,10697,10698,10699,10700,10701,3255,2259,10702,10703,10704,10705,10706,666,3965,704,10707],"arg 0.814","aus 0.9011","bel 0.9281","bra 0.8","can 0.9161","chn 0.8312","fra 0.90705","hun 0.934","idn 0.8722","ita 0.8977","jpn 0.86005","mex 0.827","pol 0.9342","rus 0.7861","sau 0.9021","sgp 0.8807","kor 0.8763","esp 0.81505","tur 0.9084","mys 0.8061","egy 0.9262","are 0.8802","col 0.81","rou 0.8982","per 0.8311","jor 0.9242","mar 0.7922","dnk 0.97","nor 0.94","zaf 0.79","ind 0.71","pak 0.63","phl 0.58","deu 0.92",[9527,10709,10710,10711,10712,10713,10714,10715,10716,10717,10718,10719,10720,10721,10722,10723,10724,10725,10726,10727,10728,10729,10730,10731,10732,10733,10734,6595,2268,10735,6617,10736,10737,8360,10738,6236,10739,10740,337],"aus 0.4326","bel 0.5289","bra 0.3160","can 0.4905","chn 0.2964","fra 0.4673","hun 0.4860","idn 0.3313","ita 0.4263","jpn 0.3998","mex 0.3120","pol 0.4611","rus 0.3385","sau 0.3253","sgp 0.3996","kor 0.3234","esp 0.3548","tur 0.4283","mys 0.2654","egy 0.4112","are 0.3273","col 0.2860","rou 0.4711","per 0.2797","jor 0.4171","mar 0.3512","nor 0.51","ind 0.25","pak 0.29","phl 0.27","usa 0.30","swe 0.38","Around 90% of global warming is captured in oceans.","Most people are unaware that most global warming is hiding in the seas. If you think global warming is all about air temperature, you don’t realize the size of the problem.","Most people are unaware that most global warming is hiding in the seas. As long as they think global warming is all about air temperature, they won’t realize the size of the problem.","Source: IPCC and Schuckmann","The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Report[2] had \"high confidence\" in the calculations about where the excess heat goes. A paper with more recent data calculated that 89% of excess heat is is stored in the oceans [1].\n\n[![Ffdi0LdWYA0FXGF](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F7zT4wEsLFQiw8psMTVVpVM\u002F29e513b4045c20d9f1561b1005e99d43\u002FFfdi0LdWYA0FXGF.jpeg)](https:\u002F\u002Fessd.copernicus.org\u002Farticles\u002F15\u002F1675\u002F2023\u002F)\n\nMore recently Air temperatures are estimated across the world and therefore the energy captured in air can be calculated. Temperatures at different ocean depths have always been trickier to gather. Historic data came mainly from Nansen[4] bottles until the 1950’s when bathythermographs[5] started being used.\n\nDuring the last 20 years temperatures down to 2000 meters have been measured with small ARGO[3] floats which have covered almost all parts of the oceans since 2005. The ARGO floats sink to 2000 meters depth and then return to the surface to report their measurements. You can see the latest data from almost 4000 of them in real time on the Argovis map[6]. Ship-based stations still dominate when measuring below 2000 meters, but recently the Deep ARGO floats started collecting temperatures all the way down to 6000 meters, in really deep water basins where no historic measurements exist.\n\n[1]  [Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: where does the energy go?](https:\u002F\u002Fessd.copernicus.org\u002Farticles\u002F15\u002F1675\u002F2023\u002F) \n[2]  [IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (page 930)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Freport\u002Far6\u002Fwg1\u002Fdownloads\u002Freport\u002FIPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf)  \n[3]  [ARGO](https:\u002F\u002Fargo.ucsd.edu\u002F)  \n[4]  [Wikipedia — Nansen Bottles](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNansen_bottle)  \n[5]  [Wikipedia —  Bathythermographs](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBathythermograph)  \n[6]  [Argovis map of floats’ current positions](https:\u002F\u002Fargovis.colorado.edu\u002Fng\u002Fhome?mapProj=WM&presRange=%5B0,2000%5D&selectionStartDate=2020-09-25&selectionEndDate=2020-10-09&threeDayEndDate=2020-10-07&shapes=%5B%5D&includeRealtime=true&onlyBGC=false&onlyDeep=false&threeDayToggle=true)\n[7]  We consulted three independent experts for this question, including Piers Forster of the University of Leeds.","Many of us look for global warming in our local weather but, so far, the weather changes that are caused by climate change are spread unevenly over the planet and you probably haven’t experienced much of it first hand. A lot of heat is actually trapped inside the atmosphere every day, but you can’t detect it by putting your finger in the air, because less than 1% of the excess heat stays in the air. Of the earth’s total surface, 71% is covered by oceans and that’s where around 90% of the heat sneaks away. Over the last 50 years, the average temperature in the upper 75 meters of the oceans has increased by half a degree Celsius. That might sound like a small change, but the amount of energy needed to heat up that amount of water would be devastating if it had stayed in the air.\n\nThis also means that we should expect a very long delay when we finally manage to reduce the extra greenhouse gases we emit. When the same amount of heat enters and leaves the atmosphere every day, we will still be stuck with all the extra heat hiding in the oceans. From that moment it will probably take more than a century for the extra energy to eventually escape up into the atmosphere and out into space, where it should be. Not until that has happened can the average temperature in the air start sinking again.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf you believe global warming is all about the air temperature, you’re not realizing how much heat is accumulated. The oceans serve as a huge heat reservoir, delaying the changes to the air temperature. The enormous amount of heat accumulated in the oceans will continue to warm up the air and land for hundreds of years, even after we stop our greenhouse gas emissions.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost people understand that the greenhouse effect is happening in the atmosphere, and that probably makes it counter-intuitive to think that most of the excess heat it captures, ends up in the ocean. When media reports about climate change, it is almost always focused on unusual weather phenomena and warmer air temperatures, which are things that the media consumer can feel and see and relate to. While the slow and steady increase of water temperature is almost impossible to make an engaging report about. Most people seem to think of the word \"climate\" almost as a synonym for \"the weather\" or \"the atmosphere\", while scientists who talk about the \"climate system\" are referring to the flows of energy, water and gasses moving between all parts of the system: oceans, land, plants, ice sheets and the air.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes. The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Report had \"high confidence\" in the calculations about where the excess heat goes. Air temperatures are estimated across the world and therefore the energy captured in air can be calculated. Temperatures at different ocean depths have always been trickier to gather. Historic data came mainly from [Nansen bottles](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FNansen_bottle) until the 1950s when [bathythermographs](https:\u002F\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\u002Fwiki\u002FBathythermograph) started being used.\n\nDuring the last 20 years, temperatures down to 2000 meters have been measured with small [ARGO floats](https:\u002F\u002Fargo.ucsd.edu\u002F) which have covered almost all parts of the oceans since 2005. The ARGO floats sink to 2000 meters depth and then return to the surface to report their measurements. You can see the latest data from almost 4000 of them in real time on the [Argovis map](https:\u002F\u002Fargovis.colorado.edu\u002Fng\u002Fhome?mapProj=WM&presRange=%5B0,2000%5D&selectionStartDate=2020-09-25&selectionEndDate=2020-10-09&threeDayEndDate=2020-10-07&shapes=%5B%5D&includeRealtime=true&onlyBGC=false&onlyDeep=false&threeDayToggle=true). Ship-based stations still dominate when measuring below 2000 meters, but recently the Deep ARGO floats started collecting temperatures all the way down to 6000 meters, in really deep water basins where no historic measurements exist. ","Don’t look for global warming outside your window","Most people are unaware that most global warming is hiding in the seas. If you think your local weather shows you global warming, you don’t realize the size of the problem. ","When people hear \"global warming\", almost everyone think of \"air temperature\"... while most excess heat is hiding in the sea. Few realize the enormous magnitude of climate change.\nPlease share and help fight #climate_misconception!","Help spread climate facts",{"metadata":10752,"sys":10755,"fields":10763},{"tags":10753,"concepts":10754},[],[],{"space":10756,"id":10758,"type":39,"createdAt":10759,"updatedAt":10760,"environment":10761,"publishedVersion":845,"revision":364,"locale":27},{"sys":10757},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"21xstDJ7ISE9E3Df9hPpXR","2022-10-19T07:28:45.184Z","2024-09-16T12:51:15.357Z",{"sys":10762},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":10764,"description":48,"file":10765},"heat in oceans recording slides",{"url":10766,"details":10767,"fileName":10772,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F21xstDJ7ISE9E3Df9hPpXR\u002Fa74314431faa3d604d16e8eebf927b09\u002FPresentation1.png",{"size":10768,"image":10769},280996,{"width":10770,"height":10771},1813,1020,"Presentation1.png",{"metadata":10774,"sys":10781,"fields":10791},{"tags":10775,"concepts":10780},[10776,10778],{"sys":10777},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":10779},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10782,"id":10784,"type":14,"createdAt":10785,"updatedAt":10786,"environment":10787,"publishedVersion":807,"revision":3983,"contentType":10789,"locale":27},{"sys":10783},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"f82ead7ae3900762cea331cd4fdfb7fd","2021-11-11T07:03:05.452Z","2024-06-04T08:19:53.030Z",{"sys":10788},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10790},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10792,"answers":10793,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"ruleOfThumbs":10794,"name":10795,"questionText":10796,"statistics":10797,"veryWrongStatistics":10799,"correctSentence":10800,"youWereWrong":10801,"youWereRight":10802,"dataSourceShortText":10803,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10804,"extendedAnswerText":10805,"headingVeryWrong":10806,"youWereVeryWrong":10801,"headingWrong":10806},"7",[],[],"How many people in the world live in areas that ar","How many people in the world live in areas that are 5 meters or less above sea level?",[10798],"uk 0.772",[6692],"Around 11% of people live less than 5 meters above sea level.","Most people overestimate the population at risk from rising sea levels. When you overestimate how many homes can be reached by rising sea levels, you may think it’s impossible for so many people to find new places to live.","Most people overestimate the population at risk from rising sea levels. When they overestimate how many homes can be reached by rising sea levels, they may think it’s impossible for so many people to find new places to live.","Climate Central","Climate Central[1] estimates that approximately 770 million people in coastal regions worldwide lived at or below an elevation of 5 meters in 2010, which is 11% of the total population of 6.84 billion.[2] This number is higher than the previously popular estimate of 5% in a study by scientists at Columbia University[3]. The higher number is more relevant as it counts people living above the maximum tide levels instead of the average sea level, and it uses more granular population maps and higher accuracy elevation maps. The exact number is still uncertain. There are many sources of potential errors such as people moving around after the populations were counted. Even if nobody knows the exact number we can be sure it’s definitely somewhere around 11% and not nearly as high as most people guessed in our surveys.\n\n[1]  [Climate Central via Nature Communications](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-019-12808-z#:~:text=Under%20high%20emissions%2C%20CoastalDEM%20indicates,230%20M%20below%201%20m.)  \n[2]  [New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding” in Nature Communications in October 2019, by Scott Kulp and Benjamin Strauss. Article by Climate Central scientists in which they explain their methodology](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41467-019-12808-z)  \n[3]  [Center for International Earth Science Information Network - CIESIN - Columbia University. 2013. Low Elevation Coastal Zone (LECZ) Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, Version 2. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC)](https:\u002F\u002Fsedac.ciesin.columbia.edu\u002Fdata\u002Fset\u002Flecz-urban-rural-population-land-area-estimates-v2)  ","Sea levels are rising due to ice on land melting and because sea water expands as it gets warmer. But the size of the rise is not the same everywhere. Winds and ocean currents are pushing water towards some coastlines more than others. Warmer seas expand more than colder ones. And in some places, like Scandinavia, the land is rising at roughly the same speed as the ocean.\n\nThe risks of living close to sea level are very different on different coastlines. Some people are not at risk of losing their house to the ocean, while for others that destiny is quite certain. This will definitely become a huge problem along the coastlines where 2.6% of the world’s population currently live that are expected to be under the high tide line by 2100. As these 200 million people struggle to relocate, they will not be helped if we overestimate their number so much that the problem seems unmanageable.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWhile 11% of the world population is a large number, it isn’t a share so large that it seems impossible to put efforts and measures in place to protect those who live in these areas, particularly in small island nations. However, if people assume that a third or even a half of the world’s population live in areas that will feel the full effects of sea level rise then it could become a problem that feels too huge to solve for many people. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople are aware of many of the effects of climate change. While this awareness of the issues is obviously a positive thing, sometimes it can lead to overestimating the size of the problems and making them seem completely unsolvable.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes you can. While it is difficult to get an exact figure for data like this we have chosen to use the higher estimation from Climate Central of approximately 770 million (11%) people living at or below an elevation of 5 meters, as not to downplay the issue and effects of sea level rise. There are other studies which have the global share at around 5% of the population (you can read more about this in our expanded data section). \n","Far to the beach",{"metadata":10808,"sys":10815,"fields":10827},{"tags":10809,"concepts":10814},[10810,10812],{"sys":10811},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":10813},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10816,"id":10818,"type":14,"createdAt":10819,"updatedAt":10820,"environment":10821,"publishedVersion":10823,"revision":10824,"contentType":10825,"locale":27},{"sys":10817},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4d1dc68e238b3cbc4e8c30c13e66520b","2021-11-11T07:10:27.213Z","2024-05-27T14:40:02.526Z",{"sys":10822},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},349,118,{"sys":10826},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10828,"answers":10829,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":10830,"questionText":10830,"shortQuestionText":10830,"statistics":10831,"veryWrongStatistics":10837,"correctSentence":10842,"youWereWrong":10843,"youWereRight":10844,"dataSourceShortText":10845,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10846,"extendedAnswerText":10847,"headingVeryWrong":10848,"youWereVeryWrong":10843,"headingWrong":10848},"85",[],"What happens to the average global temperature if we halve the annual net emissions of CO2, today?",[10832,6955,10833,10834,10835,591,10836,319],"tur 0.84","col 0.802","pak 0.495","usa 0.63","deu 0.67",[10838,10839,10840,10841,7224,6692,7019,782],"tur 0.61","ken 0.4563","col 0.6436","pak 0.3663","If we were to halve carbon net emissions today, the temperature would still keep increasing for decades.","As long as we emit any CO2 it keeps accumulating for many years, because the natural process for removing it is super slow, and we don’t have an effective way to capture it. Therefore, the temperature would keep increasing.","They have no idea how slow the natural process is at removing CO2 from the atmosphere.","Source: IPCC ","In this question when we write \"emissions\" we mean that as \"net emissions\", which is human emissions of greenhouse gases, minus how much is removed as a result of deliberate human activities. It is a well established scientific fact that it takes many years for CO2 (carbon dioxide) to leave the atmosphere. The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the most authoritative scientific collaboration about climate change and discusses the time it takes for CO2 to be removed from the atmosphere and how that affects the average global temperature on page 642-643 of the Sixth Assessment Report[1]. The image below is from page 643 of the report and shows how CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and average surface temperature are projected to change in two diffrent scenarios: one with emissions continuing to increase and another with a large cut in emissions. \n\n![IMG 4508](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F4YxNEqsJbWde689Yr6dVLc\u002Fa6ff7c72f53a34c02a3662378a4a3cf1\u002FIMG_4508.jpg)\n\n[1]  [IPCC - Sixth Assessment Report (page 642)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Freport\u002Far6\u002Fwg1\u002Fdownloads\u002Freport\u002FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter04.pdf) \n","The amount of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere is similar to the amount of water in a bathtub – it depends on how much flows in and how much flows out. But when it comes to CO2 in the atmosphere, the outflow is extremely small. As long as we keep adding, the amount of CO2 keeps increasing, because very little CO2 gets removed. The small amount of CO2 that disappears every year is mostly dissolved into the oceans, and over millions of years the carbon can be captured in the forming of rocks. The extremely slow natural removal of CO2 is the reason why even if we cut our emissions in half, the temperature wouldn't stop increasing for two or three decades!\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf you don’t understand this, you can’t understand why all carbon emissions must eventually stop. Instead, you falsely believe the temperature will decline if only our emissions decline. You won’t understand why we need to stop using fossil fuels completely to stop global warming. Instead you think global warming can be stopped by using less fossil fuels. But in reality, the warming will continue as long as we use any fossil fuels.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost people don’t think of the atmosphere as a bathtub with CO2, but they should. Instead most people jump to the intuitive conclusion about how it works. They know that the global average temperature increased because CO2 levels increased because our emissions increased... and based on that it seems intuitive to think: if our emissions decrease, the CO2 concentration will decrease. But people wouldn’t make that mistake if they saw it as a bathtub. When a bathtub is spilling over, people realize they must turn off the water to stop the overflow. They realize that the water level doesn’t go down by just reducing the inflow. If too little water is exiting, the inflow must be turned off completely to stop the overflow.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, it is a well established scientific fact that it takes many, many years for CO2 to leave the atmosphere. The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the most authoritative scientific collaboration about climate change and discusses the time it takes for CO2 to be removed from the atmosphere and the effect that has on the average surface temperature on [page 642 of the Sixth Assessment Report.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Freport\u002Far6\u002Fwg1\u002Fdownloads\u002Freport\u002FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter04.pdf)\n\n### What do you mean by ‘removed from the atmosphere’?\nThis is something that at first glance might be regarded as complex, but it is only a matter of timescales. When a tree absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere, that carbon becomes part of that tree and is removed from the atmosphere for maybe 100 years. \n\n100 years is a long time from a human perspective but it is nothing compared to the tens of thousands and millions of years on which many geological processes operate. \n\nWhen the tree dies after 100 years, or is consumed in a forest fire before then, the carbon is released from the tree and re-enters the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide. \n\nWhat we mean when we say “removed from the atmosphere” in this question, is the very slow process that requires carbon to find its way down the ocean floor and be buried there.\n","A little more, means increase",{"metadata":10850,"sys":10857,"fields":10867},{"tags":10851,"concepts":10856},[10852,10854],{"sys":10853},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":10855},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10858,"id":10860,"type":14,"createdAt":10861,"updatedAt":10862,"environment":10863,"publishedVersion":2854,"revision":1017,"contentType":10865,"locale":27},{"sys":10859},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"95a92d4767d2aa8aa25fa1f4a0c9d147","2021-11-11T07:10:33.961Z","2024-01-31T14:08:50.810Z",{"sys":10864},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10866},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":10868,"answers":10869,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":10870,"questionText":10871,"statistics":10872,"veryWrongStatistics":10874,"correctSentence":10877,"youWereWrong":10878,"youWereRight":10879,"dataSourceShortText":10880,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10881,"extendedAnswerText":10882,"headingVeryWrong":10883,"youWereVeryWrong":10878,"headingWrong":10883},"86",[],"Paris Agreement signatures","How many of the 195 countries recognized by the UN have adopted the Paris Agreement on climate change and the environment?",[2248,2349,10062,10873],"deu 0.87",[5577,10875,10740,10876],"uk 0.44","deu 0.36","192 of the world’s 195 countries have signed the Paris Climate Agreement.","A majority of the world’s countries want to collaborate against climate change – at least on paper. ","They assume many of the world’s countries don’t want to collaborate to fight climate change, which is not the case – at least on paper.","Source:  UN","For this question we use the 193 countries recognized by the UN, plus The Holy See and Palestine. The figures come from the official website of the Paris Climate Agreement. As of April 2023, there are three countries that have signed the agreement but haven’t ratified it – Iran, Libya, and Yemen. Under President Donald Trump, in 2017, the US said it was withdrawing from the agreement. The withdrawal wasn't effective until November 2020, due to UN regulations. Joe Biden became President a few months later and signed an executive order for the US to rejoin the agreement, which they did in February 2021.\n\n[1]  [United Nations treaty collection - Paris agreement](https:\u002F\u002Ftreaties.un.org\u002FPages\u002FViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en) \n[2]  [Countries ratifying the Paris agreement, Gapminder's compilation](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1R8JI-FNr4_fAMokooGp02UHpPOwq6BBGtx31UWAzrWA\u002Fedit#gid=730574888)","When the Paris Climate Agreement was signed in 2015, it was the very first legally-binding agreement that (nearly) all the world’s nations signed to try to tackle climate change and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to keep the temperature rise “well below” 2 degrees Celsius.\n\nEven making this first step was huge, BUT it still needs big improvements. Some countries have missed their targets and the cutting of emissions isn’t going far enough or fast enough.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\n\nThe challenge of stopping the worst impacts of climate change is already huge enough. If people believe countries are incapable of coming to any kind of agreement, it can lead to a sense of hopelessness that anything can ever be done.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\n\nThey are rightly concerned that efforts to reduce emissions are not moving fast enough (or have barely started at all) and so assume many countries haven’t come to any kind of agreement to fight climate change.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\n\nYes, the figures come from the official website of the Paris Climate Agreement. There are three countries that have signed the agreement but haven’t ratified it – Iran, Libya, and Yemen. Under President Donald Trump, in 2017, the US said it was withdrawing from the agreement. The withdrawal wasn't effective until November 2020, due to UN regulations. Joe Biden became President a few months later and signed an executive order for the US to rejoin the agreement, which they did in February 2021.\n","Almost everyone is on board",{"metadata":10885,"sys":10892,"fields":10902},{"tags":10886,"concepts":10891},[10887,10889],{"sys":10888},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":10890},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10893,"id":10895,"type":14,"createdAt":10896,"updatedAt":10897,"environment":10898,"publishedVersion":925,"revision":22,"contentType":10900,"locale":27},{"sys":10894},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4rRIVd5YhuFzZX5sX6jJqh","2023-04-21T12:05:34.967Z","2023-11-27T09:06:18.893Z",{"sys":10899},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10901},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10903,"answers":10904,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":10905,"questionText":10906,"statistics":10907,"veryWrongStatistics":10908,"correctSentence":10909,"youWereWrong":10910,"youWereRight":10911,"dataSourceShortText":10912,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10913,"extendedAnswerText":10914,"headingVeryWrong":10915,"youWereVeryWrong":10916,"headingWrong":10915},"1590",[],"Water vapor significance","How does water vapor contribute to the greenhouse effect (which keeps the earth’s atmosphere warm)?",[3388],[3917],"Water vapor contributes significantly to the natural greenhouse effect.","The natural greenhouse effect has always existed here on Earth and it is vital for life on Earth. Water vapor is a large contributor to this greenhouse effect. It is a greenhouse gas but not a dangerous one since it cannot accumulate in the atmosphere. It therefore doesn’t contribute to climate change and the increase in temperature we observe today.","Many don’t know that water vapor is a greenhouse gas that plays a part in making this planet habitable. It doesn’t however contribute to climate change and the increase in temperature we observe today.","Source: IPCC","The IPCC[1] lists the primary greenhouse gasses in the earth’s atmosphere as: Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3). Water vapor stands out among these since its concentration is not determined by emissions but by temperature. When air temperature increases, the atmosphere can hold more water vapor. In IPCC[2] the following quote can be found:\n\n“As the largest contributor to the natural greenhouse effect, water vapour plays an essential role in the Earth’s climate. However the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is controlled mostly by air temperature, rather than by emissions. For that reason, scientists consider it a feedback agent, rather than a forcing to climate change. Anthropogenic emissions of water vapour through irrigation or power plant cooling have a negligible impact on the global climate“\n\n[1]  [IPCC - list of greenhouse gases.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc-data.org\u002Fguidelines\u002Fpages\u002Fglossary\u002Fglossary_fg.html)  \n[2]  [IPCC, Assessment Report 5, Working group I, Ch 8, p. 666](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsite\u002Fassets\u002Fuploads\u002F2018\u002F02\u002FWG1AR5_Chapter08_FINAL.pdf)  \n","The greenhouse effect and climate change are two different things. The greenhouse effect is vital for life on earth. If greenhouse gases weren’t trapping heat in the atmosphere, the global temperature would be too cold for anything to live or grow. These gases absorb heat from the earth and radiate it back to earth. The main one of these gases is water vapor. \n\nWhen we burn fossil fuels, it releases carbon dioxide, another greenhouse gas. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases so does temperature as more heat is trapped in the atmosphere. An increase in temperature results in more water evaporating from lakes, oceans and forests.. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, when the levels increase then so does the temperature on earth, leading to a vicious circle of rising temperature. As we all know, when the average temperature on this planet is too high, it can cause catastrophic damage to life on earth.\n\nSometimes deniers use the increase in water vapor to say that climate change is not due to anything we humans do. That is WRONG! It is important to know that water vapor is a greenhouse gas and always has been. It is a greenhouse gas but not a dangerous one because it cannot accumulate in the atmosphere. If the concentration increases too much, it starts to rain and then the water vapor is removed from the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases like CO2 do not have this capacity and therefore can increase indefinitely causing the temperature to increase.\n\n### Why is it a problem being wrong about this?\nIf we have no clue how the climate works, we will have a hard time understanding what we need to focus on to fix it. We are also easily fooled by climate change deniers.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this? \nMost of us are not experts and the climate system is complex. And in the debate we hear a few words over and over again (like fossil fuels, climate change and carbon dioxide) but seldom get the whole picture explained. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, this is a well-established scientific fact. You can read more in chapter 8 of the IPCC’s AR5 report.\n\n### Can the greenhouse effect be found on other planets? \nYes, if a planet has an atmosphere containing greenhouse gases that planet will experience some form of greenhouse effect. The closest example in our solar system is Venus who has a very thick atmosphere full of greenhouse gases which makes it much hotter than the planet Mercury, despite being further away from the sun. \n\n### Why do I need to know which gas is and isn’t a greenhouse gas?\nThere are a lot of discussions where the main point is to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases. Knowing which gases are being discussed or not, will give you a better understanding of the situation.\n\n### How does the common comparison with greenhouse gases being like a blanket fit into all this? \nThat is a comparison that is often made and can still be applied. If you are wrapped in a thick blanket, you are warmer than you would be without it. This first blanket can be viewed as the greenhouse effect and has always been around. Adding another blanket will make you warmer and that is what is happening now with global warming when we add additional greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. It doesn’t matter if the second blanket is thinner and contributes less than the first thick blanket, you will still get warmer. \n\n### You say that the greenhouse effect has been around for millions of years, how do we know this?\nWe know it in the same way as we assume that gravity has been around for millions of years. We observe physical and chemical interactions which increase our knowledge and understanding of the universe. If we always observe the same outcome, we have no reason to think that these properties have or will ever change. The greenhouse effect comes out of the laws of physics.\n","An ancient greenhouse of mist","Surprised that water vapor is greenhouse gas? You are not alone. The natural greenhouse effect has always existed and it is vital for life on Earth. Water vapor is a large contributor to this greenhouse effect. It is a greenhouse gas but not a dangerous one since it cannot accumulate in the atmosphere. It therefore doesn’t contribute to climate change and the increase in temperature we observe today.",{"metadata":10918,"sys":10925,"fields":10935},{"tags":10919,"concepts":10924},[10920,10922],{"sys":10921},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":10923},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10926,"id":10928,"type":14,"createdAt":10929,"updatedAt":10930,"environment":10931,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":44,"contentType":10933,"locale":27},{"sys":10927},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"FuwCX60Dywm6fofv4A0BR","2023-04-21T12:38:52.973Z","2023-11-27T11:25:24.015Z",{"sys":10932},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10934},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10936,"answers":10937,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":298,"name":10938,"questionText":10939,"questionImage":10940,"statistics":10962,"veryWrongStatistics":10963,"youWereWrong":10965,"youWereRight":10966,"dataSourceShortText":10912,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10967,"extendedAnswerText":10968,"headingVeryWrong":10969,"youWereVeryWrong":10965,"headingWrong":10969},"1591",[],"Atmosphere layers temperature","Which image shows best what happened during the past 40 years to the average temperature in the atmosphere below and above 12 km?",{"metadata":10941,"sys":10944,"fields":10952},{"tags":10942,"concepts":10943},[],[],{"space":10945,"id":10947,"type":39,"createdAt":10948,"updatedAt":10949,"environment":10950,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":91,"locale":27},{"sys":10946},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2dDU590jE7CLMRqfMUAuEJ","2023-04-21T12:38:52.816Z","2023-09-06T08:24:36.153Z",{"sys":10951},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":10953,"description":48,"file":10954},"unnamed",{"url":10955,"details":10956,"fileName":10961,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F2dDU590jE7CLMRqfMUAuEJ\u002Fa5db3aeac1c27322500b9a612e33c160\u002Funnamed.png",{"size":10957,"image":10958},55088,{"width":10959,"height":10960},1220,684,"unnamed.png",[373],[10964],"uk 0.285","You just learned the crucial evidence for why global warming CANNOT have been caused by a warmer sun. The upper atmosphere has gotten colder. ","They don’t know the crucial evidence for why global warming is NOT caused by a warmer sun.","IPCC[1] says: “Based on multiple independent analyses of measurements from radiosondes and satellite sensors it is virtually certain that globally the troposphere has warmed and the stratosphere has cooled since the mid-20th century.”\n\nIn reality the lower layer (the troposphere) has no exact height after which the upper layer starts. It varies with latitude and season and it’s higher along the equator and lower at the poles. The IPCC reports uses numbers between 9-16km. The upper layer also has no clear end upwards but the evidence here clearly displays that the layer above 12 km up to 50 km altitude has gotten colder, since more heat is now captured in the greenhouse gases in the lower layer. There’s a lot of uncertainty about exactly how large the temperature changes in the two layers have been, depending on what measuring method is being used. But all methods clearly show that the upper layer got colder while the lower got warmer since 1960 when the first measurements started, and we can be even more sure about the results since the 1970s when satellite data started being used.\n\n[1]  [IPCC, AR5, WGI, Ch 2 p. 162 and 194-197](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsite\u002Fassets\u002Fuploads\u002F2017\u002F09\u002FWG1AR5_Chapter02_FINAL.pdf)  \n","If global warming had been caused by more heat coming from the sun, then both layers of the atmosphere should have gotten warmer. Instead the upper layer got colder, which proves that less heat has been reaching this layer. This can only be because more heat is captured by the greenhouse gases which are all below 12 km.\n\nThe amount of heat coming from the sun is not always the same and some people claim that a recent increase in sun heat is what caused global warming. They are not denying global warming as such, but they use this argument to deny that humans caused the warming. But if they were correct then the upper layer of the atmosphere would also have gotten warmer. The opposite has happened. It got colder.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we are to take on climate change deniers, it is important that we are armed with the facts to debunk their scientific sounding (but wrong) arguments.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe know about a warming Earth and we assume, then, that the entire atmosphere has become warmer too. In fact, just the lower atmosphere is warmer than before and that is because of the extra heat trapped in by greenhouse gases.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes. The United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is the most authoritative scientific collaboration about climate change and in its fifth Assessment Report said it was “virtually certain that globally the troposphere (lower) has warmed and the stratosphere (upper) has cooled since the mid-20th century.”\n","The sun didn’t get warmer",{"metadata":10971,"sys":10978,"fields":10988},{"tags":10972,"concepts":10977},[10973,10975],{"sys":10974},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":10976},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":10979,"id":10981,"type":14,"createdAt":10982,"updatedAt":10983,"environment":10984,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":22,"contentType":10986,"locale":27},{"sys":10980},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"30iA0OE4HQLTDEgfBwLwEC","2023-04-21T12:43:56.116Z","2023-11-27T09:06:18.715Z",{"sys":10985},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":10987},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":10989,"answers":10990,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":10991,"questionText":10992,"statistics":10993,"veryWrongStatistics":10994,"correctSentence":10996,"dataSourceShortText":10997,"dataSourceLinkLongText":10998},"1592",[],"Sea-level rise over the last 100 years","Globally, how much has the average sea level been rising per year over the past 100 years?",[1964],[10995],"uk 0.227","Worldwide, the average sea level has been rising by 2mm (0.08 inches) per year over the last 100 years.","Source: IPCC AR6","[1]  [IPCC Sixth Assessment Report – Summary For Policymakers, page 5 ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Freport\u002Far6\u002Fwg1\u002Fdownloads\u002Freport\u002FIPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf)        ",{"metadata":11000,"sys":11007,"fields":11017},{"tags":11001,"concepts":11006},[11002,11004],{"sys":11003},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11005},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11008,"id":11010,"type":14,"createdAt":11011,"updatedAt":11012,"environment":11013,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":22,"contentType":11015,"locale":27},{"sys":11009},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"25UN95dGGk9x4lRGOKlND9","2023-05-09T09:32:06.560Z","2023-11-27T09:06:18.646Z",{"sys":11014},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11016},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11018,"answers":11019,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"name":11020,"questionText":11021,"statistics":11022,"veryWrongStatistics":11023,"correctSentence":11025,"dataSourceShortText":11026,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11027},"1623",[],"Temp without GHG","Currently, the average temperature on Earth is 15C. What would the average temperature on Earth be without greenhouse gases?\n",[1593],[11024],"uk 0.216","Without the natural greenhouse effect from greenhouse gases, the earth would be much colder (around -18C). \n","Sources: NASA","[1]  [NASA – Global Warming ](https:\u002F\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\u002Ffeatures\u002FGlobalWarming\u002Fpage2.php)     ",{"metadata":11029,"sys":11036,"fields":11046},{"tags":11030,"concepts":11035},[11031,11033],{"sys":11032},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11034},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11037,"id":11039,"type":14,"createdAt":11040,"updatedAt":11041,"environment":11042,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":22,"contentType":11044,"locale":27},{"sys":11038},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1sO5Y6Y3sEHFglGRH7Pg5Y","2023-05-12T11:37:23.631Z","2023-11-27T09:06:18.434Z",{"sys":11043},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11045},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11047,"answers":11048,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2011,"name":11049,"questionText":11050,"statistics":11051,"veryWrongStatistics":11052,"youWereWrong":11054,"youWereRight":11055,"dataSourceShortText":10912,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11056,"extendedAnswerText":11057,"headingVeryWrong":10915,"youWereVeryWrong":11054,"headingWrong":10915},"1639",[],"Not a greenhouse gas","Which of these gases is NOT a greenhouse gas?",[705],[11053],"uk 0.22","You probably think of “global warming” as a synonym for “greenhouse effect”, but the effect has been around for millions of years.","They probably think of “global warming” as a synonym for “greenhouse effect”, but the effect has been around for millions of years.","The IPCC[1]  lists the primary greenhouse gasses in the earth’s atmosphere as: Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3). Others include sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). When it comes to nitrogen gas, it is not a greenhouse gas because it doesn’t absorb infrared photons and so cannot absorb and re-emit heat[2]. \n\nTwo independent researchers we contacted also agreed that nitrogen gas cannot be considered a greenhouse gas.\n\n[1]  [IPCC - list of greenhouse gasses. ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc-data.org\u002Fguidelines\u002Fpages\u002Fglossary\u002Fglossary_fg.html)        \n[2]  [UCAR Center for Science Education: “Carbon Dioxide Absorbs and Re-emits Infrared Radiation“ ](https:\u002F\u002Fscied.ucar.edu\u002Fcarbon-dioxide-absorbs-and-re-emits-infrared-radiation) ","The greenhouse effect and climate change are two different things. The greenhouse effect is vital for life on earth. If greenhouse gases weren’t trapping heat in the atmosphere, the global temperature would be too cold for anything to live or grow. These gases absorb heat from the earth and radiate it back to earth. The main one of these gases is water vapor. \n\nWhen we burn fossil fuels, it releases carbon dioxide, another greenhouse gas. As the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases so does temperature. An increase in temperature results in more water vapor evaporating from lakes, oceans and forests. The atmosphere can also hold more water vapor when temperature increases. Since water vapor is a greenhouse gas, when the levels increase then so does the temperature on earth, leading to a vicious circle of rising temperature. As we all know, when the average temperature on this planet is too high, it can cause catastrophic damage to life on earth.\n\nDeniers use the increase in water vapor to say that climate change is not due to anything we humans do. That is WRONG! It is important to know that water vapor is a greenhouse gas and always has been. Its concentration varies in relation to changes in temperature, caused by the rising concentration of carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels.\n\n### Why is it a problem being wrong about this?\nIf we have no clue how the climate works, we will have a hard time understanding what we need to focus on to fix it. We are also easily fooled by climate change deniers.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this? \nMost of us are not experts and the climate system is complex. And in the debate we hear a few words over and over again (like fossil fuels, climate change and carbon dioxide) but seldom get the whole picture explained. \n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, the data can be trusted. Nitrogen gas is not a greenhouse gas because it doesn’t absorb infrared photons and so cannot absorb and re-emit heat, which water vapor and ozone can. Two independent researchers we contacted also agreed that nitrogen gas can therefore not be considered a greenhouse gas.\n\n### Can the greenhouse effect be found on other planets? \nYes, if a planet has an atmosphere containing greenhouse gases that planet will experience some form of greenhouse effect. The closest example in our solar system is Venus, which has a very thick atmosphere full of greenhouse gases which makes it much hotter than the planet Mercury, despite being further away from the sun. \n\n### Isn’t there a greenhouse gas containing Nitrogen?\nYes, nitrous oxide (N2O) or more commonly known as laughing gas is a greenhouse gas and it contains nitrogen. Nitrogen gas (N2) on its own is not a greenhouse gas which we should be grateful for since it makes up 78 % of the atmosphere.",{"metadata":11059,"sys":11066,"fields":11076},{"tags":11060,"concepts":11065},[11061,11063],{"sys":11062},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11064},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11067,"id":11069,"type":14,"createdAt":11070,"updatedAt":11071,"environment":11072,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":44,"contentType":11074,"locale":27},{"sys":11068},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"EwIBhqL6zuvC6oMY3lPT0","2023-05-24T10:06:05.812Z","2023-11-27T09:06:18.368Z",{"sys":11073},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11075},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11077,"answers":11078,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":586,"name":11079,"questionText":11080,"statistics":11081,"veryWrongStatistics":11082,"correctSentence":11083,"dataSourceShortText":11084,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11085},"1649",[],"Recognition humans could influence climate","When did scientists first start to realize that human activities have the power to influence the climate?",[591],[11024],"Around 1900, the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius conducted a study in which results suggested that global temperatures would increase with higher CO2 levels.","Source: Arrhenius","[1]  [Svante Arrhenius – On the Influence of Carbonic Acid\nin the Air upon the Temperature of the Ground, published in 1896.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.rsc.org\u002Fimages\u002FArrhenius1896_tcm18-173546.pdf)               \n\n[2]  [The Guardian – “The father of climate change”, published in June 2005](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002F2005\u002Fjun\u002F30\u002Fclimatechange.climatechangeenvironment2)       ",{"metadata":11087,"sys":11094,"fields":11104},{"tags":11088,"concepts":11093},[11089,11091],{"sys":11090},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11092},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11095,"id":11097,"type":14,"createdAt":11098,"updatedAt":11099,"environment":11100,"publishedVersion":2037,"revision":1246,"contentType":11102,"locale":27},{"sys":11096},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"xc6dNf7iNwSqU2jVhRPi8","2023-06-09T11:47:50.043Z","2023-12-05T10:18:10.371Z",{"sys":11101},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11103},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11105,"answers":11106,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":733,"name":11107,"questionText":11108,"questionImage":11109,"statistics":11131,"veryWrongStatistics":11138,"dataSourceShortText":6960,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11146},"1666",[],"HIC CO2 by deciles","People in high-income countries emit different amounts of CO2 depending on how rich they are. Which graph shows the difference from the poorest 10% to the richest?",{"metadata":11110,"sys":11113,"fields":11121},{"tags":11111,"concepts":11112},[],[],{"space":11114,"id":11116,"type":39,"createdAt":11117,"updatedAt":11118,"environment":11119,"publishedVersion":2107,"revision":44,"locale":27},{"sys":11115},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3lgn4W0pmmvzb12eS94RgX","2023-06-09T11:47:50.012Z","2023-12-05T10:18:09.044Z",{"sys":11120},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":11122,"description":48,"file":11123},"q hic co2 distribution ABC (1)",{"url":11124,"details":11125,"fileName":11130,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3lgn4W0pmmvzb12eS94RgX\u002Fcc80187c5ea6b46f19fea6628a40b2dd\u002Fq_hic_co2_distribution_ABC__1_.png",{"size":11126,"image":11127},51405,{"width":11128,"height":11129},720,654,"q hic co2 distribution ABC (1).png",[11132,11133,11134,10839,11135,11136,11137],"deu 0.575","tur 0.55","uk 0.625","col 0.5445","pak 0.5247","usa 0.5035",[11139,11140,11141,11142,11143,11144,11145],"deu 0.2275","tur 0.26","uk 0.2775","ken 0.2330","col 0.2673","pak 0.2277","usa 0.1756","\n[1]  [IEA – Energy-related CO2 emissions per capita by income decile in selected countries and regions, 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fcharts\u002Fenergy-related-co2-emissions-per-capita-by-income-decile-in-selected-countries-and-regions-2021)    ",{"metadata":11148,"sys":11155,"fields":11165},{"tags":11149,"concepts":11154},[11150,11152],{"sys":11151},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11153},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11156,"id":11158,"type":14,"createdAt":11159,"updatedAt":11160,"environment":11161,"publishedVersion":21,"revision":44,"contentType":11163,"locale":27},{"sys":11157},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6qqESKm0Ab61PYJr2ECiMc","2023-09-04T08:12:51.295Z","2024-01-31T13:40:50.075Z",{"sys":11162},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11164},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11166,"answers":11167,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":657,"name":11168,"questionText":11169,"statistics":11170,"veryWrongStatistics":11173,"correctSentence":11175,"dataSourceShortText":10912,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11176},"1715",[],"What do Greenhouse gases do","What is it all greenhouse gases do?",[11171,1661,11172,10836],"swe 0.59","usa 0.66",[11174,5356,783,785],"swe 0.30","Greenhouse gases all absorb heat.","[1]  [IPCC – Glossary of Terms ](https:\u002F\u002Farchive.ipcc.ch\u002Fpdf\u002Fspecial-reports\u002Fsrex\u002FSREX-Annex_Glossary.pdf)        ",{"metadata":11178,"sys":11185,"fields":11195},{"tags":11179,"concepts":11184},[11180,11182],{"sys":11181},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11183},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11186,"id":11188,"type":14,"createdAt":11189,"updatedAt":11190,"environment":11191,"publishedVersion":4101,"revision":1184,"contentType":11193,"locale":27},{"sys":11187},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3YoN9dh0gwKeps5nmGnNuw","2023-09-04T09:43:54.818Z","2024-01-11T14:35:56.429Z",{"sys":11192},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11194},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11196,"answers":11197,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"veryWrongPercentage":11198,"name":11199,"questionText":11200,"statistics":11201,"veryWrongStatistics":11202,"correctSentence":11203,"dataSourceShortText":10374,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11204,"extendedAnswerText":11205},"1722",[],0,"Use of ozone-depleting substances","Since agreements were made in 1987 to limit ozone-depleting substances, how many have been phased out?\n",[855],[2458],"According to the UN, countries have phased out 98% of Ozone-depleting substances globally compared to 1990 levels. \n","[The Montreal Protocol](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fozonaction\u002Fwho-we-are\u002Fabout-montreal-protocol)\n\n[Emissions of ozone-depleting substances - Our World in Data](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fozone-depleting-substance-consumption)","Not only did countries come together to recognize the danger of a hole in the ozone layer and agree to limit the substances damaging it, they also followed through with action. The use of those substances has been stopped to such an extent, that scientists have projected that the ozone layer will be almost completely recovered by 2045. It is an incredible example of effective international collaboration to work towards a climate goal that everyone should know about!",{"metadata":11207,"sys":11214,"fields":11224},{"tags":11208,"concepts":11213},[11209,11211],{"sys":11210},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11212},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11215,"id":11217,"type":14,"createdAt":11218,"updatedAt":11219,"environment":11220,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":91,"contentType":11222,"locale":27},{"sys":11216},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2EoWAiHErJIkj6uV20Duxj","2023-09-04T10:24:24.604Z","2023-11-27T09:06:18.002Z",{"sys":11221},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11223},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11225,"answers":11226,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":11227,"name":11228,"questionText":11229,"statistics":11230,"veryWrongStatistics":11231,"correctSentence":11233,"dataSourceShortText":10845,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11234},"1728",[],83,"greehouse gases and sea levels","If we stopped emitting greenhouse gases today, for how long would the sea level continue to rise?\n",[4580],[11232],"uk 0.432","If we stopped emitting greenhouse gases today, the sea level would continue to rise for more than 1,000 years. \n","[1]  [IPCC – Synthesis Report\nof the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) (p42)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Freport\u002Far6\u002Fsyr\u002Fdownloads\u002Freport\u002FIPCC_AR6_SYR_LongerReport.pdf)          ",{"metadata":11236,"sys":11243,"fields":11253},{"tags":11237,"concepts":11242},[11238,11240],{"sys":11239},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11241},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11244,"id":11246,"type":14,"createdAt":11247,"updatedAt":11248,"environment":11249,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":2377,"contentType":11251,"locale":27},{"sys":11245},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6x2le8PK6rYmgat70M5fHC","2023-09-06T08:23:06.178Z","2024-01-31T14:16:42.131Z",{"sys":11250},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11252},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11254,"answers":11255,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1934,"name":11107,"questionText":11256,"statistics":11257,"veryWrongStatistics":11258,"correctSentence":11262,"dataSourceShortText":6960,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11263},"1730",[],"In high-income countries in 2021, the poorer half of the population emitted roughly 5 tonnes of CO2 per person from burning fossil fuels. How much was emitted per person, by the richest 10%?",[5122,5184,268,709],[11259,11260,5712,11261],"uk 0.14","swe 0.11","deu 0.13","The richest 10% of people in high-income countries emit roughly eight times more CO2 per person than the poorer half of the population. ","This answer was calculated by Gapminder by using the decile data for high-income countries in the European Union and the United States from the IEA, which independent experts have agreed is among the best available and most reliable sources of emissions data. \n\n[1]  [IEA – Energy-related CO2 emissions per capita by income decile in selected countries and regions, 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fcharts\u002Fenergy-related-co2-emissions-per-capita-by-income-decile-in-selected-countries-and-regions-2021)    ",{"metadata":11265,"sys":11272,"fields":11282},{"tags":11266,"concepts":11271},[11267,11269],{"sys":11268},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11270},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11273,"id":11275,"type":14,"createdAt":11276,"updatedAt":11277,"environment":11278,"publishedVersion":363,"revision":1584,"contentType":11280,"locale":27},{"sys":11274},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"KDzZE8XzwMkGDPzAcuwwp","2023-10-05T10:24:13.242Z","2024-12-16T21:18:23.501Z",{"sys":11279},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11281},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11283,"answers":11284,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":11285,"questionText":11286,"statistics":11287,"veryWrongStatistics":11288,"correctSentence":11291,"dataSourceShortText":11292,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11293,"extendedAnswerText":11294},"1737",[],"perceived climate change threat in 20 years","How many people in high-income countries see climate change as a threat to their country over the next 20 years?",[6687,6688,1456,779],[338,11289,936,11290],"deu 0.35","usa 0.38","Around 80% of people in high-income countries see climate change as a threat to their country over the next 20 years.","Source: Vlasceanu et al and Lloyd's Register Foundation","In November 2024, we changed the source for this question to a more recent study and it also mirrored the results from the original survey we used. This particular study is about the beliefs people had in 2023. The questions nearly 60,000 people in 63 countries were asked regarding their beliefs were whether action was necessary to avoid a global catastrophe, whether humans were causing climate change, whether it was a serious threat to humanity, and whether it was a global emergency. This \"belief\" in climate change averaged 86% across those 63 countries. \nThe original data we used came from The Lloyd’s Register Foundation World Risk Poll. That survey was conducted by Gallup in 2021.\n\n[1] [Madalina Vlasceanu et al, \"Addressing climate change with behavioral science: A global intervention tournament in 63 countries\", published in Science Advances in February 2024](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.adj5778) \n\n[2] [Our World In Data – More people care about climate change than you think](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fclimate-change-support)\n\n[3]  [The Lloyd's Register Foundation World Risk Poll 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwrp.lrfoundation.org.uk\u002FLRF_2021_report_risk-in-the-covid-age_online_version.pdf)     \n\n[4]  [The Lloyd's Register Foundation World Risk Poll 2021 - Climate change Perception Dataset - v2 via Gapminder](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1OYxxRgJ0N_3TxhdvhNdrnPI2I9CUPOngZpGGKlFhL6A\u002Fedit#gid=501532268) ","Across the world, more than half of people see climate change as a risk. As most people have realized the risk, it's time for action. If politicians believe that few people are worried, then they might not dare to initiate the reforms that are needed. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nAn illusion of conflict may stop us from doing what everyone understands must be done to make sure the planet is habitable for many future generations to come.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThe people who are skeptical about climate change have often been given time to express their views in the media, which might have created a false sense of how common their views are.\n",{"metadata":11296,"sys":11303,"fields":11313},{"tags":11297,"concepts":11302},[11298,11300],{"sys":11299},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":10030},{"sys":11301},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11304,"id":11306,"type":14,"createdAt":11307,"updatedAt":11308,"environment":11309,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":45,"contentType":11311,"locale":27},{"sys":11305},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7a3CUsj2RTNgRq65EDB5dM","2023-10-27T10:46:41.985Z","2023-11-27T09:06:17.793Z",{"sys":11310},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11312},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11314,"answers":11315,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":11316,"questionText":11317,"statistics":11318,"veryWrongStatistics":11319,"correctSentence":11321,"dataSourceShortText":11322,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11323},"1749",[]," CO2 back to 1750","If we stopped all carbon emissions (CO2) today, roughly how long would it take before the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is back to the levels back in 1750?",[4917],[11320],"usa 0.4035","It would take more than 1000 years for all of the man-made emissions from carbon dioxide to be completely removed from the atmosphere, even if we stopped all carbon emissions.","Source: Joos et al","[1]  [Joos et al, “Carbon dioxide and climate impulse response functions for the computation of greenhouse gas metrics: a multi-model analysis”, published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics in 2013.](https:\u002F\u002Facp.copernicus.org\u002Farticles\u002F13\u002F2793\u002F2013\u002Facp-13-2793-2013.pdf )                    \n\n[2]  [Archer et al, “Atmospheric Lifetime of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide”, in Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences in 2009.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.annualreviews.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1146\u002Fannurev.earth.031208.100206)   ",{"metadata":11325,"sys":11332,"fields":11343},{"tags":11326,"concepts":11331},[11327,11329],{"sys":11328},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11330},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11333,"id":11335,"type":14,"createdAt":11336,"updatedAt":11337,"environment":11338,"publishedVersion":11340,"revision":2709,"contentType":11341,"locale":27},{"sys":11334},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"55760f920d791924202a426de5a28b4e","2022-01-03T11:28:26.978Z","2023-11-27T09:06:17.716Z",{"sys":11339},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},252,{"sys":11342},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":11344,"answers":11345,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":11346,"questionText":11347,"statistics":11348,"veryWrongStatistics":11349,"correctSentence":11351,"youWereWrong":11352,"youWereRight":11353,"dataSourceShortText":10512,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11354,"extendedAnswerText":11355,"headingVeryWrong":11356,"youWereVeryWrong":11352,"headingWrong":11356},"82",[],"Companies reporting climate change risks","How many of the world’s 250 richest companies describe climate change as a risk in their annual reports?",[3759],[11350],"uk 0.5250","Around half of the world’s largest 250 companies report on the financial risks of climate change.","You imagine that few big companies see climate change as a risk, but in reality most of them do.","They have not realized that more and more companies consider climate change a risk.","This data comes from The KPMG survey of Sustainability Reporting from 2022[1] which calculated that 64% of the largest 250 companies by revenue reported the financial risks of climate change in their annual reports. This was an increase from 2020, when this number was 56%.\n\nAnalysts from KPMG in countries worldwide examined online reports that are publicly available. The sources were reports published between 1 July 2021 and 30 June 2022. If a company did not report during this period, reporting from 2020 was reviewed.\n\nThe largest 250 companies sample comprises the top 250 companies from the Fortune Global 500 ranking for 2021. According to KPMG, large global companies are typically leaders in corporate responsibility reporting and their behavior often predicts trends that are subsequently adopted more widely.\n\nAnother source, the Carbon Disclosure Project[2] had 366 of the largest 500 companies report to them in 2018, of which 215 reported on the financial risks of climate change (59%).\n\n[1]  [The KPMG Survey of Sustainability Reporting 2022 (page 9)](https:\u002F\u002Fassets.kpmg.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fkpmg\u002Fse\u002Fpdf\u002Fkomm\u002F2022\u002FGlobal-Survey-of-Sustainability-Reporting-2022.pdf)  \n[2]  [Climate Change Report 2019 - Carbon Disclosure Project](https:\u002F\u002F6fefcbb86e61af1b2fc4-c70d8ead6ced550b4d987d7c03fcdd1d.ssl.cf3.rackcdn.com\u002Fcms\u002Freports\u002Fdocuments\u002F000\u002F004\u002F588\u002Foriginal\u002FCDP_Climate_Change_report_2019.pdf?1562321876)  ","It's common to believe that companies in general are denying the risks of climate change, but a majority of big companies have no problem realizing that climate change may become a real threat to their business. The fact that they mention it in their reports doesn't mean they have changed anything in practice, but it still shows how widespread the awareness has become.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nCommercial companies spend lots of resources trying to predict future trends, to discover new business opportunities before competitors and to avoid surprises that can put them out of business. The fact that a majority of them include climate change as a real risk to consider should be enough for even the biggest skeptic to sit up and take notice. It is also a clear sign that the effects climate change is going to have are not only in the very distant future.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. This data comes from the KPMG survey of Sustainability Reporting from 2020. They analyzed the annual reports of the largest 250 companies by revenue and found that the majority included climate change. \n\nAnother source, the Carbon Disclosure Project, got similar results: in 2018, 59% of the largest 500 companies reported on the financial risks of climate change. \n","Not business as usual",{"metadata":11358,"sys":11365,"fields":11375},{"tags":11359,"concepts":11364},[11360,11362],{"sys":11361},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11363},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11366,"id":11368,"type":14,"createdAt":11369,"updatedAt":11370,"environment":11371,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":91,"contentType":11373,"locale":27},{"sys":11367},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7v4xSAHW3KWggnvw9aX6Fl","2023-06-02T08:04:33.290Z","2023-11-27T09:06:17.646Z",{"sys":11372},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11374},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11376,"answers":11377,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":11378,"questionText":11379,"statistics":11380,"veryWrongStatistics":11381,"correctSentence":11383,"dataSourceShortText":10512,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11384},"1660",[],"Top 250 companies carbon emissions","How many of the world’s 250 richest companies have set targets to cut their carbon emissions?",[2858],[11382],"uk 0.434","About 80% of the world’s 250 richest companies have set targets to cut their carbon emissions. ","[1]  [KPMG – The KPMG Survey of Sustainability Reporting 2022 (page 39)](https:\u002F\u002Fassets.kpmg.com\u002Fcontent\u002Fdam\u002Fkpmg\u002Fse\u002Fpdf\u002Fkomm\u002F2022\u002FGlobal-Survey-of-Sustainability-Reporting-2022.pdf)  ",{"metadata":11386,"sys":11393,"fields":11403},{"tags":11387,"concepts":11392},[11388,11390],{"sys":11389},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11391},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11394,"id":11396,"type":14,"createdAt":11397,"updatedAt":11398,"environment":11399,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":998,"contentType":11401,"locale":27},{"sys":11395},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6BgPZJWSvdcRqQb4SLZwPM","2023-11-10T15:33:03.187Z","2025-07-02T16:05:54.438Z",{"sys":11400},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11402},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11404,"answers":11405,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"veryWrongPercentage":2709,"name":11406,"questionText":11407,"statistics":11408,"veryWrongStatistics":11410,"correctSentence":11412,"dataSourceShortText":11413,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11414},"1756",[],"CO2 difference HIC vs rest","The people in high-income countries emit how much CO2 per person, on average, compared to the poorest 50% of the world population?",[11409],"usa 0.75",[11411],"usa 0.29","On average, people in high-income countries emit five times more CO2 per person than the poorest 50% of the world population.\n","Source:  Global Carbon Budget via OWID","\n[1]  [Our World In Data – Per capita CO₂ emissions](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fco-emissions-per-capita?tab=chart&country=High-income+countries~Low-income+countries~Lower-middle-income+countries~Upper-middle-income+countries~OWID_WRL)                      \n\n[2]  [Our World In Data – Global inequalities in CO2 emissions, adjusted for trade](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Finequality-co2#global-inequalities-in-co2-emissions-adjusted-for-trade)      ",{"metadata":11416,"sys":11423,"fields":11433},{"tags":11417,"concepts":11422},[11418,11420],{"sys":11419},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11421},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11424,"id":11426,"type":14,"createdAt":11427,"updatedAt":11428,"environment":11429,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":45,"contentType":11431,"locale":27},{"sys":11425},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5sPEWAcAsQ2JENeB1ZmOqY","2023-11-16T07:32:18.180Z","2023-11-27T09:06:17.495Z",{"sys":11430},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11432},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11434,"answers":11435,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":402,"veryWrongPercentage":1270,"name":11436,"questionText":11437,"statistics":11438,"veryWrongStatistics":11439,"correctSentence":11440,"dataSourceShortText":11441,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11442},"1759",[],"Emissions from Europe and N America since 1850","Since 1850, what share of all carbon emissions have come from Europe and North America?",[817],[6472],"Around half of all CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels since 1850 have come from Europe and North America. \n","Source: Global Carbon Budget 2022 (Friedlingstein et al. 2022)","\n[1]  [Global Carbon Project](https:\u002F\u002Fglobalcarbonbudget.org\u002F) \n\n[2]  [Global Carbon Budget, via Our World In Data, “Who has contributed most to global CO2 emissions?” ](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fcontributed-most-global-co2)                      \n",{"metadata":11444,"sys":11451,"fields":11461},{"tags":11445,"concepts":11450},[11446,11448],{"sys":11447},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11449},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11452,"id":11454,"type":14,"createdAt":11455,"updatedAt":11456,"environment":11457,"publishedVersion":3538,"revision":91,"contentType":11459,"locale":27},{"sys":11453},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"aBoBQNUY1nZSx320bOCke","2023-11-16T12:36:21.154Z","2024-01-31T14:16:47.100Z",{"sys":11458},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11460},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11462,"answers":11463,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":11464,"questionText":11465,"statistics":11466,"veryWrongStatistics":11469,"correctSentence":11471,"youWereWrong":11472,"youWereRight":11473,"dataSourceShortText":10845,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11474,"extendedAnswerText":11475,"headingVeryWrong":11476,"youWereVeryWrong":11477,"headingWrong":11476},"1761",[],"Solar energy into space","Every year, energy from the sun (light and heat) reaches the earth. Compared to that energy, how much energy leaves the Earth out into space every year?",[11467,591,11468,319],"deu 0.72","usa 0.68",[11470,5088,215,627],"deu 0.30","Around 0.3% less solar energy leaves the atmosphere each year than the amount that reaches the Earth.\n","You were wrong about the size but right in the sense that more light and heat from the sun stay in the Earth’s atmosphere than leave and go out into space. But it is a tiny fraction of what you imagined. The Earth would boil otherwise!\n","Most overestimate how much light and heat from the sun stay in the Earth’s atmosphere than leave and go out into space. It is less than half a percent. The Earth would boil if it was 30%!\n","The figures we used for this question come from the IPCC’s sixth assessment report. The figure is calculated in the following way: Of the 340 Wm-2 incoming energy from sunlight, about 100 Wm-2 of is reflected back to space while the Earth emits approximately a further 239 Wm-2 of infrared radiation to space. Therefore, incoming is 340 Wm-2, and outgoing is 239 + 100 = 339 Wm-2. That is about 0.3% less than incoming.\nWe checked this fact with two independent experts who both agree with our assessment about the correct answer and recognized the source as the best available. \n\n[1]  [IPCC AR6 page 934](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Freport\u002Far6\u002Fwg1\u002Fdownloads\u002Freport\u002FIPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf )        ","The image below shows the incoming energy from the sun of 340 Wm-2. At the top of the images you can see the energy coming in and out. In comes 340, and out goes 339. The difference looks tiny. Only 0.3% less goes out compared to what comes in. But this small difference leads to massive global warming over many years, because the excess heat accumulates. \n\n![IPCC Solar energy image](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5NmzbzhhFv7voF6vsNfC4l\u002Fe50a6b219398a57614e39cf3a0d8d44b\u002FScreen_Shot_2023-11-16_at_13.35.41.png)","It’s why it’s warming!","More light and heat from the sun stay in the Earth’s atmosphere than leave and go out into space. That is why it is getting warmer.",{"metadata":11479,"sys":11486,"fields":11496},{"tags":11480,"concepts":11485},[11481,11483],{"sys":11482},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11484},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11487,"id":11489,"type":14,"createdAt":11490,"updatedAt":11491,"environment":11492,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":45,"contentType":11494,"locale":27},{"sys":11488},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1IiDgtlbaCEJp2tQjNwteV","2023-11-23T09:43:03.529Z","2023-11-27T09:06:17.275Z",{"sys":11493},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11495},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11497,"answers":11498,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4132,"name":11499,"questionText":11500,"statistics":11501,"veryWrongStatistics":11502,"dataSourceShortText":11504,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11505,"extendedAnswerText":11506},"1762",[],"Carbon capture","The UN’s scenarios for stopping global warming rely on technologies to capture and store carbon from the atmosphere. How many of these technologies are already affordable and used today?",[6815],[11503],"uk 0.1138","Source: IEA & IPCC","[1]  [IEA – CCUS Projects Explorer](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iea.org\u002Fdata-and-statistics\u002Fdata-tools\u002Fccus-projects-explorer?gclid=CjwKCAjwoqGnBhAcEiwAwK-OkfkR86F9opAF06B0QpQ5UP5MsKkQViklLvMaPYy-tLo5honWmXAm8hoC8iEQAvD_BwE )                    \n\n[2]  [IPCC, via World Resources Institute](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wri.org\u002Finitiatives\u002Fcarbon-removal#:~:text=Globally%2C%20scientists%20predict%20that%20up,GtCO2%20per%20year%20by%202100)   ","It is important to recognize that CO2 emissions into the atmosphere are more effective at raising atmospheric CO2 than an equivalent CO2 removal is at lowering it.",{"metadata":11508,"sys":11515,"fields":11525},{"tags":11509,"concepts":11514},[11510,11512],{"sys":11511},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":757},{"sys":11513},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},[],{"space":11516,"id":11518,"type":14,"createdAt":11519,"updatedAt":11520,"environment":11521,"publishedVersion":403,"revision":2107,"contentType":11523,"locale":27},{"sys":11517},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1YGXkaJjfkWBrZoN6e7P2D","2023-07-05T08:54:10.835Z","2024-01-09T14:09:58.096Z",{"sys":11522},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11524},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":1025,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11526,"answers":11527,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":11528,"questionText":11529,"statistics":11530,"veryWrongStatistics":11531,"whyItWasRemoved":11533},"1693",[],"Fossil fuel use by 2030","To avoid global warming of more than 1.5°​C, the world must use a limited amount of fossil fuels until 2030. If recent trends continue we will exceed that limit. By how much?",[855],[11532],"uk 0.311","We decided to remove this question because the “current trends” has ambiguous meaning when it comes projecting the remaining carbon budgets in relation to thresholds for global warming.",{"metadata":11535,"sys":11538,"fields":11547},{"tags":11536,"concepts":11537},[],[],{"space":11539,"id":11541,"type":14,"createdAt":11542,"updatedAt":11542,"environment":11543,"publishedVersion":364,"revision":112,"contentType":11545,"locale":27},{"sys":11540},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1eih07NLiTXXRIEHQ6r7kX","2024-09-09T09:11:42.887Z",{"sys":11544},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11546},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11548,"answers":11549,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"veryWrongPercentage":1081,"name":11550,"questionText":11551,"statistics":11552,"veryWrongStatistics":11553,"correctSentence":11554,"dataSourceShortText":10912,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11555},"1790",[],"GHG emissions from transport","How much of all greenhouse gas emissions come from transport?\n",[855],[11053],"Around 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions come from transport.\n"," [1]  [IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Synthesis Report, Page 44](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Freport\u002Far6\u002Fsyr\u002Fdownloads\u002Freport\u002FIPCC_AR6_SYR_FullVolume.pdf) \n\n [2]  [Our World In Data – Sector by sector: where do global greenhouse gas emissions come from?](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fghg-emissions-by-sector) ",{"metadata":11557,"sys":11560,"fields":11571},{"tags":11558,"concepts":11559},[],[],{"space":11561,"id":11563,"type":14,"createdAt":11564,"updatedAt":11565,"environment":11566,"publishedVersion":11568,"revision":45,"contentType":11569,"locale":27},{"sys":11562},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3ltF94g7xAT7CpAva3Av32","2024-09-23T13:45:14.762Z","2025-01-20T20:08:20.799Z",{"sys":11567},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},59,{"sys":11570},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":11572,"answers":11573,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"veryWrongPercentage":1270,"name":11574,"questionText":11575,"statistics":11576,"veryWrongStatistics":11577,"correctSentence":11579,"dataSourceShortText":11580,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11581},"1794",[],"GHG emissions from food transport","Of all greenhouse gas emissions from the global food system, how much comes from transporting food?\n",[1938],[11578],"us 0.15","Around 6% of all greenhouse gas emissions in the global food system come from transporting food.\n","Source: Poore & Nemcek and Crippa et al","The two leading studies which estimate greenhouse gas emissions from food both put transportation's share of emissions from the food system at 6% (Poore and Nemcek) or less (4% – Crippa et al). The findings from those studies are both summarized by Our World In Data (link below).\n\n [1]  [Our World In Data – How much of global greenhouse gas emissions come from food?](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-emissions-food)\n\n [2]  [Poore, J., & Nemecek, T. (2018). \"Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers\", published in Science in June 2018.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1126\u002Fscience.aaq0216) \n\n [3]  [Crippa, M., Solazzo, E., Guizzardi, D. et al.Food systems are responsible for a third of global anthropogenic GHG emissions., published in Nature Food in March 2021.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs43016-021-00225-9)\n",{"metadata":11583,"sys":11586,"fields":11596},{"tags":11584,"concepts":11585},[],[],{"space":11587,"id":11589,"type":14,"createdAt":11590,"updatedAt":11591,"environment":11592,"publishedVersion":1934,"revision":845,"contentType":11594,"locale":27},{"sys":11588},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"bda16715f3a77526ab246b35533da821","2021-11-11T07:13:05.942Z","2023-12-31T06:51:56.741Z",{"sys":11593},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11595},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":11597,"heading":11598,"slug":11599,"questions":11600,"certificateText":11601},"sdg_world_13_cert","UN Goal 13: Climate Action Certificate","un-goal-13-climate-action-certificate-test",[10648,10773,10807,10849,10884,10917,10970,10999,6732,6700,11028,11058,11086,11147,11177,11206,11235,11264,10406,11357,11324,11385,11415,11443,752,11478,721],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 13: Climate action, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":11603,"sys":11606,"fields":11614},{"tags":11604,"concepts":11605},[],[],{"space":11607,"id":11609,"type":39,"createdAt":11610,"updatedAt":11611,"environment":11612,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":580,"locale":27},{"sys":11608},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3MGWxAChAh0eQSmSC58xgh","2020-11-17T11:24:53.011Z","2023-09-06T08:24:36.165Z",{"sys":11613},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":11615,"description":11616,"file":11617},"13. Climate action","Climate action icon",{"url":11618,"details":11619,"fileName":11623,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F3MGWxAChAh0eQSmSC58xgh\u002F39362acf169804797c3602b44a97e450\u002Fsdg_13",{"size":11620,"image":11621},6137,{"width":11622,"height":1418},185,"sdg_13","#3F7E44",[11626],{"metadata":11627,"sys":11630,"fields":11640},{"tags":11628,"concepts":11629},[],[],{"space":11631,"id":11633,"type":14,"createdAt":11634,"updatedAt":11635,"environment":11636,"publishedVersion":1184,"revision":22,"contentType":11638,"locale":27},{"sys":11632},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"uPP4yVxY6GqYXUdGlfitP","2022-10-06T09:11:24.713Z","2023-09-06T08:24:41.506Z",{"sys":11637},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11639},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":11641,"title":11641,"challenges":11642},"UN Goal 13",[11643,11683],{"metadata":11644,"sys":11647,"fields":11657},{"tags":11645,"concepts":11646},[],[],{"space":11648,"id":11650,"type":14,"createdAt":11651,"updatedAt":11652,"environment":11653,"publishedVersion":2377,"revision":91,"contentType":11655,"locale":27},{"sys":11649},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"HFMrKeP0LxIMhe3WDKYRr","2022-11-14T08:30:19.486Z","2023-09-06T08:24:41.556Z",{"sys":11654},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11656},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":11658,"title":11659,"slug":11660,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":11661,"desktopImage":11661,"mobileImage":11661,"combos":11682},"heat_in_oceans_lesson","Heat in oceans","heat-in-oceans",{"metadata":11662,"sys":11665,"fields":11673},{"tags":11663,"concepts":11664},[],[],{"space":11666,"id":11668,"type":39,"createdAt":11669,"updatedAt":11670,"environment":11671,"publishedVersion":1184,"revision":998,"locale":27},{"sys":11667},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1PGMDRfiTiGlhtO2tY1WL4","2022-11-14T08:30:18.627Z","2023-09-06T08:24:36.170Z",{"sys":11672},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":11659,"description":48,"file":11674},{"url":11675,"details":11676,"fileName":11681,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1PGMDRfiTiGlhtO2tY1WL4\u002F255deddb05ba8276d63ec41e6fc0d1d6\u002FScreenshot_2022-10-24_at_15.47.48.png",{"size":11677,"image":11678},430989,{"width":11679,"height":11680},497,495,"Screenshot 2022-10-24 at 15.47.48.png",[],{"metadata":11684,"sys":11687,"fields":11697},{"tags":11685,"concepts":11686},[],[],{"space":11688,"id":11690,"type":14,"createdAt":11691,"updatedAt":11692,"environment":11693,"publishedVersion":1184,"revision":91,"contentType":11695,"locale":27},{"sys":11689},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1HTNadUkgEjpNc4Spw35qF","2022-10-06T09:11:12.319Z","2023-09-06T08:24:41.827Z",{"sys":11694},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11696},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":11698,"title":11699,"slug":11700,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":11701,"combos":11721},"sdg_world_goal_13","UN Goal 13: Climate action","sdg-world-goal-13",{"metadata":11702,"sys":11705,"fields":11713},{"tags":11703,"concepts":11704},[],[],{"space":11706,"id":11708,"type":39,"createdAt":11709,"updatedAt":11710,"environment":11711,"publishedVersion":2107,"revision":91,"locale":27},{"sys":11707},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2k1Cqjq0YMwiA50Bs0utuI","2022-10-06T08:24:00.398Z","2023-09-06T08:24:36.175Z",{"sys":11712},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":11714,"description":48,"file":11715},"SDG icon 13-03",{"url":11716,"details":11717,"fileName":11720,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F2k1Cqjq0YMwiA50Bs0utuI\u002Fdf2c56e09204023313fe47380a46dfab\u002FSDG_icon_13-03.png",{"size":11718,"image":11719},26451,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 13-03.png",[],{"metadata":11723,"sys":11726,"fields":11736},{"tags":11724,"concepts":11725},[],[],{"space":11727,"id":11729,"type":14,"createdAt":11730,"updatedAt":11731,"environment":11732,"publishedVersion":845,"revision":1099,"contentType":11734,"locale":27},{"sys":11728},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4J1rc1oGJOhOXUR8J5lr0X","2020-11-19T19:37:32.201Z","2022-10-06T09:12:14.382Z",{"sys":11733},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11735},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":11737,"name":11738,"slug":11737,"tests":11739,"diplomaTest":12151,"icon":12171,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":12193,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":12194},"sdg-world-14","UN Goal 14: Life below water",[11740],{"metadata":11741,"sys":11744,"fields":11754},{"tags":11742,"concepts":11743},[],[],{"space":11745,"id":11747,"type":14,"createdAt":11748,"updatedAt":11749,"environment":11750,"publishedVersion":2608,"revision":2377,"contentType":11752,"locale":27},{"sys":11746},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7b0cc7050ec15ff01f314b30ace6651d","2022-01-03T13:53:19.883Z","2023-12-08T10:44:33.442Z",{"sys":11751},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11753},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":11755,"heading":11738,"slug":11756,"questions":11757},"sdg_world_14_t1","un-goal-14-life-below-water",[11758,11866,11901,11935,11967,12001,12034,12065,790,12098,12126],{"metadata":11759,"sys":11766,"fields":11777},{"tags":11760,"concepts":11765},[11761,11763],{"sys":11762},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":11764},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":11767,"id":11769,"type":14,"createdAt":11770,"updatedAt":11771,"environment":11772,"publishedVersion":11774,"revision":442,"contentType":11775,"locale":27},{"sys":11768},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"a0f49e35a4218bffe4c379a7d24c3c2c","2021-11-11T07:17:16.353Z","2024-11-11T14:44:12.782Z",{"sys":11773},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},269,{"sys":11776},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":11778,"answers":11779,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3149,"name":11780,"questionText":11781,"statistics":11782,"veryWrongStatistics":11820,"correctSentence":11859,"youWereWrong":11860,"youWereRight":11861,"dataSourceShortText":11862,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11863,"extendedAnswerText":11864,"headingVeryWrong":11865,"youWereVeryWrong":11860,"headingWrong":11865},"14",[],"What share of all plastic waste in the world ends ","What share of all plastic waste in the world ends up in the oceans?",[11783,11784,11785,11786,11787,11788,11789,11790,11791,11792,11793,11794,11795,11796,11797,11798,11799,11800,11801,11802,11803,11804,11805,11806,11807,11808,11809,11810,11811,11812,11813,4432,11814,11815,11816,11817,11818,8343,11819],"uk 0.85655","usa 0.8596","arg 0.896","aus 0.8561","bel 0.9082","bra 0.869","can 0.8142","chn 0.7632","fra 0.86855","deu 0.8251","hun 0.854","idn 0.9442","ita 0.8891","jpn 0.7511","mex 0.958","pol 0.8184","rus 0.85015","sau 0.8344","sgp 0.8727","kor 0.8283","esp 0.91005","swe 0.81325","tur 0.8765","mys 0.86705","egy 0.7744","are 0.8283","col 0.962","rou 0.8543","per 0.946","jor 0.8175","mar 0.85425","fin 0.84","nor 0.87","zaf 0.9","ind 0.88","pak 0.83","phl 0.83",[11821,11822,11823,11824,11825,11826,11827,11828,11829,11830,11831,11832,11833,11834,11835,11836,11837,11838,11839,11840,11841,11842,11843,11844,11845,11846,11847,11848,11849,11850,11851,11852,10081,11853,11854,11855,11856,11857,11858],"uk 0.4578","usa 0.3489","arg 0.4720","aus 0.3786","bel 0.3593","bra 0.4390","can 0.3257","chn 0.2417","fra 0.3633","deu 0.2784","hun 0.31","idn 0.5749","ita 0.4437","jpn 0.2414","mex 0.5630","pol 0.2575","rus 0.4686","sau 0.2595","sgp 0.3956","kor 0.3313","esp 0.4788","swe 0.2488","tur 0.2948","mys 0.4408","egy 0.2295","are 0.2435","col 0.6560","rou 0.3812","per 0.6338","jor 0.2725","mar 0.4203","dnk 0.2300","nor 0.33","zaf 0.53","ind 0.51","pak 0.56","nga 0.51","phl 0.47","Less than 1% of plastic waste ends up in the ocean.","Many wrongly think that most plastic waste ends up in oceans. As long as waste management is bad in middle-income countries, some plastic will enter the oceans (especially if rich countries keep selling their waste there), but nowhere near as much as people currently believe.","Many wrongly think that most plastic waste ends up in oceans. They haven’t realized that almost all plastic waste stays on land.","Multiple data sources","Mismanagement of waste is a large problem across the world, but nobody knows exactly how much plastic waste there is, and nobody knows exactly what share ends up in the ocean. However, in recent years, there have been more attempts to quantify these figures and they have lowered the original estimates. Originally, our correct answer was \"less than 6%\" but due to to more recent papers, we have reduced the correct answer to \"less than 1%\".\n\nAccording to estimates from the OECD in 2022, around 82 million tonnes of the 350 million tonnes of plastic waste produced in a year is mismanaged. Of that, around 1.7 million tonnes ends up in the ocean (this is 0.5% of the total).\n\nNew surveys of ocean plastics are planned and we will probably have more certain numbers within the coming years.[3]\n\nThe estimate that 2 billion people have no waste management at all comes from UNEP[7].\n\n[1] [OECD – Global Plastics Outlook](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fen\u002Fpublications\u002Fglobal-plastics-outlook_aa1edf33-en.html)\n\n[2] [Our World In Data – How much plastic waste ends up in the ocean?](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fhow-much-plastic-waste-ends-up-in-the-ocean)\n\n[3] [\"More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean\" published in Science Advances in April 2021, by Meijer et al](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.science.org\u002Fdoi\u002Fepdf\u002F10.1126\u002Fsciadv.aaz5803)\n\n[4]  [The original estimate we found for total plastic waste in a year: "Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made” article published in Science, 19 July 2017 by Roland Geyer, Jenna R. Jambeck and Kara Lavender Law](https:\u002F\u002Fadvances.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F3\u002F7\u002Fe1700782)  \n\n[5]  [The most well known and cited estimate for plastic entering the ocean: "Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean” article published in Science, 13 Feb 2015 by Jenna R. Jambeck,*, Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R. Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, Kara Lavender Law](https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fsci\u002F347\u002F6223\u002F768.full.pdf)  \n\n[6]  [“Evaluating scenarios toward zero plastic pollution” article published in Science, 18 Sep 2020 by Winnie W. Y. Lau, Yonathan Shiran, Richard M. Bailey, Ed Cook, Martin R. Stuchtey, Julia Koskella , Costas A. Velis, Linda Godfrey, Julien Boucher, Margaret B. Murphy, Richard C. Thompson, Emilia Jankowska, Arturo Castillo Castillo, Toby D. Pilditch, Ben Dixon, Laura Koerselman, Edward Kosior, Enzo Favoino, Jutta Gutberlet, Sarah Baulch, Meera E. Atreya, David Fischer, Kevin K. He, Milan M. Petit, U. Rashid Sumaila, Emily Neil, Mark V. Bernhofen, Keith Lawrence, James E. Palardy](https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F369\u002F6510\u002F1455)  \n\n[7]  [World Bank, What A Waste 2.0](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10986\u002F30317\u002F211329ov.pdf?sequence=11&isAllowed=y)  \n\n[8]  [Leeds University team studying plastic pollution](https:\u002F\u002Fplasticpollution.leeds.ac.uk\u002F) \n\n[9]  [Compilation of 6 studies estimating how much plastic enters oceans, by Gapminder Oct 2020](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1HNJwHkk02Z3tmQOfGibU6NIER4ieUMbxJym_6zmHH2c\u002Fedit#gid=0)  \n[10]  [Global Waste Management Outlook, UNEP Page 52](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.uncclearn.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Finventory\u002Funep23092015.pdf)","If you thought that most plastic waste ends up in the sea, the problem might seem overwhelming. You may also wrongly assume that your own plastic waste is a part of the problem. While, in fact, the problem is that more than two billion people live in communities with no waste management at all, and some of these are along rivers and coastlines. Many of them have almost no plastic waste but, for those who do and also live close to a coast or river, there is nothing to prevent their plastic waste from ending up in the ocean. \n\nWhen rich countries such as the U.S. sell their plastic garbage to middle-income countries, some of it ends up in the ocean because those countries aren’t able to handle all their waste in an environmentally friendly way. Every day, a lot of poor people, young and old, are working hard to separate out plastic by hand from garbage piles, because they sometimes can get a little money from recycling it. They are stopping tons of plastic from reaching the oceans. They deserve proper employment, better pay and job security.\n\nWith the right actions, a huge reduction in plastic waste generation can be made in the coming decades but, even with that, if the share that reaches the oceans is reduced to just a fraction of a percent, it still means large amounts of plastic will keep accumulating year by year, and people will probably believe that no improvement has happened. That’s why it’s important to gather data to track this kind of visible problem. Without real measurements it’s impossible for us to see if the reforms have any impact.\n\nBetter management is needed globally and locally, and better ways to measure plastic in the oceans are also needed, and the [waste researchers at Leeds University](https:\u002F\u002Fplasticpollution.leeds.ac.uk\u002Ftoolkits\u002F) have developed great free tools for both.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we focus all our efforts on preventing the accumulation of plastic in our oceans then we are removing just a small fraction of the plastic we produce each year. In reality, we need to focus on both the plastic entering our oceans and the safe recycling and removal of plastics on land at the same time.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe often see the striking and emotive images of animals trapped in plastics on TV and pictures of the large plastic patches in our oceans and assume this is where most of our plastic goes. Although it is extremely important that we reduce this plastic waste, in reality, this accounts for a small fraction of the plastic we produce.\n\n### How can this be true?\nIt is very difficult to precisely estimate the amount of plastic we produce and the amount entering our oceans each year but, using the most recent estimates and after cosultation with experts, we estimate that less than 1% of all plastic waste ends up in our oceans each year. The vast majority of the plastic waste produced ends up in landfills around the world. We need to be pragmatic and approach the issue from multiple fronts, reducing our overall plastic waste as well as that entering our oceans. We must increase our rates of recycling and provide waste collection services to those who do not already have them in order to help control the issue.\n","Almost all plastic stays on land",{"metadata":11867,"sys":11874,"fields":11884},{"tags":11868,"concepts":11873},[11869,11871],{"sys":11870},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":11872},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":11875,"id":11877,"type":14,"createdAt":11878,"updatedAt":11879,"environment":11880,"publishedVersion":10243,"revision":734,"contentType":11882,"locale":27},{"sys":11876},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"bea35148482202b41b68d9129661c305","2022-01-03T13:29:01.050Z","2023-12-18T10:41:32.396Z",{"sys":11881},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11883},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":11885,"answers":11886,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4101,"name":11887,"questionText":11888,"statistics":11889,"veryWrongStatistics":11891,"correctSentence":11893,"youWereWrong":11894,"youWereRight":11895,"dataSourceShortText":11896,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11897,"extendedAnswerText":11898,"headingVeryWrong":11899,"youWereVeryWrong":11900,"headingWrong":11899},"89",[],"Oil spills since 1970s","What happened to the annual number of oil spills from tankers worldwide since the 1970s?",[11890],"uk 0.635",[11892],"uk 0.36","Today, the number of oil spills each year has decreased tenfold compared to the 1970s.\n\n\u003Chttps:\u002F\u002Fvimeo.com\u002F890632782>","When fewer oil spills happen, you don't hear about it in the news.","They don't realize that oil spills have become rarer.","Source: ITOPF ","The ITOPF (International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation) has kept a record of oil spills since the 1970s and they include all accidental spillages, except those resulting from acts of war. They gather information from the shipping press, specialist publications, from vessel owners, their insurers and from ITOPF's own experience at incidents. Even though some smaller spills may have been missed, reporting has improved so they are more likely to be included in more recent data.\n\nTwo independent experts we contacted recognized ITOPF as a reliable source and agreed that the number of oil spills had been declining as we describe in our question. \n\n[1]  [International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) - Tanker spills from 1970 to 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.itopf.org\u002Fknowledge-resources\u002Fdata-statistics\u002Fstatistics\u002F)\n[2]  We consulted two independent experts for this question, including Ida-Maja Hassellöv of Chalmers University of Technology.","In the 1970s, there were an average of 78 oil spills from tankers per year. Just three decades later, it had dropped to fewer than 7 per year. \nThis is a result of better legislation leading to safer transportation with ships equipped with double engines, generators and better-trained crews. The total amount of oil spilled has also decreased. This improvement is worth celebrating. It shows that environmental disasters can be prevented when industries are committed to a goal and regulators learn from experience and update the rules so that the causes of previous accidents are eliminated.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen problems are prevented, people usually don't hear about them. Oil spills that do not happen are never reported in the news, which is why most people completely missed this big improvement!\n\n### Why is it important to know this?\nMany people lose hope about the environment and it's important to realize that effective regulations can have a huge impact. The reduction of oil spills is one such example that should inspire people to imagine that other forms of environmental disasters can also be prevented.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. If some oil spills are not included in this data it is probably an oil spill that went unreported some decades ago, before the Internet. Today, it's nearly impossible for an oil ship to leak without getting lots of media attention.","Most spills didn't happen","Effective regulations have made oil spills very rare, but you completely missed this big improvement!",{"metadata":11902,"sys":11909,"fields":11920},{"tags":11903,"concepts":11908},[11904,11906],{"sys":11905},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":11907},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":11910,"id":11912,"type":14,"createdAt":11913,"updatedAt":11914,"environment":11915,"publishedVersion":11917,"revision":2377,"contentType":11918,"locale":27},{"sys":11911},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"cee4f8920555819d605751cdd0cbdea8","2022-01-03T12:08:04.688Z","2023-11-27T09:06:17.079Z",{"sys":11916},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},369,{"sys":11919},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":11921,"answers":11922,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":11923,"questionText":11924,"statistics":11925,"veryWrongStatistics":11926,"correctSentence":11928,"youWereWrong":11929,"youWereRight":11930,"dataSourceShortText":940,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11931,"extendedAnswerText":11932,"headingVeryWrong":11933,"youWereVeryWrong":11934,"headingWrong":11933},"90",[],"Largest marine sector by 2030","Oil and gas were the marine sectors that made the most money in 2010. If trends continue as before, which sector will it be in 2030?",[1456],[11927],"uk 0.468","Tourism is expected to become the marine sector making the most money in 2030.","Energy reserves may seem like a guaranteed future income, but the incomes from services like tourism are generally increasing more.","Most wrongly think energy production will keep bringing in more money than tourism. ","These projections are based on a business-as-usual scenario, with no major policy changes or abrupt technological or environmental developments. The report was written in 2016. Since that time, the Coronavirus pandemic has hit tourism hard, but there is no reason to think that things won’t get close to how they were expected to be.\n\n[1]  [OECD - The Ocean Economy in 2030 (page 206)](https:\u002F\u002Fgeoblueplanet.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2016\u002F05\u002FOECD-ocean-economy.pdf)\n\n[2]  [World Bank - Sustainable tourism can drive the blue economy: Investing in ocean health is synonymous with generating ocean wealth](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fvoices\u002FSustainable-Tourism-Can-Drive-the-Blue-Economy)\n","People often overestimate the economic benefit of raw energy sources and new green technology. Most economic growth in the world is happening in service industries, and tourism is one of them. \nFor tourism to continue growing as experts predict, though, the environment needs to be protected. If coral reefs are all dead, ocean water is dirty and beaches have eroded away, there will be little to see for the tourists. The economic value of clean oceans is enormous as the amount of rich people in the future is expected to increase and even more will want to go on beach holidays and cruises.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\n\nPeople who don't realize the economic power of service industries like tourism, don’t realize the economic reasons for protecting oceans and coastal areas.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\n\nProbably because it's easier to think of energy sources and raw materials as economic resources. The beauty of nature is easily mistaken as a soft value, unrelated to money making. But all consumers are people, and people care a lot about beauty. Across the world, people are ready to pay a lot for experiencing the wonders of nature.  \n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but it is important to understand that this is just a forecast which means it comes with lots of uncertainty. The future is unpredictable, like the Corona pandemic showed. The forecast comes from a report written in 2016 and it assumes trends were going to continue along the same path.\n","Tourism will make the most marine money","New green energy is often in the news and people tend to overestimate its short term economic potential. Incomes from services like tourism are generally increasing much more.",{"metadata":11936,"sys":11943,"fields":11953},{"tags":11937,"concepts":11942},[11938,11940],{"sys":11939},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":11941},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":11944,"id":11946,"type":14,"createdAt":11947,"updatedAt":11948,"environment":11949,"publishedVersion":586,"revision":1584,"contentType":11951,"locale":27},{"sys":11945},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2f1acf2649d7657e47b8b3427fc693eb","2022-01-03T12:25:55.864Z","2023-12-18T10:41:15.120Z",{"sys":11950},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":11952},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":11954,"answers":11955,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":11956,"questionText":11957,"statistics":11958,"veryWrongStatistics":11959,"correctSentence":11960,"youWereWrong":11961,"youWereRight":11962,"dataSourceShortText":11963,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11964,"extendedAnswerText":11965,"headingVeryWrong":11966,"youWereVeryWrong":11961,"headingWrong":11966},"91",[],"Fish consumption","Globally, people eat an average of 6kg of beef and veal a year. How much fish is consumed on average per person?",[2858],[7051],"People eat around 10kg of fish on average each year.","More people with higher incomes and healthier diets has increased the amount of fish people eat. ","They haven’t realized fish is more common than red meat!","Source: FAO\u002FOECD","The data comes from the FAO and is the most comprehensive available. It isn’t perfect as this isn’t a simple thing to measure. It relies on data provided by the countries themselves and the quality of data collection obviously varies between countries. The data in the literature uses the live weight of the fish, which  includes the parts that aren’t eaten such as the head and bones. The amount that can actually be eaten is around half that weight, which is why our correct answer is 10kg instead of the 20.5kg in the literature. The beef and veal weight is the retail weight, which is the weight of the meat that is sold for consumption. \n\n[1]  [FAO – The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fcc0461en\u002Fonline\u002Fsofia\u002F2022\u002Fworld-fisheries-aquaculture.html)\n\n[2]  [Source for beef and veal consumption: OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2020.](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.oecd.org\u002Fagroutput\u002Fmeat-consumption.htm)\n\n[3]  [OWiD - Fish and seafood consumption per capita](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Ffish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita?tab=table)\n","The number of people in the world has increased, but the amount of fish eaten has increased even faster. Back in 1961, people ate an average of around 5kg of fish per year. By 2018, it was around 10kg. Many people are now richer and aware that fish contributes to a very healthy diet. At the same time, electricity and refrigerators have become cheaper, which means we can store frozen fish for longer periods and transport it across the world, and less fish is being wasted. \n\nIt can be hard to imagine that fish consumption has increased so much when we hear so much about overfishing and declining fish numbers, but fish farming has enabled much more fish production than before. If the current trends continue the amount of fish farming will just increase, which means even more efforts are needed to make sure the fish farming is environmentally friendly.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThe media’s focus on red meat production is important, but the increasing fish farming industry is not getting the attention it deserves. It will probably keep increasing and if it is not properly regulated it may harm lots of local ecosystems.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nRed meat is getting lots of media attention, as it uses large land areas and emits lots of greenhouse gases. When fish production is discussed in the media, we usually hear about overfishing, and that probably gives an impression that the amount of fish being eaten must be decreasing.\n\n### What are the differences between countries, regions and income levels?\n\nThere are wide variations between countries, with some consuming less than 1kg fish per person and others consuming almost 50kg per person each year. Despite the improvements in transportation and storage, landlocked  countries far from the oceans such as Mongolia and Tajikistan still consume less than 1kg per person each year. Others with a long history of fishing and a culture where fish is a staple, such as Iceland, Kiribati and the Maldives, consume many times more.\n\nThere has been an increase in fish consumption in most regions over the years, across low-, middle- and high-income countries.\n\nYou can see a detailed breakdown of all this data in the [FAO’s State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fca9229en\u002Fca9229en.pdf)\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes. The data comes from the FAO and is the most comprehensive available. It isn’t perfect as this isn’t a simple thing to measure. It relies on data provided by the countries themselves and the quality of data collection obviously varies between countries. When it comes to the amount of fish consumed versus beef and veal, there are some differences.\nThe data in the literature mostly uses the live weight of the fish, which  includes the parts that aren’t eaten such as the head and bones. The amount that can actually be eaten is around half that weight, which is why our correct answer is 10kg instead of the 20.5kg you may find in many articles. The number for beef and veal consumption is the retail weight, which is the weight of the meat that is sold for consumption.\n","More fish than red meat",{"metadata":11968,"sys":11975,"fields":11986},{"tags":11969,"concepts":11974},[11970,11972],{"sys":11971},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":11973},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":11976,"id":11978,"type":14,"createdAt":11979,"updatedAt":11980,"environment":11981,"publishedVersion":11983,"revision":259,"contentType":11984,"locale":27},{"sys":11977},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"a52ea1eb8edf1b98177fe2fcf8dc09e8","2022-01-03T12:50:13.640Z","2026-02-11T12:28:24.960Z",{"sys":11982},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},225,{"sys":11985},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":11987,"answers":11988,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":11989,"questionText":11990,"statistics":11991,"veryWrongStatistics":11992,"correctSentence":11993,"youWereWrong":11994,"youWereRight":11995,"dataSourceShortText":11996,"dataSourceLinkLongText":11997,"extendedAnswerText":11998,"headingVeryWrong":11999,"youWereVeryWrong":12000,"headingWrong":11999},"92",[],"Marine protected areas","Since 2016, what has happened to the share of marine protected areas in national waters worldwide?",[666],[1758],"Protected marine areas around countries have increased 75% since 2016.","The protected areas increased much more than you guessed! But that doesn't mean the most needed areas are protected, nor that the protection is good...","They didn’t realize more marine areas are protected.","Source: WDPA","The officially protected areas of ocean increased a lot, from 10.2% in 2016 to 22.6% in 2026 (an increase of more than 75%), according to the WDPA (World Database on Protected Areas[1]).\n\nThis data comes from many different governmental, international, national, and regional agencies and is collected by the WDPA. All data must meet the WDPA standards which includes having spatial data, and uses the IUCN definition of a protected area[2]:\n“A protected area is a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values.”\n\nWhile there has been a big increase in countries’ protected marine areas, the speed of growth is not the same for international water, beyond countries’ borders and interest zones. Such areas of international water cover around 60% of all oceans around the world. But, in total, no matter how you measure, the share of the ocean that is protected is clearly increasing.\n\nWe spoke to six individual experts who all recommended the WDPA as the source to use for this data. However, they did warn that just because the share of protected areas has increased it does not mean that the most important ecosystems or areas of biodiversity are included in these areas, or that the areas that are under protection are protected at a continually high standard. \n\n[1]  [World Protected Planet](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.protectedplanet.net\u002Fen\u002Fthematic-areas\u002Fmarine-protected-areas)\n\n[2]  [World Database on Protected Areas - Protected Panet Digital Report (chapter 2)](https:\u002F\u002Flivereport.protectedplanet.net\u002Fpdf\u002FProtected_Planet_Report_2018.pdf)\n\n[3]  [IUCN - Protected Areas “about” page](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucn.org\u002Ftheme\u002Fprotected-areas\u002Fabout#:~:text=A%20protected%20area%20is%20a,IUCN%20Definition%202008)\n\n[4]  We consulted six independent experts for this question, including Joanne Preston of the University of Portsmouth and Peter Jones of University College London.","When we think of protecting the environment - and the oceans in particular - most of us probably think that everything is just getting worse and there isn’t much being done on a global level to turn it around. That's the impression we get from environmental organizations and in the news, which makes sense, because a lot of things are actually getting worse in the seas.\n\nHowever, since 2016 the share of the marine areas around countries that are designated for protection has increased by 75%. Today, 23% of all marine areas around countries are protected. Back in 2016, that figure was just 10%.\n\nIn some sense this is an improvement that shows an increased awareness of the need to protect the oceans. But unfortunately the protection often doesn't mean much more than a signature on a piece of paper. It often doesn't guarantee positive change in these areas, and it doesn't mean that the newly protected areas include the most important vulnerable ecosystems and the greatest biodiversity. Still, progress must start somewhere and this rapid increase in commitment to protection needs to be recognized. The official declaration of protection at least means that local environmentalists can hold authorities accountable if the protection is not enforced. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople are well aware of the negative developments of oceans and marine ecosystems which probably leads most people to assume the worst when they are asked about marine protection. People generally assume that nothing on a global scale is improving at all. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nNeglecting progress ruins hope. The fact that lots of areas are declared as protected is a great step forward, even if it's far from enough. If more people are aware that protection is increasing, it may be easier to ensure that the areas with the most important biodiversity are being actively and effectively protected.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\n\nYes, it's based on official documents from governments across the world.  This data comes from many different governmental, international, national, and regional agencies and is collected together in the [World Database on Protected Areas](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.protectedplanet.net\u002Fen). \n\nHowever, it is important to remember that the meaning of \"protected\" varies a lot from area to area and from country to country. Just because the share of marine protected areas has increased significantly, it does not guarantee that the most important areas for biodiversity are being protected or that the areas that are under these designations are being constantly protected. \n","More water protected on paper","You thought it decreased, but it increased! But that doesn't mean the most needed areas are protected, nor that the protection is good...",{"metadata":12002,"sys":12009,"fields":12020},{"tags":12003,"concepts":12008},[12004,12006],{"sys":12005},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12007},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":12010,"id":12012,"type":14,"createdAt":12013,"updatedAt":12014,"environment":12015,"publishedVersion":12017,"revision":734,"contentType":12018,"locale":27},{"sys":12011},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"8af49c12be52dc79f75d54582a1d1200","2022-01-03T12:59:18.023Z","2023-11-27T09:06:16.665Z",{"sys":12016},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},232,{"sys":12019},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12021,"answers":12022,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":187,"name":12023,"questionText":12024,"statistics":12025,"veryWrongStatistics":12026,"correctSentence":12027,"youWereWrong":12028,"youWereRight":12029,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12030,"extendedAnswerText":12031,"headingVeryWrong":12032,"youWereVeryWrong":12033,"headingWrong":12032},"93",[],"Law of the sea","How many countries have ratified the Law of the Sea, a UN convention introduced in 1982? (There are 195 countries.)",[1593],[2387],"Since it was introduced in 1982, 169 countries have ratified the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea ","It's hard to draw borders in the water as fish and ships move across freely. Countries need to regulate what can be done and who should do what. Most countries collaborate to do this, at least on paper.  ","They don’t realize how many countries have agreed about basic rules for the oceans.","Even though the Law of the Sea was written in 1982, it didn’t come into force until 1994 because of disputes between different nations - mostly about the deep sea bed (where drilling for fossil fuels takes place). Even the countries that haven’t signed, mostly because of domestic politics (such as the US), comply with most of the convention because a lot of it is part of general international law. This convention is also important for landlocked countries, as it guarantees that they have the right of access to and from the sea via other countries, using any form of transport for the purpose of exercising the rights provided for in the Convention.[2]\n\n[1]  [UN - Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdepts\u002Flos\u002Freference_files\u002Fchronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm#The%20United%20Nations%20Convention%20on%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea)\n[2]  [United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - Part X\nPart XI. Section 1.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdepts\u002Flos\u002Fconvention_agreements\u002Ftexts\u002Funclos\u002Fpart10.htm)","We might take it for granted that the waters off the coast of a country belong to that particular country, and that ships get to pass peacefully throughout the ocean without being stopped by gunships from a different country when they cross into a different territory. But these are actually rules written in the UN’s Convention on the Law of the Sea, which most countries have signed on to.\n\nFish and ships move freely across borders we try to draw in the water. To avoid over-exploiting common resources, the oceans must be regulated in a different way than land. What can be done and who is allowed to do what? Most people have no idea that most countries already agree on the basic rules.\n\nThere have been very few disputes when it comes to the Law of the Sea over the years. However, because of issues some countries had with the rules in the convention, it took 12 years from it being written in 1982 to it actually being enforced in 1994.\n\nWhile it can be argued that the convention has been a success when it comes to armed disputes, the part of the law that says each country has a responsibility to preserve the marine environment could be seen as less successful. We only have to hear stories about dying coral and polluted seas to know that more needs to be done by every country to protect the marine environment.\n\n### Which countries have not signed?\nSome of the countries that haven't ratified are the US, Colombia, Israel, Peru, Turkey and Venezuela. The list of signatories is [here.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdepts\u002Flos\u002Freference_files\u002Fchronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm#The%20United%20Nations%20Convention%20on%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea)\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nWhen people underestimate the widespread adoption of UN documents, they don't realize that the UN is a very useful platform for achieving global stability and agreements. Instead many assume that others don't want to collaborate. We need even better global agreements to protect the common natural resources under the sea and the fish stocks that don't belong to any particular country. To protect the common resources, there's no better platform than the UN, but people won't support its further development if they don't realize how well it has worked so far.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMany people underestimate how truly global UN collaborations are. Almost all treaties we ask about are completely underestimated. They have little faith that countries can make agreements on a large scale that can be successful.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, it's based on official documents. All the countries who have ratified it, acceded or succeeded to the treaty are listed by the UN [here.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fdepts\u002Flos\u002Freference_files\u002Fchronological_lists_of_ratifications.htm#The%20United%20Nations%20Convention%20on%20the%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea)\n","Most are on board","You completely underestimate how many countries have agreed about basic rules for the oceans.",{"metadata":12035,"sys":12042,"fields":12052},{"tags":12036,"concepts":12041},[12037,12039],{"sys":12038},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12040},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":12043,"id":12045,"type":14,"createdAt":12046,"updatedAt":12047,"environment":12048,"publishedVersion":925,"revision":580,"contentType":12050,"locale":27},{"sys":12044},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3tBmPsaqRo7HzAEIliFkOJ","2022-09-20T09:10:16.889Z","2023-11-27T09:06:16.583Z",{"sys":12049},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12051},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"globalId":12053,"answers":12054,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":12055,"questionText":12056,"statistics":12057,"veryWrongStatistics":12058,"correctSentence":12059,"youWereWrong":12060,"youWereRight":12060,"dataSourceShortText":12061,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12062,"extendedAnswerText":12063,"headingVeryWrong":12064,"youWereVeryWrong":12060,"headingWrong":12064},"1497",[],"Fish farming","What share of all fish caught for food across the world comes from fish farming?",[7713],[936],"Roughly 55% of the fish eaten by humans every year comes from fish farms.","We eat more farmed fish than wild fish, just like we eat more farmed animals and plants rather than wild animals and berries from the woods. ","FAO","The data comes from the FAO and is the most comprehensive available. It isn’t perfect as this isn’t a simple thing to measure. It relies on data provided by the countries themselves and the quality of data collection obviously varies between countries. The two independent experts we consulted on this question trusted FAO as the most reliable source and agreed that our correct answer is the most correct.\n\n[1]  [FAO – The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fcc0461en\u002Fcc0461en.pdf)  (page 1)\n","Since the 1960s, as incomes have grown, the amount of fish that people eat has been increasing faster than population growth. Fish farming has helped take the pressure off wild fish stocks and, since 2016, it has been the main source of fish humans eat. It has also helped provide jobs to people in rural areas.\n\nHowever, there have been some downsides of fish farming that need to be addressed in the future, including the destruction of habitats, use of harmful drugs and unsustainable production of fish oil.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we are afraid all wild fish will be eaten, we might attack overfishing in the wrong way. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen if comes to farms on land, we can see them and we are aware they produce meat and vegetables for us. But fish farms are pretty new, and many of them are in places and countries we don’t  see. We have a false understanding of fish we eat being just as wild as the bears and the rabbits in the woods.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\n\nYes. The data comes from the FAO and is the most comprehensive available. It isn’t perfect as fish production isn’t a simple thing to measure. It relies on data provided by the countries themselves and the quality of data collection obviously varies between countries. \n","Fish farms just like any farms",{"metadata":12066,"sys":12073,"fields":12083},{"tags":12067,"concepts":12072},[12068,12070],{"sys":12069},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12071},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":12074,"id":12076,"type":14,"createdAt":12077,"updatedAt":12078,"environment":12079,"publishedVersion":2709,"revision":998,"contentType":12081,"locale":27},{"sys":12075},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1PaPXZc6YW8xkxyvFlWIdV","2023-04-21T09:18:00.493Z","2023-11-27T09:06:16.506Z",{"sys":12080},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12082},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12084,"answers":12085,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":11227,"name":12086,"questionText":12087,"statistics":12088,"veryWrongStatistics":12089,"correctSentence":12090,"youWereWrong":12091,"youWereRight":12092,"dataSourceShortText":823,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12093,"extendedAnswerText":12094,"headingVeryWrong":12095,"youWereVeryWrong":12096,"headingWrong":12097},"1520",[],"Fishing trends","What happened to the total volume of fish caught in the wild every year during the past 20 years?",[4580],[3548],"The total volume of fish caught in the wild has roughly stayed the same every year during the past 20 years.","The catch of wild fish should have gone down, like you thought it did, but it hasn’t changed much over the past couple of decades","The amount of wild fish caught in the oceans and rivers has barely changed over the past couple of decades.","The FAO put the total catch from inland and marine sources at 90.9 million tonnes in 2000 and 90.3 million tonnes in 2020, which was a small decline. The figure for 2020 was the lowest for several years, in part because of the impact of the Coronavirus pandemic. In the years prior to that it had been up or down a few million tonnes each year, but nowhere near 30%. In September 2022, the Sea Around Us was adjusting its estimates for the period after 2014, but its previous numbers showed that the trend was roughly the same, even though its estimates were higher than the FAO’s. We consulted with three experts on this question and, even if they had an issue with the estimates from the FAO and Sea Around Us, they had no disagreement with our assessment of the trend over the past 20 years.\n\n[1]  [The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fcc0461en\u002Fcc0461en.pdf)  \n[2]  [Sea Around Us](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.seaaroundus.org\u002Fdata\u002F#\u002Fglobal?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10)  \n","Between 2000 and 2020, the amount of fish caught in the rivers and seas hasn’t changed much. That is despite people eating more fish than ever before. Fish farming has helped increase the amount available but, still, close to half of the fish eaten by humans today is caught in the wild.\n\nThe top three catches by weight in 2020 were: Anchoveta, Alaska Pollock and Skipjack Tuna.\n\nThere have been attempts to reduce the number of fishing boats and to protect certain species, but not enough has been done yet to cut out problems with pollution and overfishing. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe hear a lot about fishing destroying the fish stocks and human behavior harming ecosystems in the oceans but this doesn’t mean that wild capture numbers have increased dramatically. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThinking that the fish stocks have been recklessly fished to the brink of extinction can create a feeling of despair. Knowing that measures can and should be taken to protect the seas can give a sense of purpose and hope.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nData on the amount of fish caught is a very debated issue. The FAO is widely respected by many experts, but critics do not like the fact that it comes directly from governments. Some, they say, may have reasons to adjust their figures, while others may not be able to provide very accurate estimates. One alternative is the Sea Around Us - a project from the university of British Columbia - which has been working to replace the “missing data” that exists in the FAO numbers, which they believe comes from unreported catch numbers. The Sea Around Us’ numbers are quite a bit higher than those reported by the FAO, but the trend when it comes to the wild catch is very similar. That is why our answer “it stayed about the same,” is more correct when it comes to the trend over the past two decades than either of the other two answer options we use in our question.\n","Born to be food","People eat more fish today than ever, but that isn’t because more fish are being caught in the seas. ","Wishful fishing",{"metadata":12099,"sys":12106,"fields":12116},{"tags":12100,"concepts":12105},[12101,12103],{"sys":12102},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12104},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":797},[],{"space":12107,"id":12109,"type":14,"createdAt":12110,"updatedAt":12111,"environment":12112,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":45,"contentType":12114,"locale":27},{"sys":12108},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"mkejvKnAlnpLnYNHqIGKO","2023-09-01T15:43:51.169Z","2023-11-27T09:06:16.360Z",{"sys":12113},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12115},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12117,"answers":12118,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":12119,"questionText":12120,"statistics":12121,"veryWrongStatistics":12122,"correctSentence":12124,"dataSourceShortText":10374,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12125},"1712",[],"High Seas Treaty","Before countries signed the High Seas Treaty in March 2023, around 1% of international oceans were protected. What number does the new agreement aim to achieve?",[2638],[12123],"uk 0.4638","The High Seas Treaty aims to protect around 30% of international oceans.","[1]  [UNEP– “Marine biodiversity gets a lifeline with high seas treaty”, published in June 2023](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unep.org\u002Fnews-and-stories\u002Fstory\u002Fmarine-biodiversity-gets-lifeline-high-seas-treaty )        \n[2]  [ High Seas Alliance – High Seas Treaty FAQ](https:\u002F\u002Fdrive.google.com\u002Ffile\u002Fd\u002F1o4fCl2G3RBu0SXJfk-j2RYNzgZmyoumF\u002Fview?usp=sharing)             ",{"metadata":12127,"sys":12130,"fields":12140},{"tags":12128,"concepts":12129},[],[],{"space":12131,"id":12133,"type":14,"createdAt":12134,"updatedAt":12135,"environment":12136,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":45,"contentType":12138,"locale":27},{"sys":12132},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1ziSZENOKR5Ide6NvLkouE","2023-12-08T10:41:01.302Z","2024-01-15T16:17:26.830Z",{"sys":12137},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12139},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12141,"answers":12142,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"veryWrongPercentage":741,"name":12143,"questionText":12144,"statistics":12145,"veryWrongStatistics":12146,"correctSentence":12148,"dataSourceShortText":12149,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12150},"1767",[],"Microplastics","Compared to 30 years ago, the pollution of microplastics in the world's oceans today is roughly:",[779],[12147],"usa 0.40","There are roughly 8 times more microplastics in the oceans today compared to 30 years ago, according to experts’ estimates.","Source: Lebreton et al","Microplastics are pieces of plastic smaller than 0.5cm. These are from bigger pieces of plastic that have degraded over time.\nThe figures we used in this question are estimates and the figures we use are only as good as that estimate which extrapolates from one sample from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch located in the North Pacific. That sample showed the modeled age distribution of secondary microplastics generated from the degradation of macroplastics that most (74%) of the degraded plastic mass in the ocean came from objects produced in the 1990s (27%) and earlier (47%). \n\n[1]  [Lebreton, Egger and Slat, “A global mass budget for positively buoyant macroplastic debris in the ocean” published in Scientific Reports in 2019.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Farticles\u002Fs41598-019-49413-5)                        \n\n[2]  [Lebreton et al, via Our World In Data – Microplastics in the surface ocean, 1950 to 2050](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fmicroplastics-in-ocean) \n",{"metadata":12152,"sys":12155,"fields":12165},{"tags":12153,"concepts":12154},[],[],{"space":12156,"id":12158,"type":14,"createdAt":12159,"updatedAt":12160,"environment":12161,"publishedVersion":845,"revision":1270,"contentType":12163,"locale":27},{"sys":12157},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1e70e6241ed63b815821664e459b7035","2022-01-03T13:53:30.318Z","2023-12-08T10:44:17.421Z",{"sys":12162},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12164},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":12166,"heading":12167,"slug":12168,"questions":12169,"certificateText":12170},"sdg_world_14_cert","UN Goal 14: Life below water Certificate","un-goal-14-life-below-water-certificate-test",[11758,11866,11901,11935,11967,12001,12034,12065,790,12098,12126],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 14: Life below water, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":12172,"sys":12175,"fields":12183},{"tags":12173,"concepts":12174},[],[],{"space":12176,"id":12178,"type":39,"createdAt":12179,"updatedAt":12180,"environment":12181,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":22,"locale":27},{"sys":12177},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5DTi6XvFC1h7TgDQ014VzR","2020-11-17T11:26:54.526Z","2022-05-25T10:33:34.102Z",{"sys":12182},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":12184,"description":12185,"file":12186},"14. Life below water","Life below water icon",{"url":12187,"details":12188,"fileName":12192,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5DTi6XvFC1h7TgDQ014VzR\u002Fdd285508469a1c81be89bb2636498a7c\u002Fsdg_14",{"size":12189,"image":12190},6056,{"width":5903,"height":12191},115,"sdg_14","#0A97D9",[12195],{"metadata":12196,"sys":12199,"fields":12208},{"tags":12197,"concepts":12198},[],[],{"space":12200,"id":12202,"type":14,"createdAt":12203,"updatedAt":12203,"environment":12204,"publishedVersion":45,"revision":112,"contentType":12206,"locale":27},{"sys":12201},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5Gov7w4vbc2HZsSSDzwDiC","2022-10-06T09:12:10.320Z",{"sys":12205},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12207},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":12209,"challenges":12210},"UN Goal 14",[12211],{"metadata":12212,"sys":12215,"fields":12225},{"tags":12213,"concepts":12214},[],[],{"space":12216,"id":12218,"type":14,"createdAt":12219,"updatedAt":12220,"environment":12221,"publishedVersion":1246,"revision":998,"contentType":12223,"locale":27},{"sys":12217},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1lna9WjzMt96eUyeH58C97","2022-10-06T09:12:06.892Z","2022-10-06T13:25:42.428Z",{"sys":12222},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12224},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":12226,"title":11738,"slug":12227,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":12228,"combos":12248},"sdg_world_goal_14","sdg-world-goal-14",{"metadata":12229,"sys":12232,"fields":12240},{"tags":12230,"concepts":12231},[],[],{"space":12233,"id":12235,"type":39,"createdAt":12236,"updatedAt":12237,"environment":12238,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":12234},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6Jl6PZd0n9dITkFlret8ue","2022-10-06T08:13:57.705Z","2022-10-06T14:19:15.922Z",{"sys":12239},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":12241,"description":48,"file":12242},"SDG icon 14-03",{"url":12243,"details":12244,"fileName":12247,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6Jl6PZd0n9dITkFlret8ue\u002Fb6179f32c8bf4559ed66015c6a4e36d1\u002FSDG_icon_14-03.png",{"size":12245,"image":12246},23823,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 14-03.png",[],{"metadata":12250,"sys":12253,"fields":12263},{"tags":12251,"concepts":12252},[],[],{"space":12254,"id":12256,"type":14,"createdAt":12257,"updatedAt":12258,"environment":12259,"publishedVersion":2376,"revision":1099,"contentType":12261,"locale":27},{"sys":12255},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1rB8WTbvc6q3iJEga1RZSn","2020-11-03T13:03:05.703Z","2022-10-06T09:10:09.810Z",{"sys":12260},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12262},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":12264,"name":12265,"slug":12264,"tests":12266,"diplomaTest":12761,"icon":12781,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":12802,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":12803},"sdg-world-15","UN Goal 15: Life on land",[12267],{"metadata":12268,"sys":12271,"fields":12281},{"tags":12269,"concepts":12270},[],[],{"space":12272,"id":12274,"type":14,"createdAt":12275,"updatedAt":12276,"environment":12277,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":1184,"contentType":12279,"locale":27},{"sys":12273},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ff924081da393428ad069b429075d3f1","2022-01-04T12:15:33.622Z","2023-11-30T09:22:19.549Z",{"sys":12278},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12280},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":12282,"heading":12265,"slug":12283,"questions":12284},"sdg_world_15_t1","un-goal-15-life-on-land",[12285,12351,12386,12421,12455,12490,827,12524,12556,12589,12621,12652,12680,12709,12736],{"metadata":12286,"sys":12293,"fields":12304},{"tags":12287,"concepts":12292},[12288,12290],{"sys":12289},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12291},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12294,"id":12296,"type":14,"createdAt":12297,"updatedAt":12298,"environment":12299,"publishedVersion":12301,"revision":741,"contentType":12302,"locale":27},{"sys":12295},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"94aee499d271ae15dbe611c674cd4516","2021-11-11T07:17:16.481Z","2024-12-04T14:36:17.324Z",{"sys":12300},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},196,{"sys":12303},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12305,"answers":12306,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4132,"name":12307,"questionText":12308,"statistics":12309,"veryWrongStatistics":12326,"correctSentence":12342,"youWereWrong":12343,"youWereRight":12344,"dataSourceShortText":12345,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12346,"extendedAnswerText":12347,"headingVeryWrong":12348,"youWereVeryWrong":12349,"headingWrong":12350},"8",[],"Biologists have evaluated the status of more than ","Biologists have evaluated the status of more than 160,000 species of plants and animals. How many are endangered or threatened?",[12310,12311,12312,12313,12314,12315,6915,12316,12317,12318,5183,10126,12319,12320,12321,12322,12323,12324,6600,12325],"uk 0.8178","swe 0.6498271022365509","fin 0.57225654836364","usa 0.6","bra 0.59","fra 0.72","jpn 0.52","mex 0.76","rus 0.65","mar 0.67","nor 0.49","zaf 0.68","ind 0.6","pak 0.72","nga 0.64","dnk 0.58",[2910,6603,12327,12328,6606,12329,12330,6609,12331,6481,12332,12333,12334,12335,12336,12337,12338,12339,12340,12341],"bra 0.24","fra 0.19","jpn 0.14","mex 0.19","esp 0.10","mys 0.22","mar 0.34","fin 0.11","zaf 0.22","ind 0.24","pak 0.34","nga 0.21","phl 0.37","dnk 0.07","nor 0.06","Around 30% of all evaluated species are threatened or endangered.","If you think a majority of nature is threatened you may easily lose hope and fail to realize what is needed to save the species that are actually threatened.","They think most species are threatened, and maybe they think it's too late to save nature.","Source: IUCN Red List","Of the total estimated species, only 8% have been evaluated by the Red List, meaning we can’t know for sure what the number would be if all known species were evaluated, and we absolutely don’t know what the number is for all the species that are not yet discovered. But we can clearly see that the public are wrong about the rate of threatened species among those that are evaluated.\n\nAs of December 2024, the IUCN had assessed the threatened status of 166,061 species and of those 46,337 were classified as threatened (either critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable), which gives a percentage of 28%. (Those numbers also include fungi and protists, which are neither plants nor animals.)\n\nThe Red List uses a variety of criteria to assess the threatened status of a species, and focuses on the worst-case scenario, potentially overestimating the level of threat. The criteria are somewhat subjective and the decisions are secretive and in some cases there are political motivations to listing a species as more or less threatened than it is. Also, we humans tend to focus on where the problems are, so potentially when evaluating species for the Red List, those that are most endangered are being evaluated first, which would lead to 28% potentially being an overestimation, but nobody knows for sure.\n\nEven if different experts would assess the status of the same species differently, the 150,000 is such a large number that the disagreements would probably go in both directions. And even if 28% is probably an overestimation, it is definitely  “more right” than the other options of this question, which was confirmed by four independent biologists who we asked for feedback.\n\n[1]  [IUCN Red List, Table 1a](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fresources\u002Fsummary-statistics#Summary%20Tables)","If you believed most of nature was threatened already, we think it’s useful for you to realize that two thirds of all animals and plants are NOT threatened, yet. One third is terribly high, but it’s still possible to reverse the trend towards mass extinction. A lot of conservation work is successful but much more is needed.\n\n### Why ask this question?\nWe have no intention of trivializing the fact that one third of nature is threatened! We hope to help focus on the fact that most people believe that the situation is even worse, which we think is problematic. We believe that this may cause resignation, as people lose their hope. We hope that promoting this fact helps people realize that there’s still a lot we can and should do to reverse the trend towards mass extinction. It’s not too late, which many people seem to believe.\n\n### Is it too late to save nature?\nIt's not too late to save most of nature. We humans have destroyed lots of natural habitats, but that can come to an end. Many [conservation efforts have succeeded](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.theguardian.com\u002Fenvironment\u002Fgallery\u002F2018\u002Fmay\u002F22\u002F12-conservation-success-stories-in-pictures), and with more hard work we can still save many of these species from going extinct.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but you should know the limitations of the data. Every year, biologists across the world study the situation of plants and animals across the world and they publish their findings on the [Red List](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002F), where you can track the status of more than 160,000 species!\n\nThat is a lot, but it’s actually just 8% of all known species in the world, and nobody knows what share of all existing species are known.\nEven among the known species, 92% haven’t yet gotten enough attention to be fully investigated, mainly because it’s very costly to conduct multiple surveys of wild populations of animals and plants over time and track their decline. But new assessments of more species are still added every year, and with the additions to the list, roughly the same proportion is listed as threatened or endangered – around 28%. We have asked four independent experts to evaluate this question and they all agree that it seems correct.  \n","Nature is not lost yet","Most people exaggerate how many species are threatened. If you think almost all of nature is threatened you may easily lose hope and fail to realize what actions are needed to save the species that are actually threatened.","Most of nature is not threatened yet",{"metadata":12352,"sys":12359,"fields":12370},{"tags":12353,"concepts":12358},[12354,12356],{"sys":12355},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12357},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12360,"id":12362,"type":14,"createdAt":12363,"updatedAt":12364,"environment":12365,"publishedVersion":12367,"revision":364,"contentType":12368,"locale":27},{"sys":12361},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"e5efb78a503c0e9b2bc487e6e170b512","2022-01-03T13:49:05.373Z","2025-01-20T09:07:24.185Z",{"sys":12366},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},640,{"sys":12369},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12371,"answers":12372,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":12373,"questionText":12374,"statistics":12375,"veryWrongStatistics":12377,"correctSentence":12379,"youWereWrong":12380,"youWereRight":12381,"dataSourceShortText":12345,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12382,"extendedAnswerText":12383,"headingVeryWrong":12384,"youWereVeryWrong":12385,"headingWrong":12384},"97",[],"Most threatened animal group","What group of animals has the highest share of threatened species?",[375,12376],"swe 0.7864",[5459,12378],"swe 0.6019","The share of amphibian species that are threatened is 41%, which is a larger share than the 27% of mammal and the 12% of bird species.","Many birds are beautiful, but slimy and cold-blooded animals like salamanders and frogs are more threatened.","Many mammals are cute and beautiful and we adore them, but slimy and cold-blooded animals like salamanders and frogs are more threatened.","As of January 2025, the IUCN had assessed the threatened status of 166,061 species and of those 46,337 were classified as threatened (either critically endangered, endangered or vulnerable), which gives a percentage of 28%. Of the total estimated species, only 8% have been evaluated by the Red List. Among the evaluated species, 41% of the 8,009 evaluated amphibians were threatened. Among the 5,991 evaluated mammal species, 27% were threatened, and 12% of the 11,195 evaluated birds were threatened. But the uncertainties are high.\n\nThe Red List uses a variety of criteria to assess the threatened state of an animal, and focuses on the worst-case scenario, potentially overestimating the level of threat. Some have argued that the criteria may be subjective and different biologists interpret them differently. The decisions are secretive and there are political motivations to listing a species as more or less threatened than it actually is.\n\nSome of the observed differences across the groups may be a consequence of biased selection of which species get evaluated in the different groups. The difference is still large enough to assume that amphibians are more theatened than birds and mammals. We asked five independent experts to provide feedback about this, and they all agreed that these Red List estimates are the most reliable numbers that exist.\n\n[1]  [IUCN Red List, Download table 1a](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fresources\u002Fsummary-statistics#Tables_1_2)\n[2]  For this question we consulted five independent experts, including Tim McClanahan of the Wildlife Conservation Society. \n","Most people are aware of the threats to mammals like tigers and lions, who have cute little cubs. And we are mesmerized by beautiful birds and worry about losing some of nature's beauty when we hear they are threatened. Nature doesn't care if humans consider a species beautiful or not. The different species in nature depend on each other in complex ways that we are not even close to understanding. Today, some 41% of amphibians, like frogs and salamanders, are threatened. If they are lost, the ecosystem is so complex it’s impossible to predict how their disappearance will hurt other species. Therefore, they all need better protection for the sake of biodiversity, not for the sake of beauty!\n![Screenshot 2022-01-03 at 14.44.16](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1jB5BnHm3DImwu0cZJG1Ya\u002F3a2b3e08bd8efab137aecb792ba1c012\u002FScreenshot_2022-01-03_at_14.44.16.png)\n\n[IUCN Red List Index](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fassessment\u002Fred-list-index)\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople who try to save threatened animals struggle to bring attention to their cause and its understandable why they end up showing images of animals that many people find amazing or cute. The public then gets the impression that the amount of threatened lizards is smaller than the amount of threatened furry mammals, because they have seen almost no images of threatened lizards.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nEvery different species and animal group is important for biodiversity and the ecosystems they are a part of, no matter how cute or how visible the different species are.\nAs long as people see protection of nature as a beauty contest, they will continue to be unaware of the threats to amphibians and they won't realize the benefits of saving them. The survival of different species in ecosystems is intertwined in complex webs of dependencies. The extinction of a cold-blooded reptile species can indirectly result in the extinction of beautiful birds and cute mammals.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but it's important to realize the limitations of the Red List data, which you can red more about [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fassessment\u002Fred-list-index). The vast majority (92%) of known species are NOT yet evaluated. To evaluate the level of threat you need good enough population counts and counting animals in the wild is very costly. Only 8% of known species have good enough data to be evaluated. And then there's an unknown number of species that haven't even been discovered. Many of those may already be threatened. \nDespite these limitations, the proportion of threatened amphibians is so high that we are convinced they are under more pressure than mammals and birds. We asked for feedback about this from five different experts, and they all agreed the Red List has the best available conservation data.","Ecology is not a beauty contest","Mammals have cute cubs, but you don’t realize that slimy and cold-blooded animals, like salamanders and frogs, are the most threatened.",{"metadata":12387,"sys":12394,"fields":12405},{"tags":12388,"concepts":12393},[12389,12391],{"sys":12390},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12392},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12395,"id":12397,"type":14,"createdAt":12398,"updatedAt":12399,"environment":12400,"publishedVersion":12402,"revision":1330,"contentType":12403,"locale":27},{"sys":12396},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"76cb290ee998b6754c23866b13d9838c","2022-01-03T14:26:43.353Z","2023-11-27T09:05:44.012Z",{"sys":12401},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},249,{"sys":12404},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12406,"answers":12407,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":12408,"questionText":12409,"statistics":12410,"veryWrongStatistics":12412,"correctSentence":12414,"youWereWrong":12415,"youWereRight":12416,"dataSourceShortText":12417,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12418,"extendedAnswerText":12419,"headingVeryWrong":12420,"youWereVeryWrong":12415,"headingWrong":12420},"98",[],"Share of wild mammals","When counting the total body weight of all mammals in the world, roughly how much comes from wild mammals?",[12411],"uk 0.825",[12413],"uk 0.553","In terms of weight, just 5% of all mammals in the world are in the wild.","When you think of animals, you imagine them roaming in the wild. You don't realize how huge meat production is.","They imagine most animals roaming in the wild, and they don't realize how huge meat production is.","Source: The Global Biomass of Wild Mammals (2023)","The original source of this question was a 2018 paper from Yinon M. Bar-On, Rob Phillips, and Ron Milo[2] which estimated the biomass of all living things on earth in gigatons of carbon (Gt C). In total, all mammals on Earth weigh 0.167 gigatons of carbon and of this around 4% came from wild animals, around 36% came from humans, and around 60% came from livestock.\n\nThe researchers used various sources and calculated the biomass of each group of mammals by multiplying the carbon stock for a single organism by the number of individuals in that group. For example, for humans, they calculated the average carbon quantity of a person and multiplied that by the human population.\n\nIn 2023, another paper was published by Bar-On, Milo and others [1]. This paper estimated the biomass of terrestrial wild mammals at 20 million tonnes and wild marine mammals at 40 million tonnes. In total, they estimated the biomass of all mammals on earth to be around 1.08 billion tonnes. This means wild mammals account for around 5.5% of the biomass of all mammals on Earth. \n\nThere are of course uncertainties in any biomass calculation on this scale. As the researchers highlight in their paper, the largest uncertainties are with marine species and other taxonomies that have smaller and fragmented samples. \n\nWe consulted three independent experts for this question, who all agreed that the source and figures we use are reliable and trusted and we should not hesitate to use them to understand the scale of different mammals’ weight.\n\n[1]  [The Global Biomass of Wild Mammals (2023) - Greenspoon L, Krieger E, Sender R, Rosenberg Y, Bar-On YM, Moran U, Antman T, Meiri S, Roll U, Noor E, Milo R.](ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u002Fpmc\u002Farticles\u002FPMC10013851\u002F)\n\n[2]  [The Biomass Distribution on Earth (2018) - Yinon M. Bar-On, Rob Phillips, Ron Milo](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.pnas.org\u002Fcontent\u002F115\u002F25\u002F6506)\n\n[3]  [Our World in Data - The distribution of all global biomass](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Flife-on-earth#humans-account-for-just-0-01-of-biomass)\n\n[4]  For this question we consulted three independent experts, including Luca Borger of Swansea University and Jonathan Loh of the University of Kent.","More than half of the weight of all mammals in the world can be accounted for by livestock and farm animals, like cows and pigs. When we think of wild animals like lions and tigers or giant elephants and whales, it can be hard to imagine that more than 90% of the biomass of all mammals in the world comes from domestic animals, and from humans.\n\nMost people completely underestimate the huge amount of animals that are raised to be eaten or used for other agricultural purposes. If people were more aware how small a share of the world’s biomass wild animals are perhaps they would be more concerned with protecting nature.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe don't know, but maybe the overestimation of wild animals is because \nthe number of wild species is so large. People easily recall the short list of common farm animals, like cows and pigs, but when it comes to wild animals they know there are thousands of fascinating wild species. It's hard to imagine that the rich variation in the wild makes up a tiny fraction of the total body weight, compared to a few well known domestic animal species.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf people assume there's great abundance of animals in the wild, they probably don't realize the need for more environmental protection. Also, in overestimating the share of wild animals people are probably underestimating the share of livestock (around 60% of all mammals’ biomass) and not realizing the full scale of meat production and farming. Humans, meanwhile, make up 36% of all mammals' biomass.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\n\nYes, you can. It is important to understand that the number refers to the weight of mammals, including humans, and not the number of individual animals.\n\nWe spoke to three different independent experts who all agreed that this estimate is probably correct.","Born to be eaten",{"metadata":12422,"sys":12429,"fields":12440},{"tags":12423,"concepts":12428},[12424,12426],{"sys":12425},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12427},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12430,"id":12432,"type":14,"createdAt":12433,"updatedAt":12434,"environment":12435,"publishedVersion":12437,"revision":1270,"contentType":12438,"locale":27},{"sys":12431},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"acdaf8c63694ff2c5c6890c04490a5a0","2022-01-04T08:50:53.188Z","2023-11-27T09:05:43.953Z",{"sys":12436},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},314,{"sys":12439},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12441,"answers":12442,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":12443,"questionText":12444,"statistics":12445,"veryWrongStatistics":12446,"correctSentence":12447,"youWereWrong":12448,"youWereRight":12449,"dataSourceShortText":12450,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12451,"extendedAnswerText":12452,"headingVeryWrong":12453,"youWereVeryWrong":12454,"headingWrong":12453},"99",[],"Farming land use","What share of all agricultural land worldwide is used for feeding animals?",[934],[11892],"Roughly 80% of agricultural land is used for animals.","You believed less than half of all agricultural land is used for animals, but it's actually most of it.","They don't realize that most agricultural land is used for animals.","Data: Multiple sources","Estimating this number is very tricky, as the specific land use is not known for every farm in the world. The first source (Poore & Nemecek)[1] for this estimate is a peer-reviewed study in the journal Science, based on a sample of farms containing more and better data from certain countries and from commercial farms, but almost no data from small farms, which could skew the number either way. \n\nHowever, the figure is similar to other sources, including the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) which puts the figure at 80%. [2]\n\nThe figure of 83% which we used as the correct answer only considers land used for food, disregarding things like biofuel, cotton and leather. \n\nThe land that animals have to roam and graze on is larger than the amount of land used to grow crops. It is important to realize, though, that not all of that land would be suitable to grow crops on.\n\n[1]  [“Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers” (Science; 1st June 2018; Poore & Nemecek)](https:\u002F\u002Fscience.sciencemag.org\u002Fcontent\u002F360\u002F6392\u002F987.full)\n\n[2]  [FAO - Land use](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Ffaostat\u002Fen\u002F#data\u002FRL\u002Fmetadata)\n\n[3]  [“Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed\u002Ffood debate” (Global Food Security; September 2017; Mottet and Haan et al)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\u002Fscience\u002Farticle\u002Fabs\u002Fpii\u002FS2211912416300013)\n\n[4]  [Our World In Data - Land Use](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fland-use#half-of-the-world-s-habitable-land-is-used-for-agriculture)\n\n[5]  For this question we consulted two independent experts, including Navin Ramankutty of the University of British Columbia.","Most agricultural land is used for animals to eat grass or to grow crops to feed them. When you stand in a supermarket, the aisles with meat and dairy take up only a small part of the store. It's difficult to realize that these products use 80% or more of all agricultural land in the world. The land use is one way that meat production contributes to climate change. A lot of that land could have been forest.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nMeat production contributes to climate change and loss of biodiversity when forest areas are turned into grazing land. But the consumption of meat often happens far away from the production, and most consumers are unaware of the massive impact of their food habits. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nVegetables and cereals are a major part of our diet. It's hard to imagine they are only a minor part of all farmland used. When people see fields with crops, they probably don't realize that nearly half of those crops are used to feed animals.\n\n### How much is pasture?\nGrazing land for livestock such as cows and sheep makes up roughly 70% of all farmland. In addition to grazing land, roughly 13% of farmland is used to grow crops for feeding animals. In this comparison we don't include farmland used for other things than food production, such as cotton.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but global estimates always have some uncertainty. Land use is not known for all farms in the world. This data is based on commercial farms and not many small holdings, which could skew the number either way. However, multiple sources have similar figures and the three independent experts we asked all agree that the correct number is roughly 80%. ","Lots of meat land","You believed a small portion of all land that farmers use is for animals, but it's actually almost all of it. ",{"metadata":12456,"sys":12463,"fields":12474},{"tags":12457,"concepts":12462},[12458,12460],{"sys":12459},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12461},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12464,"id":12466,"type":14,"createdAt":12467,"updatedAt":12468,"environment":12469,"publishedVersion":12471,"revision":1390,"contentType":12472,"locale":27},{"sys":12465},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2d71d66ece141a4f7fb3658eead4ea84","2022-01-04T09:32:01.694Z","2023-11-27T09:05:43.893Z",{"sys":12470},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},536,{"sys":12473},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12475,"answers":12476,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":409,"name":12477,"questionText":12478,"statistics":12479,"veryWrongStatistics":12481,"correctSentence":12483,"youWereWrong":12484,"youWereRight":12485,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12486,"extendedAnswerText":12487,"headingVeryWrong":12488,"youWereVeryWrong":12484,"headingWrong":12489},"100",[],"Forest area","What happened to the global forest area in the last 30 years?",[12480],"uk 0.925",[12482],"uk 0.655","Globally, the area of natural forest decreased roughly 10% over the past 30 years.","Deforestation is real, but it's not as fast as you think.","Deforestation is happening much slower than most people think.","We base this on two data sources using very different methods. First, the UN data is mostly based on official statistics reported from the ground. The second source is based on satellite imagery.\n\nThe first estimate comes from the latest Global Forest Resources Assessment from the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization FAO [1]. It is a collection of data on forest area, and other land with trees and wooded areas from 1990 to 2020. It estimates that the area covered with trees decreased by 4.2%, between 1990 and 2020.  A tree-covered area is defined as “forest or other areas with a canopy cover of 10% trees that are able to reach 5m in situ”, which includes planted trees and areas that are intended to be replanted. \n\nThe FAO’s estimate for loss of naturally regenerating forest is 8% from 1990 to 2020. This loss of natural forest is somewhat hidden in the total area covered with trees by the increase of, for example, fruit tree plantations, palm oil plantations and olive orchards and trees in urban settings. So while we aren’t losing as many trees as we think, most of the loss is coming from naturally regenerating forests, where biodiversity is usually many times higher than in planted forests\n\nGlobal Forest Watch is another source of tree cover data [3], which uses satellite imagery instead of on the ground reporting and measures only trees that meet the canopy requirement rather than those that are expected to grow to that height and coverage as well. Its estimate for tree cover from 2001 to 2021 is an 11% decrease. This does not include tree cover gain, which for 2001-2012 (only available years) was 38% of what was lost. \n\nTo avoid underestimating deforestion we chose the largest decrease from the two sources as our correct answer option.   \n\n[1]  [FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment data dashboard] (https:\u002F\u002Ffra-data.fao.org\u002FWO\u002Ffra2020\u002Fhome\u002F) \n\n[2]  [FAO 2020 Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main report (page 16, 28)](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fca9825en\u002FCA9825EN.pdf)\n\n[3]  [Global Forest Watch. “Tree Cover Loss” and “Tree cover Gain”](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.globalforestwatch.org\u002Fdashboards\u002Fglobal\u002F)\n\n[4]  For this question we consulted eight independent experts, including Rodney Keenan of the University of Melbourne. ","We frequently hear about wildfires and deforestation and people easily imagine that natural forests are being lost at a much faster speed than is actually the case.\n\nDuring the past 30 years, roughly 10% of all natural forests have been chopped down. Roughly half of that area was replanted with new trees, either as plantations or as planted forests, which almost always have much less biodiversity, as the natural variation of trees of different ages and types is usually lost when replanted.\n\nTo stop deforestation it's important to recognize that it's much slower than people seem to believe, and also to realize that it is motivated by economic needs. Forest owners can make more money by turning forests into farmland or plantations. If forest owners are to stop chopping down their trees, they need other things to earn money from. Local farmers need to be economically compensated in order to avoid turning more forest into farmland.\n\n### Why is it bad to be wrong about this?\nMany people have lost hope and think it's too late to save what remains of nature. If people think that conservation efforts don't work, they give up and stop supporting the economic investments needed to protect the natural habitats and biodiversity that remains.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMany people have seen environmental reports of terrible deforestation from places like the Amazon and Borneo, where large areas of unique forest have been lost. The media doesn't give the same attention to reports about forest that are not lost, and all the successfull conservation projects where natural forests are protected.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but the definition of forest is not as trivial as it may seem. To call something a forest, how tall trees do you mean and how far apart? In any case, of the three answer options we give to this question, its definitely around 10% that is the most correct option, according to mutliple independent sources. \nIt is possible that 10% is a slight overestimation as the earliest satellite analyses missed some large forested areas. ","Deforestation in slow motion","Deforestation in slow motion ",{"metadata":12491,"sys":12498,"fields":12509},{"tags":12492,"concepts":12497},[12493,12495],{"sys":12494},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12496},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12499,"id":12501,"type":14,"createdAt":12502,"updatedAt":12503,"environment":12504,"publishedVersion":12506,"revision":587,"contentType":12507,"locale":27},{"sys":12500},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ade8b206bb6ef02861964176df77fccd","2022-01-04T09:32:07.228Z","2025-03-17T12:41:14.971Z",{"sys":12505},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},132,{"sys":12508},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12510,"answers":12511,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1689,"name":12512,"questionText":12513,"statistics":12514,"veryWrongStatistics":12515,"correctSentence":12517,"youWereWrong":12518,"youWereRight":12519,"dataSourceShortText":12520,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12521,"extendedAnswerText":12522,"headingVeryWrong":12523,"youWereVeryWrong":12518,"headingWrong":12523},"101",[],"Rainforest trend","Of all the area that was tropical rainforest 100 years ago worldwide, how much is still tropical rainforest today?",[3824],[12516],"uk 0.264","More than 30% of the area that was tropical rainforest 100 years ago is still tropical rainforest today.","You are right that a lot of the original tropical rainforest has been lost. But you underestimated how much still remains.","They realize that lots of rainforest has been lost, but they underestimate how much remains.","Source: Rainforest Foundation Norway","In the report we use for this question, tropical rainforest is defined as having a lot of precipitation (between 1.5m - 9m a year according to the report) and a climate which is frost free. The report uses data from the FAO and Global Forest Watch. It is, the authors say, the first analysis of tropical rainforest ever done.\n\nThe figures from 100 years ago rely on estimates and cannot be considered exact. Indeed, among the six independent experts we contacted about this question, there were various disagreements and skepticism about the figures  Rainforest Foundation Norway uses. Counting trees is notoriously difficult and subject to different definitions and counting. However, there was little argument that - of the three options used in the question - “more than 30%” was more correct than the other two options. \n\n[1]  [Rainforest Foundation Norway - “State of the Tropical Rainforest”, from March 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.regnskog.no\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Fonly-a-third-of-the-worlds-rainforests-remains-intact) \n\n[2]  For this question we consulted six independent experts, including Rodney Keenan of the University of Melbourne.","Of all the tropical rainforest that once covered the Earth, roughly 34% has been turned into farmland or plantations, and a further 30% has been degraded with planted trees and less biodiversity. While these are alarming numbers, most people believe the devastation has been even worse. Roughly one third still remains more or less 'untouched'. \n\nInstead of giving up hope, everyone should know that a third of the original tropical rainforests are still possible to save.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nA lot of tropical rainforest in the world has been degraded or destroyed, but not all of it. There is still a third of the world's tropical rainforest that needs protecting. If most people think that there is much less rainforest left they might think all hope has already been lost, but that is not the case!\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nDeforestation and degradation of rainforests is a huge problem and something that needs to be taken seriously. Most people are aware of this, therefore they overestimate the size of the problem in their heads.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. But you need to be aware that this data is an estimation. \nMeasuring forests and counting trees is extrememly difficult and there are many different opinions on the best ways to define and measure forests, not to mention that some of the data here is over 100 years old.\n\nDespite these issues the source uses data from two of the best forest data sets (the UN's FAO, and Global Forest Watch) and although the six experts we contacted had various concerns, there was agreement that “more than 30%” was more correct than the two other answer options we use. \n","The rainforests haven't all been destroyed... yet",{"metadata":12525,"sys":12532,"fields":12542},{"tags":12526,"concepts":12531},[12527,12529],{"sys":12528},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12530},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12533,"id":12535,"type":14,"createdAt":12536,"updatedAt":12537,"environment":12538,"publishedVersion":2607,"revision":580,"contentType":12540,"locale":27},{"sys":12534},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"58rVOSDLPfIt5nhErYLRs7","2022-11-04T09:54:18.625Z","2023-11-27T09:05:43.359Z",{"sys":12539},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12541},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12543,"answers":12544,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":12545,"questionText":12546,"statistics":12547,"veryWrongStatistics":12548,"correctSentence":12550,"youWereWrong":12551,"youWereRight":12552,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12553,"extendedAnswerText":12554,"headingVeryWrong":12555,"youWereVeryWrong":12552,"headingWrong":12555},"1512",[],"Land used for agriculture","Globally, what has happened to the size of the land area used for agriculture over the last 50 years?",[2737],[12549],"uk 0.444","The size of the land area used for agriculture stayed about the same over the past 50 years. ","As machinery, fertilizers and irrigation have improved, the amount of crops being grown on the same amount of agricultural land have increased by a huge amount.  ","As machinery, fertilizers and irrigation have improved, the amount of crops being grown on the same amount of agricultural land have increased by a huge amount. ","Agricultural land area is the combination of arable land, permanent crops, permanent meadows and pastures. \nThe FAO is reliant on data being reported by the countries themselves and so lacks oversight. This means that the definitions of agricultural land can differ between countries. This is more so in data covering African countries and dry Middle Eastern countries where pastures are quite different in nature and intensity. Despite those limitations, three independent experts we consulted agreed that the FAO is the most trustworthy and reliable source and - even though there has likely been a very small increase in agricultural land in the last 50 years - it is still closer to being the same than increasing or decreasing by 50% as we had as our other options.\n\n[1]  [FAO](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002Ffaostat\u002Fen\u002F#data\u002FRL)  \n[2]  [IPCC – Special Report On Climate Change and Land (2019)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\u002Fsrccl\u002Fchapter\u002Fchapter-1\u002F)  ","Since 1970, the amount of land used to feed animals and grow crops has increased around 5%. However, since 1960 the amount of food produced has increased 300%! \n\nIt is estimated that anything from a third to half of all the earth’s habitable land is used for agriculture. One of the biggest changes when it comes to agricultural land has been where in the world the farms and pastures are located. There has been a big reduction in agricultural land in northern (rich) countries, with land reforested. Meanwhile, there has been a big increase in the amount of agricultural land in countries in the (poorer) south, usually on land where forests are cut down.\n\nTo continue to feed a growing population without cutting down more forests, there needs to be even more improvements in technology to make sure even more food can be grown on the same amount of land. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMany know that more food has been produced to feed a bigger global population but assume that is more to do with the amount of land used for agriculture, rather than improvements in crop yields. Others who think the amount of agricultural land has decreased probably see the increasing numbers of people moving to towns and cities and think that means much less land used for farming.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThey won’t know what is possible! The incredible increase in the amount of food it is possible to get from the same amount of land compared to 50 years ago is proof that improved technology (when it comes to fertilizer, machinery, and irrigation) has been vital to feeding an increasing global population. Increasing investment and adapting the types of crops that are able to grow in warmer temperatures and with different types of pests is the next phase in improving crop yields even more. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but beware its limitations. The agricultural land area is the combination of arable land, permanent crops, permanent meadows and pastures. \nThe FAO is reliant on data being reported by the countries themselves and so lacks oversight. This means that the definitions of agricultural land can differ between countries. This is more so in data covering African countries and dry Middle Eastern countries where pastures are quite different in nature and intensity. Despite those limitations, three independent experts we consulted agreed that the FAO is the most trustworthy and reliable source and - even though there has likely been a very small increase in agricultural land in the last 50 years - it is still closer to being the same than increasing or decreasing by 50% as we had as our other options.\n","Similar amount of land, much more food!",{"metadata":12557,"sys":12564,"fields":12574},{"tags":12558,"concepts":12563},[12559,12561],{"sys":12560},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12562},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12565,"id":12567,"type":14,"createdAt":12568,"updatedAt":12569,"environment":12570,"publishedVersion":1370,"revision":998,"contentType":12572,"locale":27},{"sys":12566},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"fXyOvP8nt6TX7lA4NuEkd","2023-04-26T12:57:25.768Z","2023-11-27T09:05:43.720Z",{"sys":12571},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12573},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12575,"answers":12576,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":12577,"questionText":12578,"statistics":12579,"veryWrongStatistics":12581,"correctSentence":12583,"youWereWrong":12584,"youWereRight":12584,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12585,"extendedAnswerText":12586,"headingVeryWrong":12587,"youWereVeryWrong":12588,"headingWrong":12587},"1529",[],"Protected land areas over 30 years","Worldwide, what happened to the size of the land areas declared as protected in the last 30 years?",[12580],"usa 0.8138",[12582],"usa 0.3989","There was an 8% increase in the size of land areas declared as protected in the last 30 years.","The amount of land that countries have designated as protected has INCREASED, not decreased. ","For this question we use data from the UN World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) via the Protected Planet website. The global figure for 1990 was around 8% and by 2020 it was close to 17%. \n\nThere are limitations with the data: firstly, countries choose which land they decide to protect. This can end up being ‘the land that nobody wants’ that they protect just to meet targets. There’s also no evidence that countries spend any more time, money or effort, conserving this land. \n\nDespite these issues with it, there are countries where the conservation of the land is being taken seriously. And the six independent experts we consulted for this question agreed that the World Database on Protected Areas that we used is the best source of data on protected land.\n\n[1]  [Protected Planet Report 2020 - Chapter 3](https:\u002F\u002Flivereport.protectedplanet.net\u002Fchapter-3)  \n[2]  [Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area) - via World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FER.LND.PTLD.ZS)  \n[3]  [World Bank Data Blog – “Chart: Protected Land Area Has Nearly Doubled Since 1990” published in July 2016.](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fopendata\u002Fchart-protected-land-area-has-nearly-doubled-1990)  \n","Preserving natural habitats is incredibly important to maintaining biodiversity. The amount of land that is now protected from human development has doubled since 1990, and today is more than 16% of all the world’s territory.\n\nWhile that is a positive development on paper, it is only the first step. That is because it isn’t always backed up with any more time, money or effort spent conserving this protected land.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey know that animal species have been declining and see that not enough action is being taken on climate change and, understandably, they assume the worst.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt shows a lack of belief that there is any interest in protecting the planet and that no effort is being made to prevent the destruction of nature. That can lead to feelings of hopelessness that will not help in the effort to prevent the worst impacts of climate change.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. But, as with any data, there are limitations with it. Firstly, countries choose which land they decide to protect. This can end up being ‘the land that nobody wants’ that they protect just to meet targets. There’s also no evidence that countries spend any more time, money or effort, conserving this land. \n\nDespite these issues with it, there are countries where the conservation of the land is being taken seriously. And the six independent experts we consulted for this question agreed that the World Database on Protected Areas that we used is the best source of data on protected land.\n","More protection, not less!","The amount of land that countries have designated as protected has INCREASED, not decreased. And certainly not by 50%!",{"metadata":12590,"sys":12597,"fields":12607},{"tags":12591,"concepts":12596},[12592,12594],{"sys":12593},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12595},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12598,"id":12600,"type":14,"createdAt":12601,"updatedAt":12602,"environment":12603,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":998,"contentType":12605,"locale":27},{"sys":12599},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"98SmRegf3ACwGFXUmbvJd","2023-04-19T09:41:38.730Z","2023-11-27T09:05:43.284Z",{"sys":12604},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12606},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12608,"answers":12609,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":12610,"questionText":12611,"statistics":12612,"veryWrongStatistics":12613,"correctSentence":12614,"youWereWrong":12615,"youWereRight":12616,"dataSourceShortText":12617,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12618,"headingVeryWrong":12619,"youWereVeryWrong":12620,"headingWrong":12619},"1583",[],"number of extinct species","How many species of animals and plants are confirmed by biologists to have gone extinct in the last 200 years?",[2638],[6236],"Around 600 species of animals and plants are confirmed to have gone extinct in the last 200 years.","The KNOWN extinctions are 100 times lower than you believed. The ACTUAL extinctions are unknown, as species may have gone extinct before they had even been discovered. ","The KNOWN extinctions are much lower than they believed. The ACTUAL extinctions are unknown, as species may have gone extinct before they had even been discovered. ","Source: IUCN red list","[1]  [ IUCN red list](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fsearch\u002Flist) ","You are not even close!","The KNOWN extinctions are 1,000 times lower than you believed. The ACTUAL extinctions are unknown, as species may have gone extinct before they had even been discovered. ",{"metadata":12622,"sys":12629,"fields":12639},{"tags":12623,"concepts":12628},[12624,12626],{"sys":12625},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12627},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12630,"id":12632,"type":14,"createdAt":12633,"updatedAt":12634,"environment":12635,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":998,"contentType":12637,"locale":27},{"sys":12631},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4p6N59m8EvzEhkox9LjVJk","2023-04-26T08:16:09.431Z","2023-11-27T09:05:43.190Z",{"sys":12636},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12638},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12640,"answers":12641,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":12642,"questionText":12643,"statistics":12644,"veryWrongStatistics":12646,"correctSentence":12648,"dataSourceShortText":12649,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12650,"extendedAnswerText":12651},"1596",[],"Oxygen produced by the Amazon forest","How much of the oxygen that the Amazon forest produces do we humans breathe?",[12645],"uk 0.837",[12647],"uk 0.309","Less than 1% of the oxygen produced by the Amazon forest  is added to the oxygen in the atmosphere and breathed by humans.","Source: Denning","[1]    [Scott Denning in The Conversation, “Amazon fires are destructive, but they aren’t depleting Earth’s oxygen supply” published in August 2019](https:\u002F\u002Ftheconversation.com\u002Famazon-fires-are-destructive-but-they-arent-depleting-earths-oxygen-supply-122369)  ","### Where does the oxygen we breathe come from? \nTrees on land are responsible for around 25% of the oxygen we breathe. The vast majority of the remaining 75% comes from plants in the oceans. Those marine plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis, just like the like trees and plants on land. \nHowever, a lot of the oxygen produced in forests is used up by microbes as they consume oxygen from the dead leaves, twigs and roots that the trees and plants shed.\n",{"metadata":12653,"sys":12660,"fields":12670},{"tags":12654,"concepts":12659},[12655,12657],{"sys":12656},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12658},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12661,"id":12663,"type":14,"createdAt":12664,"updatedAt":12665,"environment":12666,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":998,"contentType":12668,"locale":27},{"sys":12662},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7HLjODwutMEhD12bw0hmqA","2023-04-26T08:58:48.035Z","2023-11-27T09:05:43.110Z",{"sys":12667},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12669},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12671,"answers":12672,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":12673,"questionText":12674,"statistics":12675,"veryWrongStatistics":12676,"correctSentence":12677,"dataSourceShortText":12678,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12679,"extendedAnswerText":12651},"1597",[],"Oxygen from trees","Of all oxygen produced in a year, how much comes from trees? ",[2858],[7887],"Around 25% of all the oxygen produced in a year comes from trees.","Sources: Gough and Geider et al","[1]    [Gough, C. M., “Terrestrial Primary Production: Fuel for Life” published in Nature Education Knowledge in 2011.](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nature.com\u002Fscitable\u002Fknowledge\u002Flibrary\u002Fterrestrial-primary-production-fuel-for-life-17567411\u002F)       \n\n[2]  [Geider, Moore & Suggett, “Ecology of Marine Phytoplankton”, published in Ecology and the Environment in 2014](https:\u002F\u002Flink.springer.com\u002Freferenceworkentry\u002F10.1007\u002F978-1-4614-7501-9_23)     \n\n[3]  [National Geographic – “Save the Plankton, Breathe Freely”](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nationalgeographic.org\u002Factivity\u002Fsave-the-plankton-breathe-freely\u002F)      ",{"metadata":12681,"sys":12688,"fields":12698},{"tags":12682,"concepts":12687},[12683,12685],{"sys":12684},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12686},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12689,"id":12691,"type":14,"createdAt":12692,"updatedAt":12693,"environment":12694,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":998,"contentType":12696,"locale":27},{"sys":12690},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2FF0U4w7rQYIU80rZmDXuw","2023-04-26T09:03:55.479Z","2023-11-27T09:05:43.048Z",{"sys":12695},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12697},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12699,"answers":12700,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":12701,"questionText":12702,"statistics":12703,"veryWrongStatistics":12704,"correctSentence":12706,"dataSourceShortText":12707,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12708},"1598",[],"Birds threatened","Of all the known species of birds worldwide, how many are endangered or threatened?",[934],[12705],"uk 0.373","Worldwide, around 15% of the known bird species are endangered or threatened.","Source: IUCN","[1]    [IUCN Red List, Table 1a](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fresources\u002Fsummary-statistics#Summary%20Tables)     ",{"metadata":12710,"sys":12717,"fields":12727},{"tags":12711,"concepts":12716},[12712,12714],{"sys":12713},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12715},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":834},[],{"space":12718,"id":12720,"type":14,"createdAt":12721,"updatedAt":12722,"environment":12723,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":998,"contentType":12725,"locale":27},{"sys":12719},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6dgjOz5KANIkRnKuaLTPou","2023-05-15T15:04:21.462Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.989Z",{"sys":12724},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12726},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12728,"answers":12729,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":12730,"questionText":12731,"statistics":12732,"veryWrongStatistics":12733,"correctSentence":12734,"dataSourceShortText":2321,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12735},"1647",[],"Wildfires in Africa","What share of the total area burned by wildfires globally was in Africa, between 2001 and 2018?",[666],[784],"Between 2001-18, around 70% of the total area burned by wildfires globally was in Africa.","[1]  [FAO – Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020,\npage 91](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.fao.org\u002F3\u002Fca9825en\u002FCA9825EN.pdf)  ",{"metadata":12737,"sys":12740,"fields":12750},{"tags":12738,"concepts":12739},[],[],{"space":12741,"id":12743,"type":14,"createdAt":12744,"updatedAt":12745,"environment":12746,"publishedVersion":1370,"revision":91,"contentType":12748,"locale":27},{"sys":12742},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5udOWESvttrwmfJCO0lHWb","2023-11-30T09:19:41.682Z","2023-12-12T15:11:07.939Z",{"sys":12747},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12749},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":12751,"answers":12752,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":480,"veryWrongPercentage":2190,"name":12753,"questionText":12754,"statistics":12755,"veryWrongStatistics":12757,"correctSentence":12758,"dataSourceShortText":12707,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12759,"extendedAnswerText":12760},"1765",[],"Assessed species growth","Compared to the year 2000, how many species of animals, plants and fungi have been assessed in the wild and given a conservation status?",[12756],"usa 0.93",[11290],"In 2000, around 18,276 species had been assessed by IUCN and its partners. That had increased to more than 157,190 by the end of 2023 – a 700% increase.","\n[1]  [IUCN Red List, Summary Statistics](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\u002Fresources\u002Fsummary-statistics#Tables_1_2)                          \n\n[2]  [IUCN – 2000 IUCN red list of threatened species](https:\u002F\u002Fportals.iucn.org\u002Flibrary\u002Fsites\u002Flibrary\u002Ffiles\u002Fdocuments\u002FRL-2000-001.pdf)           \n","Most people are unaware of the huge increase in documented wild specie populations this century. There has been a 700% increase in the number of species assessed by biologists since 2000 and today we know more about living things than at any other time in history. \n\nOnly 7% of all known species that exist have been assessed, though, so there's a lot more work to do!",{"metadata":12762,"sys":12765,"fields":12775},{"tags":12763,"concepts":12764},[],[],{"space":12766,"id":12768,"type":14,"createdAt":12769,"updatedAt":12770,"environment":12771,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":1184,"contentType":12773,"locale":27},{"sys":12767},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"e896b1999e1b6c398b667700541a316c","2022-01-04T09:45:38.577Z","2023-11-30T09:22:38.404Z",{"sys":12772},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12774},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":12776,"heading":12777,"slug":12778,"questions":12779,"certificateText":12780},"sdg_world_15_cert","UN Goal 15: Life on land Certificate","un-goal-15-life-on-land-certificate-test",[12285,12351,12386,12421,12455,12490,827,12524,12556,12680,12652,12621,12589,12736],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 15: Life on land, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":12782,"sys":12785,"fields":12793},{"tags":12783,"concepts":12784},[],[],{"space":12786,"id":12788,"type":39,"createdAt":12789,"updatedAt":12790,"environment":12791,"publishedVersion":1017,"revision":2107,"locale":27},{"sys":12787},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6DPG9YvLvsnQ9VKqVnxTsv","2020-11-03T13:02:59.735Z","2022-10-19T07:57:08.297Z",{"sys":12792},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":12794,"description":12795,"file":12796},"15. Life on land","Life on land icon",{"url":12797,"details":12798,"fileName":12801,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F6DPG9YvLvsnQ9VKqVnxTsv\u002Fc25af8e24180906b4d173d5fe9481f0a\u002F15._Life_on_land.svg",{"size":12799,"image":12800},7121,{"width":5792,"height":8209},"15._Life_on_land.svg","#56C02B",[12804],{"metadata":12805,"sys":12808,"fields":12817},{"tags":12806,"concepts":12807},[],[],{"space":12809,"id":12811,"type":14,"createdAt":12812,"updatedAt":12812,"environment":12813,"publishedVersion":998,"revision":112,"contentType":12815,"locale":27},{"sys":12810},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2h5BRilitFatwuJUEJc7wu","2022-10-06T09:10:03.942Z",{"sys":12814},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12816},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":12818,"challenges":12819},"UN Goal 15",[12820],{"metadata":12821,"sys":12824,"fields":12834},{"tags":12822,"concepts":12823},[],[],{"space":12825,"id":12827,"type":14,"createdAt":12828,"updatedAt":12829,"environment":12830,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":91,"contentType":12832,"locale":27},{"sys":12826},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1GBABoHhvA23F8hpItitG0","2022-10-06T09:09:59.659Z","2022-10-06T13:25:37.922Z",{"sys":12831},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12833},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":12835,"title":12265,"slug":12836,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":12837,"combos":12857},"sdg_world_goal_15","sdg-world-goal-15",{"metadata":12838,"sys":12841,"fields":12849},{"tags":12839,"concepts":12840},[],[],{"space":12842,"id":12844,"type":39,"createdAt":12845,"updatedAt":12846,"environment":12847,"publishedVersion":44,"revision":45,"locale":27},{"sys":12843},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1pxNlgCjxoLp6aLhPAiSxO","2022-10-06T08:09:39.510Z","2022-10-06T14:18:52.411Z",{"sys":12848},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":12850,"description":48,"file":12851},"SDG icon 15-03",{"url":12852,"details":12853,"fileName":12856,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F1pxNlgCjxoLp6aLhPAiSxO\u002Fb5d1dc7007906f61f2199f9c8b5f7e65\u002FSDG_icon_15-03.png",{"size":12854,"image":12855},16063,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 15-03.png",[],{"metadata":12859,"sys":12862,"fields":12872},{"tags":12860,"concepts":12861},[],[],{"space":12863,"id":12865,"type":14,"createdAt":12866,"updatedAt":12867,"environment":12868,"publishedVersion":1651,"revision":2377,"contentType":12870,"locale":27},{"sys":12864},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3j7YFNQtepBvtWExidrO4k","2020-11-19T19:37:32.046Z","2023-09-04T09:55:58.927Z",{"sys":12869},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12871},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":12873,"name":12874,"slug":12873,"tests":12875,"diplomaTest":13665,"icon":13685,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":13706,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":13707},"sdg-world-16","UN Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions",[12876],{"metadata":12877,"sys":12880,"fields":12890},{"tags":12878,"concepts":12879},[],[],{"space":12881,"id":12883,"type":14,"createdAt":12884,"updatedAt":12885,"environment":12886,"publishedVersion":402,"revision":21,"contentType":12888,"locale":27},{"sys":12882},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"ef8d0447705b4b4d7e429c7b5e7e63ec","2022-01-04T12:12:12.019Z","2025-06-09T10:19:55.418Z",{"sys":12887},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12889},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":12891,"heading":12874,"slug":12892,"questions":12893},"sdg_world_16_t1","un-goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions",[12894,12926,12959,12991,13024,13057,865,13090,13143,13171,13200,13227,13255,13284,13312,13340,13374,13402,13432,13459,13483,1945,13506,13531,13560,13586,13613,13641],{"metadata":12895,"sys":12902,"fields":12913},{"tags":12896,"concepts":12901},[12897,12899],{"sys":12898},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12900},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":12903,"id":12905,"type":14,"createdAt":12906,"updatedAt":12907,"environment":12908,"publishedVersion":12910,"revision":587,"contentType":12911,"locale":27},{"sys":12904},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"0bc084cb6bb81e5d4646482bd90f468b","2022-01-04T12:10:08.146Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.928Z",{"sys":12909},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},406,{"sys":12912},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12914,"answers":12915,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":146,"name":12916,"questionText":12917,"statistics":12918,"veryWrongStatistics":12919,"correctSentence":12920,"youWereWrong":12921,"youWereRight":12922,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12923,"extendedAnswerText":12924,"headingVeryWrong":12925,"youWereVeryWrong":12921,"headingWrong":12925},"107",[],"Human rights institutions trend","In 2000, 21% of all countries told the UN they had an independent human rights institution. What is the share today?",[620],[5088],"62% of countries have applied to the United Nations for accreditation of some independent human rights institution.","More governments than you thought are stepping up to combat human rights abuses (at least on paper).","They don't realize that more and more governments are combating human rights abuses (at least on paper).","A National Human Rights Institution (NHRI) is an independent administrative body set up by a state to promote and protect human rights. They are supposed to operate independently from the government, but the power that some of these organizations have appears to be variable depending on the country they are in and how answerable they are to their respective governments. Some NHRIs have complaint handling mechanisms but most do not have the power to hand down enforceable, binding orders. \n\n[1]  [UN - SDG 16.A.1]( https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Fmetadata\u002Ffiles\u002FMetadata-16-0a-01.pdf)  \n[2]  [UN – Proportion of countries that applied for accreditation as independent National Human Rights Institutions in compliance with the Paris Principles (%)](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Fdataportal\u002Fdatabase)  \n[3]   For this question we consulted three independent experts, including Ryan Welch of the University of Tampa.  ","The [Universal Declaration of Human Rights](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fabout-us\u002Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights) was ratified by most countries 70 years ago when the UN was founded. But in many countries, these rights are still far from a reality. To speed up the process of enforcing these rights, the UN suggested in 1993 that all countries should have a dedicated independent institution to oversee that human rights are being protected.\n\nIn 2000, just 21% of all countries had reported to the UN that they had such an institution, but since then the share has almost tripled to 62% of all countries. Not all of these institutions are approved by the UN, as they don't have enough independence or power to hold people and organizations accountable, as the UN requires. Despite this, the fact that so many countries are trying to make the protection of human rights a reality is still progress that more people should be aware of.\n\n### What is a National Human Rights Institution?\nA National Human Rights Institution is officially defined as an independent administrative body set up by a state to promote and protect human rights. They are part of the state apparatus and are funded by the state. However, they operate and function independently from government. While their specific mandate may vary, the general role of NHRIs is to address discrimination in all its forms, as well as to promote the protection of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. You can read the official definition [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ohchr.org\u002Fen\u002Fprofessionalinterest\u002Fpages\u002Fstatusofnationalinstitutions.aspx), and read how the UN evaluates these institutions [on page 2, here](https:\u002F\u002Funstats.un.org\u002Fsdgs\u002Fmetadata\u002Ffiles\u002FMetadata-16-0a-01.pdf).\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nIn the media we often hear about new atrocities and human rights violations from across the world, so it makes sense that people assume few governments are setting up new institutions to prevent and police these violations.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nNew human rights abuses are reported from across the world every year, and most people are aware that human rights are far from universally respected. To make further progress it's still useful to realize that the UN keeps pushing more governments to respect human rights. One of the methods the UN uses is to ask governments to set up independent institutions. This work has been very successful during recent decades, and if more people knew about it, more pressure could be put on more governments to make human rights a reality sooner rather than later. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, the number comes from the UN, but please recognize that it counts the number of countries who have told the UN that they think they have the right kind of institution in place. It does NOT mean that the UN agrees. It is still a measure of the progress towards more universal human rights, as the applications to be accredited make it possible for the UN evaluators to investigate an institution's powers and independence and have a continued dialogue with abusive governments about their shortcomings.","More institutions for human rights",{"metadata":12927,"sys":12934,"fields":12945},{"tags":12928,"concepts":12933},[12929,12931],{"sys":12930},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12932},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":12935,"id":12937,"type":14,"createdAt":12938,"updatedAt":12939,"environment":12940,"publishedVersion":12942,"revision":1017,"contentType":12943,"locale":27},{"sys":12936},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"f16f53b9cd36174bc36bbb88abb5c8c2","2022-01-04T12:10:37.585Z","2025-09-18T12:26:20.700Z",{"sys":12941},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},146,{"sys":12944},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12946,"answers":12947,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":616,"name":12948,"questionText":12949,"statistics":12950,"veryWrongStatistics":12951,"correctSentence":12952,"youWereWrong":12953,"youWereRight":12954,"dataSourceShortText":12955,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12956,"extendedAnswerText":12957,"headingVeryWrong":12958,"youWereVeryWrong":12953,"headingWrong":12958},"106",[],"Feel safe walking alone","How many people in the world feel safe walking alone at night where they live?",[2456],[7051],"Globally, more than 60% of people feel safe walking alone at night where they live.","We often hear about the worst things that are happening throughout the world in the media and this probably causes you to picture things as being worse than they are in reality. ","We often hear about the worst things that are happening throughout the world in the media and this probably causes them to picture things as being worse than they are in reality. ","Source: Gallup","73% of people worldwide said in 2024 that they feel safe walking alone at night where they live. The countries in which residents were least likely to say they feel safe walking alone at night were mostly countries in Latin America and the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. \n\nDefining peace, safety, or security is a very difficult thing, but the data we used for this question is used by the UN to monitor SDG 16.1.4 and was recommended to us by two independent experts. \n\nAs with any average, it hides big differences between countries and there are limitations to the data. One key point is that the figures are just talking about people's feelings of safety, rather than diving into the topics of crime statistics and security and peace rankings of a country. Also, Gallup states in their methodology that they do not survey in areas where the safety of the interviewing is threatened. This obviously impacts a survey about how safe people feel in different areas. \n\n[1]  [Gallup – Law and Order Index](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gallup.com\u002Fanalytics\u002F356996\u002Fgallup-global-safety-research-center.aspx) \n\n[2]  For this question we consulted two independent experts, including Iain Brennan of the University of Hull.","Even if most people feel safe walking in their own neighborhood at night they find it hard to imagine that a majority of people in other places feel the same way.\n\nThere is, of course, lots of variation throughout the world, but on average more than half of the world's population feel safe walking alone at night where they live, which is great.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nMany global problems come from a misunderstanding of people in other countries and what we (often wrongly) imagine their differences to be. If people think that many others across the world are afraid to walk on their own streets for fear of crime, it can limit their opportunities for travel and cooperation with people in countries that are different to their own.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThe media shows the most extreme events in other countries. It is no surprise – that is their job. But it can lead to people thinking that the world is more scary and dangerous than it really is. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. However, the global average of 73% hides big differences between countries, that you can learn more about in the report by Gallup which we use as our source [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gallup.com\u002Fanalytics\u002F356996\u002Fgallup-global-safety-research-center.aspx).  \nOne key point to be aware of is that the figures are just talking about people's feelings of safety, rather than diving into the topics of crime statistics and security and peace rankings of a country. Also, Gallup states in their methodology that they do not survey in areas where the safety of the interviewing is threatened. This obviously impacts a survey about how safe people feel in different areas. ","Most actually feel safe",{"metadata":12960,"sys":12967,"fields":12977},{"tags":12961,"concepts":12966},[12962,12964],{"sys":12963},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12965},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":12968,"id":12970,"type":14,"createdAt":12971,"updatedAt":12972,"environment":12973,"publishedVersion":10824,"revision":734,"contentType":12975,"locale":27},{"sys":12969},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"dacc1ba06f74701f7dcafe43e0f1fa1b","2022-01-04T12:11:03.266Z","2024-03-19T09:44:14.692Z",{"sys":12974},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":12976},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":12978,"answers":12979,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2634,"name":12980,"questionText":12981,"statistics":12982,"veryWrongStatistics":12983,"correctSentence":12984,"youWereWrong":12985,"youWereRight":12986,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":12987,"extendedAnswerText":12988,"headingVeryWrong":12989,"youWereVeryWrong":12990,"headingWrong":12989},"105",[],"UN members from LMIC","What share of the members of the United Nations General Assembly are low- and middle-income countries?",[2638],[784],"Around 70% of members of the United Nations General Assembly are low- and middle-income countries.","You imagined that many countries aren’t part of the UN. That is completely wrong!","They imagine that many countries aren’t part of the UN, which is completely wrong.","Of the 193 members of the UN General Assembly in 2023, 133 were low- and middle-income countries. That is 69%. For this question we used the World Bank’s income classifications to come to our final figure.\n\n[1]  [UN – Member states](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fabout-us\u002Fmember-states )  \n[2]  [World Bank Income Classification](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906519)  \n[3]  [UN members by income groups , compiled by Gapminder](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1HP6gf_kuQK8yyZjvfaeV1kYRJnNO8CutUjx-vWkAZ44\u002Fedit#gid=0)  ","For some reason, many people don't realize that the UN is a global organization. The UN General Assembly is made up of 193 members, whose combined territory makes up pretty much 100% of the world.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople think only the richest countries get any say on important global matters. Many are skeptical or perhaps even cynical that many countries can come together to try to work together on complicated problems. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nEveryone should know that there is a truly global organization where the balance of low-, middle- and high-income countries is a reflection of reality. And that there is already an institution in place where massive problems that require a worldwide response, such as climate change, can be discussed.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes. The list of members comes directly from the UN and we use the World Bank’s income classifications to come to our final figure. Of the 193 members of the UN General Assembly in 2023, 133 were low- and middle-income countries. That is 69%. ","Most are middle-income countries","You probably think that many countries aren’t part of the UN. That is completely wrong!",{"metadata":12992,"sys":12999,"fields":13010},{"tags":12993,"concepts":12998},[12994,12996],{"sys":12995},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":12997},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13000,"id":13002,"type":14,"createdAt":13003,"updatedAt":13004,"environment":13005,"publishedVersion":13007,"revision":845,"contentType":13008,"locale":27},{"sys":13001},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"d9dda64d77fd3fe9f13d5e3bcffaf8f9","2022-01-04T12:11:24.643Z","2025-10-27T09:13:32.391Z",{"sys":13006},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},202,{"sys":13009},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":13011,"answers":13012,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":13013,"questionText":13014,"statistics":13015,"veryWrongStatistics":13016,"correctSentence":13018,"youWereWrong":13019,"youWereRight":13020,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13021,"extendedAnswerText":13022,"headingVeryWrong":13023,"youWereVeryWrong":13019,"headingWrong":13023},"104",[],"UN peacekeepers","Which group of countries sent the most troops on UN peacekeeping missions during the past 5 years?",[3759],[13017],"uk 0.585","Ethiopia, Rwanda, Bangladesh, India and Nepal send more troops on UN peacekeeping missions than high-income countries.","You assumed that rich countries are the ones contributing the most troops to UN peacekeeping missions. But that isn’t the case.","They assume that rich countries are the ones contributing the most troops to UN peacekeeping missions. But that isn’t the case.","According to the UN: “UN police and military personnel are \"contributed\" to serve under the blue flag from over 100 countries to carry out the mandates defined by the Security Council. Military operations aim to protect populations against threats and contribute to a secure environment. Policing is central in preventing, mitigating and resolving violent conflict and contributing to early peacebuilding and reconciliation. Uniformed personnel are contributed and deployed under several different types of arrangements.”\n\nThe latest ones we used are from August 2025, and show that Bangladesh (5,696), India (5,358), Nepal (6,033), Rwanda (5,891) and Ethiopia (1,543) each contribute over ten times more troops to UN missions than the UK (272), Germany (238) and South Korea (531) and more than a hundred times more than the US (20) and Switzerland (23).\n\nAccording to the UN: \"Peacekeeping soldiers are paid by their own Governments according to their own national rank and salary scale. Countries volunteering uniformed personnel to peacekeeping operations are reimbursed by the UN at a standard rate, approved by the General Assembly, of US$1,428 per soldier per month as of 1 July 2019.\n\n\"Police and other civilian personnel are paid from the peacekeeping budgets established for each operation.\n\n\"The UN also reimburses Member States for providing equipment, personnel and support services to military or police contingents.\"\n\n[1]  [UN - Troop and Police Contributors](https:\u002F\u002Fpeacekeeping.un.org\u002Fen\u002Ftroop-and-police-contributors)\n[2]  [Gapminder's tool  showing data for individual countries](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Fvpk)\n[3]  [United Nations Peacekeeping –How We Are Funded](https:\u002F\u002Fpeacekeeping.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fhow-we-are-funded)\n[4]  For this question we consulted three independent experts, including Richard Caplan of Oxford University.","Over the last five years, low- and-middle income countries like Ethiopia, Rwanda, Bangladesh, India and Nepal have sent more troops on peacekeeping missions than high-income countries like France, the USA, Japan, Germany, Switzerland, and Sweden. \n\nRich countries gain a lot from maintaining peace and usually authorize the missions but do little of the work on the ground.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen we see coverage of conflict and humanitarian crises, we often view them from the perspective of the richest countries flying in to save the day. It can be hard to recognize that peace is more likely to be maintained by troops from low- and middle-income countries.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt is vitally important for people to realize that peace in some of the world's toughest situations is maintained by troops and police officers from countries that are poor and do not necessarily have a reputation for leading international efforts.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes. The [figures](https:\u002F\u002Fpeacekeeping.un.org\u002Fen\u002Ftroop-and-police-contributors) come directly from the UN. The latest ones we used are from August 2025, and show that Bangladesh (5,696), India (5,358), Nepal (6,033), Rwanda (5,891) and Ethiopia (1,543) each contribute over ten times more troops to UN missions than the UK (272), Germany (238) and South Korea (531) and more than a hundred times more than the US (20) and Switzerland (23).\nYou can also see [Gapminder's tool  showing data for individual countries](https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Fvpk). The soldiers involved in peacekeeping missions are paid by their own governments according to their own national rank and salary scale. Countries volunteering uniformed personnel to peacekeeping operations are paid by the UN at a standard rate of US$1,428 per soldier per month.","Few blue helmets come from rich countries",{"metadata":13025,"sys":13032,"fields":13043},{"tags":13026,"concepts":13031},[13027,13029],{"sys":13028},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13030},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13033,"id":13035,"type":14,"createdAt":13036,"updatedAt":13037,"environment":13038,"publishedVersion":13040,"revision":364,"contentType":13041,"locale":27},{"sys":13034},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"101ecf924bd0667425a46e32336748ce","2022-01-04T12:11:48.152Z","2026-02-11T10:04:56.063Z",{"sys":13039},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},187,{"sys":13042},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":13044,"answers":13045,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":13046,"questionText":13047,"statistics":13048,"veryWrongStatistics":13049,"correctSentence":13051,"youWereWrong":13052,"youWereRight":13053,"dataSourceShortText":12955,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13054,"extendedAnswerText":13055,"headingVeryWrong":13056,"youWereVeryWrong":13052,"headingWrong":13056},"103",[],"Confidence in police","How many people in the world say they have confidence in their local police?",[1626],[13050],"uk 0.19","More than 50% of people say they have confidence in their local police force.","In the news we hear about corruption and police officers who treat people badly, but those are exceptions. We never hear when they do their job well.","They think most people have issues with their local police force, probably because that's what they hear in the news.","The surveys are conducted every year by Gallup, which is a reliable and respected polling company. The results for this question show that 71% of people polled in 2024 across 140 countries and territories were confident in their local police. An average of 1,000 people were surveyed in each of those countries. As with all averages, it doesn’t show that there are big differences between different countries and regions. We contacted four independent experts for this question, who had no argument with the correct answer or with the source.\n\n[1]  [Gallup - Global Law and Order 2025](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gallup.com\u002Fanalytics\u002F356996\u002Fgallup-global-safety-research-center.aspx)\n\n[2]  For this question we consulted four independent experts, including Xinyan Cheng of Bath University.","Across the world, most people trust their local police force, yet people assume they don’t. When we hear in the news about police forces in other countries it is typically because they are corrupt or they have committed some terrible injustice.\n\nOf course, different countries - and even different communities within a country - have different levels of trust in the police, but generally the number of people who trust their police is more than the numbers who don’t.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt can undermine our faith that other countries are safe and well functioning. If we assume people don’t trust the police it can really hold us back from visiting parts of the world we (probably wrongly) think are unsafe.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWhen our experience of other countries and regions is via the news we only get the most dramatic snapshot of what is happening at a particular moment in time, and that can warp our view of a country.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, the correct answer of 71% is roughly representative for the world population as it comes from surveys conducted by Gallup. An average of 1,000 people were surveyed in 2024 in 140 countries. As with most averages, there are big differences between different countries and regions, which are hidden behind this global number. We contacted four independent experts for this question, who had no argument with the correct answer or with the source.\n\n### What are the differences between different regions?\n\nThe figures below come from 2023 and show what share of people have confidence in their local police in different regions.\n\nSoutheast Asia - 84%\nWestern Europe - 79%\nSouth Asia - 80%\nNorth America - 74%\nEast Asia -72%\nMiddle East and North Africa - 72%\nEastern Europe - 69%\nSub-Saharan Africa - 60%\nLatin America and the Caribbean - 53%\n","Most trust their police",{"metadata":13058,"sys":13065,"fields":13075},{"tags":13059,"concepts":13064},[13060,13062],{"sys":13061},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13063},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13066,"id":13068,"type":14,"createdAt":13069,"updatedAt":13070,"environment":13071,"publishedVersion":138,"revision":21,"contentType":13073,"locale":27},{"sys":13067},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5301bb3df07c60e28442fb274a02b77a","2022-01-04T12:12:07.874Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.637Z",{"sys":13072},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13074},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":13076,"answers":13077,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":13078,"questionText":13079,"statistics":13080,"veryWrongStatistics":13081,"correctSentence":13082,"youWereWrong":13083,"youWereRight":13084,"dataSourceShortText":13085,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13086,"extendedAnswerText":13087,"headingVeryWrong":13088,"youWereVeryWrong":13089,"headingWrong":13088},"102",[],"Piracy attacks","What happened to the number of pirate attacks on boats worldwide in the last 10 years?",[1964],[1458],"Globally, the number of pirate attacks on boats decreased by more than 50% between 2012 and 2022.","The news likes to focus on the unusual, and the trends are rarely mentioned.","They have probably seen pirate attacks on the news and assume the problem is increasing.","Source: International Maritime Bureau Piracy Reporting Centre ","The data comes from the IMB Piracy Reporting Centre, which is the authority for piracy reporting data globally. We have also discussed this question with five experts in the field who are in agreement with the use of these findings.\n\nIMB is an independent and non-governmental agency acting as a single point of contact for shipmasters anywhere in the world whose vessels have been attacked or robbed by pirates. There are caveats to the IMB data, however. Attacks and attempted attacks are self-reported and IMB does not collect data in any other way such as crowdsourcing or monitoring seas for attacks. The organization receives the information from ships directly. \n\nSecondly, attacks and attempted attacks are likely undercounted (ships may not want to report certain attacks or attempted attacks). So, there probably is more sea piracy than is reported to the IMB. It is important to note that there was a spike in piracy attacks between 2009-2011, mostly driven by attacks off the coast of Somalia. If we look at data on hijackings, which are perhaps more likely to be reported than other forms of piracy, the decrease over the past 10 years is still real and sizable.\n\nIMB data for the first quarter of 2023 showed 27 reported incidents, a significant decrease from the 37 reported in the first quarter of 2022[4]. \n\n[1]  [Global Piracy attacks since 2010, IMB PRC - compiled by Gapminder](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1ozMWVsYQupAWT_TPico-bzsBAt_jA1NrgvYPoWSEcPY\u002Fedit#gid=501532268)\n\n[2]  [International Maritime Bureau Piracy Reporting Centre, IMB PRC](https:\u002F\u002Fallaboutshipping.co.uk\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F01\u002F2022-Annual-IMB-Piracy-and-Armed-Robbery-Report-ABRIDGED.pdf) \n\n[3]  [Adelina Tumbarska - CURRENT MARITIME PIRACY PRACTICES AND ANTI-PIRACY PROTECTION (https:\u002F\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\u002Fpublication\u002F326972597_CURRENT_MARITIME_PIRACY_PRACTICES_AND_ANTI-PIRACY_PROTECTION) \n\n[4]  [IMB records lowest level of Q1 piracy since 1993 in 2023 report](https:\u002F\u002Ficcwbo.org\u002Fnews-publications\u002Fnews\u002Fimb-records-lowest-level-of-q1-piracy-since-1993-in-2023-report\u002F) \n\n[5]  For this question we consulted five independent experts, including Brandon Prins of the University of Tennessee.\n","When we see reports of piracy on the news it's easy to believe that it's an increasing problem all around the world, which is just not the case. In reality, sea piracy has been on a downward trend over the past ten years. The number of reported pirate attacks globally decreased by more than 50% between 2012 and 2022, from around 300 to 115. \n\nMost attacks are actually opportunistic and most often target anchored ships to steal equipment, crews’ belongings and money. The exception was between 2009-2011, when significant numbers of attacks were conducted against vessels that were moving across the ocean (typically off the coast of Somalia). \n\nIt is hard to imagine today’s pirates, who typically spend most of their time on shore, using advanced machinery to track and capture boats and heavy weaponry such as machine guns and rocket propelled grenades to carry out their piracy. It is all a far cry from the classic images of bearded men with eye patches and wooden legs!\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we overestimate the threat posed by sea piracy we may avoid traveling to places that are far from dangerous. It's common to think the world is just getting more dangerous, but many dangerous things are actually declining, like sea piracy.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey probably hear about pirate attacks on the news, and it's easy to get the impression that things shown on the news are problems that are increasing. In fact, many of the scary things on the news are reported exactly because they have become more rare.\n\n### Where are sea pirates more common?\nIn recent years, maritime piracy has been intensifying in certain areas, with attacks often occurring in clusters around the Singapore Strait. While it has been declining in other areas such as Somalia, where there was a spike in attacks in 2009-2011, but none were recorded in 2022. You can see the data in [this graph](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.gapminder.org\u002Ftools\u002F#$ui$chart$endBeforeForecast=2021&showForecast:true;&projector:true;&model$markers$bubble$encoding$y$data$concept=pirats_bo&source=fasttrack&space@=country&=time;;&scale$domain:null&zoomed:null&type:null;;&frame$value=2010;&trail$data$filter$markers$mys=2010;;;;;;;;&chart-type=bubbles&url=v1) showing the number of reported piracy attacks on boats in different countries since 2010.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but there are limitations of the data, which comes from the IMB Piracy Reporting Centre, which is the authority for piracy reporting data globally. IMB is an independent and non-governmental agency acting as a single point of contact for shipmasters anywhere in the world whose vessels have been attacked or robbed by pirates. There are caveats to the IMB data, however. Attacks and attempted attacks are self-reported and IMB does not crowdsource or monitor seas for attacks. The organization receives the information from ships directly. Secondly, attacks and attempted attacks are likely undercounted (ships may not want to report certain attacks or attempted attacks). So, there probably is more sea piracy than is reported to the IMB. If we look at data on hijackings, which are perhaps more likely to be reported than other forms of piracy, the decrease over the past 10 years is still real and sizable.\n\nWe have consulted with five experts in the field who all agree that the global trend has been declining.\n","Fewer pirates make more headlines","The news likes to focus on the unusual, and when something becomes even more unusual, it may get even more news coverage, like sea pirates today.",{"metadata":13091,"sys":13098,"fields":13108},{"tags":13092,"concepts":13097},[13093,13095],{"sys":13094},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13096},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13099,"id":13101,"type":14,"createdAt":13102,"updatedAt":13103,"environment":13104,"publishedVersion":7552,"revision":734,"contentType":13106,"locale":27},{"sys":13100},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5oGYXac318KiaYGe79oPI","2023-02-02T10:59:46.834Z","2026-02-16T08:29:15.983Z",{"sys":13105},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13107},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13109,"answers":13110,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":480,"name":13111,"questionText":13112,"questionImage":13113,"statistics":13134,"veryWrongStatistics":13135,"correctSentence":13136,"youWereWrong":13137,"youWereRight":13138,"dataSourceShortText":13139,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13140,"extendedAnswerText":13141,"headingVeryWrong":13142,"youWereVeryWrong":13137,"headingWrong":13142},"1507",[],"Journalists killed","Which of these trends shows how many journalists were reported killed in the world since 1992?",{"metadata":13114,"sys":13117,"fields":13124},{"tags":13115,"concepts":13116},[],[],{"space":13118,"id":13120,"type":39,"createdAt":13121,"updatedAt":13121,"environment":13122,"publishedVersion":91,"revision":112,"locale":27},{"sys":13119},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5buoDose8eOJcMwritWlfv","2026-02-16T08:22:56.002Z",{"sys":13123},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":13125,"description":48,"file":13126},"Journalists reported killed",{"url":13127,"details":13128,"fileName":13133,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5buoDose8eOJcMwritWlfv\u002F8d954b845268a2c582dab0c0f278aba0\u002Fjournalists_killed_graph.png",{"size":13129,"image":13130},149212,{"width":13131,"height":13132},2080,1186,"journalists_killed_graph.png",[3994],[6236],"Since 1992, the number of journalists killed either while doing their job or for reporting the truth has stayed fairly stable. ","As long as there have been wars and repressive regimes, journalists have put themselves at risk. The conflicts and the governments may change, but journalists are no more protected.\n","Even though the conflicts and the repressive regimes may have changed, the risks to journalists are the same as they were before.","The Committee to Protect Journalists","We use data from The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), which is considered the most conservative in its estimates. It defines journalists as “people who cover news or comment on public affairs through any media”. Its figures do not include media workers, which includes people such as translators and fixers. CPJ investigates and verifies the circumstances behind each death and considers it \"confirmed\" as work-related only when reasonably certain that a journalist was murdered in direct reprisal for his or her work; in combat or crossfire; or while carrying out a dangerous assignment. Cases involving unclear motives, but with a potential link to journalism, are classified as \"unconfirmed\". It does not include journalists who are killed in accidents such as car or plane crashes. \nDefining what a journalist is and the reason someone was killed is complex and other sources such as the  [International Federation of Journalists](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ifj.org\u002Fwhat\u002Fsafety.html) have higher figures than the CPJ, but four independent experts we consulted about this question all said they recognized the CPJ data as reliable and trustworthy – despite it being more conservative than other sources.\n\n1. [The Committee to Protect Journalists](https:\u002F\u002Fcpj.org\u002Fdata\u002Fkilled\u002F?status=Killed&motiveConfirmed%5B%5D=Confirmed&motiveUnconfirmed%5B%5D=Unconfirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=1992&end_year=2021&group_by=year)\n2. [Gapminder compilation of CPJ data](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1jM-punJRpUgp6H2yl-uwwAJq0roAL1D4sf9syr6_5Dg\u002Fedit?pli=1&gid=569008164#gid=569008164) ","People know that journalists are risking their lives today to cover conflicts and leaders who are not afraid to try to silence them. It is probably because they don’t want to trivialize the deaths of journalists that they assume things are much worse today than they were before.\n\nThe number of journalists killed either while doing their job or for reporting the truth was stayed fairly stable since the 1990s until 2022 but then there have greater numbers of journalist killed in the years between 2023 and 2025.  The places where it has been happening may have changed but the one thing that isn’t different is that no-one ever really faces consequences when journalists die and the level of protection they get has not changed at all.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey hear about journalists being killed in war zones, or even targeted and killed and probably assume that this is a new problem. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we don’t realize this has been going on for a long time, we might not know that there are very often no consequences for people involved in the deaths of journalists. Journalists will continue to be killed if people are never held accountable for their deaths.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but there are different numbers used by different sources and it is important to know what is being measured. We use data from The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), which is considered the most conservative in its estimates. It defines journalists as “people who cover news or comment on public affairs through any media”. Defining what a journalist is and the reason someone was killed is complex and other sources such as the [International Federation of Journalists](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ifj.org\u002Fwhat\u002Fsafety.html) have higher figures than the CPJ, but four independent experts we consulted about this question all said they recognized the CPJ data as reliable and trustworthy – despite it being more conservative than other sources.\n\n### How many deaths are unconfirmed?\nAs mentioned above, the CPJ figures show confirmed deaths. You can see a breakdown on the [CPJ’s website](https:\u002F\u002Fcpj.org\u002Fdata\u002Fkilled\u002F?status=Killed&motiveUnconfirmed%5B%5D=Unconfirmed&type%5B%5D=Journalist&start_year=1992&end_year=2021&group_by=year) of both confirmed and unconfirmed deaths and of media workers as well as journalists. \n","Bad before, bad now, but not much worse",{"metadata":13144,"sys":13151,"fields":13161},{"tags":13145,"concepts":13150},[13146,13148],{"sys":13147},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13149},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13152,"id":13154,"type":14,"createdAt":13155,"updatedAt":13156,"environment":13157,"publishedVersion":1390,"revision":91,"contentType":13159,"locale":27},{"sys":13153},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"OfzOxG0d4P4eth65j34HA","2023-04-26T09:11:13.842Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.452Z",{"sys":13158},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13160},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13162,"answers":13163,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":13164,"questionText":13165,"statistics":13166,"veryWrongStatistics":13167,"correctSentence":13169,"dataSourceShortText":4055,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13170},"1599",[],"Contact with police","What share of the world's population is suspected, arrested or cautioned by the police or criminal justice systems each year?",[934],[13168],"uk 0.361","Around 2% of the world's population is suspected, arrested or cautioned by the police or criminal justice systems each year.","[1]    [UNODC – Persons brought into formal contact](https:\u002F\u002Fdataunodc.un.org\u002Fdata\u002Fcrime\u002FPersons%20brought%20into%20formal%20contact)     ",{"metadata":13172,"sys":13179,"fields":13189},{"tags":13173,"concepts":13178},[13174,13176],{"sys":13175},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13177},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13180,"id":13182,"type":14,"createdAt":13183,"updatedAt":13184,"environment":13185,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":44,"contentType":13187,"locale":27},{"sys":13181},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7zGT0cdHGoQZMNBkCdzDgd","2023-04-26T12:47:13.891Z","2023-12-14T16:24:35.822Z",{"sys":13186},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13188},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13190,"answers":13191,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":13192,"questionText":13193,"statistics":13194,"veryWrongStatistics":13195,"correctSentence":13197,"dataSourceShortText":4055,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13198,"extendedAnswerText":13199},"1600",[],"Gangs and organized crime","What share of all recorded homicides in the world are related to gangs and organized crime?\n",[7713],[13196],"uk 0.408","Globally, around 20% of all recorded homicides are related to gangs and organized crime.","[1]  [UNODC – Global Study On Homicide 2019]( https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Fdocuments\u002Fdata-and-analysis\u002Fgsh\u002FBooklet1.pdf)           \n","When it comes to intentional homicides, these figures do not include deaths in wars. Murders by family members and intimate partners make up a bigger share of homicides globally than those through gang violence and organized crime. A smaller share is made up of killings committed during robberies and burglaries. The data collection around intentional homicide is very mixed across the world and, the sad fact is, that the cause of many homicides is unknown.",{"metadata":13201,"sys":13208,"fields":13218},{"tags":13202,"concepts":13207},[13203,13205],{"sys":13204},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13206},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13209,"id":13211,"type":14,"createdAt":13212,"updatedAt":13213,"environment":13214,"publishedVersion":3983,"revision":1184,"contentType":13216,"locale":27},{"sys":13210},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2ATjH5PagdwEgYP9FLz7GN","2023-04-28T13:27:56.143Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.323Z",{"sys":13215},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13217},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13219,"answers":13220,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":402,"name":13221,"questionText":13222,"statistics":13223,"veryWrongStatistics":13224,"correctSentence":13226,"dataSourceShortText":2285},"1610",[],"Females as a share of migrants","Across the world, what share of international migrants are women and girls?",[711],[13225],"uk 0.223","Roughly 48% of all migrants are female.",{"metadata":13228,"sys":13235,"fields":13245},{"tags":13229,"concepts":13234},[13230,13232],{"sys":13231},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13233},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13236,"id":13238,"type":14,"createdAt":13239,"updatedAt":13240,"environment":13241,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":44,"contentType":13243,"locale":27},{"sys":13237},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4YOn3bNhKQHOmOCgvY4t0S","2023-05-09T09:17:23.862Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.264Z",{"sys":13242},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13244},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13246,"answers":13247,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":882,"name":13248,"questionText":13249,"statistics":13250,"veryWrongStatistics":13251,"correctSentence":13252,"dataSourceShortText":13253,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13254},"1621",[],"Trust","The 15 countries where most people say they trust others are:",[3759],[8654],"Of the top 15 countries where most people say they can trust others, 14 are high-income and the other is China, which is upper-middle-income.","Sources: World Values Survey","[1]  [World Values Survey](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldvaluessurvey.org\u002FWVSDocumentationWV7.jsp)      \n\n[2]  [Our World In Data – How do countries around the world compare in terms of interpersonal trust? ](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Ftrust#how-do-countries-around-the-world-compare-in-terms-of-interpersonal-trust)  ",{"metadata":13256,"sys":13263,"fields":13273},{"tags":13257,"concepts":13262},[13258,13260],{"sys":13259},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13261},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13264,"id":13266,"type":14,"createdAt":13267,"updatedAt":13268,"environment":13269,"publishedVersion":259,"revision":44,"contentType":13271,"locale":27},{"sys":13265},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"49gWTLEn263jbdcFFbhGbc","2023-05-09T14:41:07.348Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.206Z",{"sys":13270},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13272},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13274,"answers":13275,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1934,"name":13276,"questionText":13277,"statistics":13278,"veryWrongStatistics":13279,"correctSentence":13281,"dataSourceShortText":13282,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13283},"1629",[],"Violent conflict countries count","Roughly 35 countries every year experienced some sort of violent conflict during the past 5 years. What was the average number during the 1950s?",[3450],[13280],"uk 0.234","In the 1950s, around 15 counties experienced some sort of violent conflict each year, on average. ","Source: UCDP\u002FPRIO Armed Conflict Database","[1]  [Uppsala Conflict Data Program ]( https:\u002F\u002Fucdp.uu.se\u002Fdownloads\u002F#__utma=1.813607312.1637057434.1637057549.1637311606.3&__utmb=1.4.10.1637311606&__utmc=1&__utmx=-&__utmz=1.1637057549.2.2.utmcsr=google%7Cutmccn=(organic)%7Cutmcmd=organic%7Cutmctr=(not%20provided)&__utmv=-&__utmk=142099250)  ",{"metadata":13285,"sys":13292,"fields":13302},{"tags":13286,"concepts":13291},[13287,13289],{"sys":13288},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13290},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13293,"id":13295,"type":14,"createdAt":13296,"updatedAt":13297,"environment":13298,"publishedVersion":734,"revision":998,"contentType":13300,"locale":27},{"sys":13294},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6lA1QdLUt5sXGQnG2uGws1","2023-05-11T14:06:13.482Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.142Z",{"sys":13299},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13301},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13303,"answers":13304,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1934,"name":13305,"questionText":13306,"statistics":13307,"veryWrongStatistics":13308,"correctSentence":13310,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13311},"1635",[]," Open skies treaty","When the Open Skies Treaty (which allows members to conduct observation flights over each others' land) began in 2002, 34 countries were members. How many are there today?",[3450],[13309],"uk 0.243","There are 32 members of the Open Skies Treaty today – fewer than when it began back in 2002.","[1]  [UN – Open Skies ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unidir.org\u002Ffiles\u002Fpublications\u002Fpdfs\u002Fopen-skies-a-cooperative-approach-to-military-transparency-and-confidence-building-319.pdf)     ",{"metadata":13313,"sys":13320,"fields":13330},{"tags":13314,"concepts":13319},[13315,13317],{"sys":13316},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13318},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13321,"id":13323,"type":14,"createdAt":13324,"updatedAt":13325,"environment":13326,"publishedVersion":21,"revision":1246,"contentType":13328,"locale":27},{"sys":13322},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6wJuxUcNA5qYPoGsHEm301","2023-05-09T08:35:04.074Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.082Z",{"sys":13327},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13329},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13331,"answers":13332,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":13333,"questionText":13334,"statistics":13335,"veryWrongStatistics":13336,"correctSentence":13337,"dataSourceShortText":13338,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13339},"1618",[],"US and Russian army sharing","Between 2011 and 2022, how many times did the US and Russia share information with each other about their nuclear weapons?",[779],[5933],"The US and Russian armies shared information with each other about their nuclear forces more than 25 thousand times between 2011 and 2022.","Source: US State Department","[1]  [US State Department](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.state.gov\u002Fnew-start\u002F)        \n",{"metadata":13341,"sys":13348,"fields":13358},{"tags":13342,"concepts":13347},[13343,13345],{"sys":13344},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13346},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13349,"id":13351,"type":14,"createdAt":13352,"updatedAt":13353,"environment":13354,"publishedVersion":845,"revision":44,"contentType":13356,"locale":27},{"sys":13350},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4enc5YTFeE9kSiNZr0xmID","2023-04-17T10:05:29.687Z","2023-11-27T09:05:42.021Z",{"sys":13355},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13357},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13359,"answers":13360,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":13361,"questionText":13362,"statistics":13363,"veryWrongStatistics":13364,"correctSentence":13365,"youWereWrong":13366,"youWereRight":13367,"dataSourceShortText":13368,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13369,"extendedAnswerText":13370,"headingVeryWrong":13371,"youWereVeryWrong":13372,"headingWrong":13373},"1568",[],"firearms ownership","Of all firearms in the world, what share is owned by civilians? ",[934],[784],"Civilians own roughly 85% of all the world’s firearms.","We know that an army needs a lot of weapons to protect an entire country. But there is only one army and many homes in a country. When the households have guns for protection or hunting, they quickly add up and outnumber the military.","They see armies and police forces with guns out in the open and underestimate the guns stored in people’s homes. ","Source: Small Arms Survey ","There is a huge amount of uncertainty. Only an estimated 12% of civilian guns are registered (either due to lacking registration requirements, or because of illegal ownership) so most of the figures are estimates. Even in countries where registration is mandatory, different reporting practices make the data more difficult to compare. In Canada, for example,  handguns are registered, but long guns are not. Our numbers include both registered and unregistered firearms. Despite this, the six independent experts we contacted did not dispute the numbers and the source and the figures were considered the best available, with the Small Arms Survey reports respected for their transparency.\n\n[Small arms survey](http:\u002F\u002Fwww.smallarmssurvey.org\u002Fabout-us\u002Fhighlights\u002F2018\u002Fhighlight-bp-firearms-holdings.html)","There are estimated to be one billion guns in the world, with 857 million of them owned by civilians, 133 million owned by the military and 23 million owned by law enforcement. \n\nThere has been a growing amount of guns owned by the public, mostly due to more weapons being bought by people in the US. Today, civilians in the US own around 390 million guns which is nearly 70 times more than the amount of guns the US military and law enforcement own combined. The privately owned guns in the US make up roughly 45% of all privately owned guns in the world. In multiple other countries, such as India, China and Germany, civilians also own more guns than the military and police.\n\nThe type of guns being bought is important, and we can see that in the biggest civilian gun ownership market in the US, sales of pistols and rifles are the ones growing the most. Rifles, of course, can include those used for hunting as well as semi-automatic rifles like the AR15, which has become synonymous with mass shootings.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey see different countries’ militaries heavily armed and police officers with guns and, unsurprisingly, people think most weapons belong to those groups. In countries like the UK with very low gun ownership it is even harder to imagine how many civilians in other countries own guns.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but be aware that there is a huge amount of uncertainty. Our numbers include both registered and unregistered firearms. Only an estimated 12% of civilian guns are registered so most of the figures are estimates. Despite this, the six independent experts we contacted did not dispute the numbers and the source and the figures were considered the best available, with the Small Arms Survey reports respected for their transparency.\n","You mean visible guns…","Most civilians store their guns at home, while police forces and militaries walk around with them in the open. ","Armies and police forces have visible guns",{"metadata":13375,"sys":13382,"fields":13392},{"tags":13376,"concepts":13381},[13377,13379],{"sys":13378},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13380},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13383,"id":13385,"type":14,"createdAt":13386,"updatedAt":13387,"environment":13388,"publishedVersion":1270,"revision":998,"contentType":13390,"locale":27},{"sys":13384},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1XyOZEt8oKBSrReI8QvXbc","2023-08-26T13:49:56.724Z","2023-11-27T09:05:41.918Z",{"sys":13389},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13391},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13393,"answers":13394,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3384,"name":13395,"questionText":13396,"statistics":13397,"veryWrongStatistics":13398,"correctSentence":13400,"dataSourceShortText":4055,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13401},"1702",[],"Male share of homicide victims","Worldwide, how many homicide victims are men?",[3388],[13399],"uk 0.154","Around 80% of homicide victims globally are men.","[1]  [UNODC – Global Study On Homicide 2019](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.unodc.org\u002Funodc\u002Fen\u002Fdata-and-analysis\u002Fglobal-study-on-homicide.html)      ",{"metadata":13403,"sys":13410,"fields":13420},{"tags":13404,"concepts":13409},[13405,13407],{"sys":13406},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13408},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13411,"id":13413,"type":14,"createdAt":13414,"updatedAt":13415,"environment":13416,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":22,"contentType":13418,"locale":27},{"sys":13412},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1vxlZYfDXWCf4B9OMobwLV","2023-08-31T15:59:01.874Z","2023-12-17T08:13:43.564Z",{"sys":13417},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13419},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13421,"answers":13422,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":4101,"name":13423,"questionText":13424,"statistics":13425,"veryWrongStatistics":13426,"correctSentence":13428,"dataSourceShortText":13429,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13430,"extendedAnswerText":13431},"1708",[],"Terrorism trends","Between 2012, and 2022, what happened to the number of people killed by terrorists?",[317],[13427],"uk 0.433","The number of people dying due to terrorism declined by 25% between 2012 and 2022.","Source:  Global terrorism Index","\n[1]  [Global terrorism Index 2023 ]( https:\u002F\u002Fwww.visionofhumanity.org\u002Fwp-content\u002Fuploads\u002F2023\u002F03\u002FGTI-2023-web-170423.pdf)   ","The decline in terrorism after 2015 was most dramatic in Iraq (as ISIS collapsed), Nigeria, Pakistan and Syria (as the civil war became less deadly). \n\nTo be defined as terrorism, the deaths have to be intentional and not involving governments. The definition of what terrorism is, is hotly debated as, for example, acts by Western allies and other state actors would not be regarded as terrorism in these figures.\n",{"metadata":13433,"sys":13440,"fields":13450},{"tags":13434,"concepts":13439},[13435,13437],{"sys":13436},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13438},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":872},[],{"space":13441,"id":13443,"type":14,"createdAt":13444,"updatedAt":13445,"environment":13446,"publishedVersion":2377,"revision":998,"contentType":13448,"locale":27},{"sys":13442},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7sGaz5Xqx3VeZxP9LytEHi","2023-09-04T09:55:04.518Z","2023-11-27T09:05:41.798Z",{"sys":13447},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13449},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13451,"answers":13452,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":13453,"questionText":13454,"statistics":13455,"veryWrongStatistics":13456,"correctSentence":13458},"1724",[],"Imprisoned journalists in top 5 countries","Of all the journalists in prison globally at the end of 2017, around 20% were in Russia, China, Iran, Myanmar and Belarus combined. What was this figure in 2022?\n",[1626],[13457],"uk 0.2453","Around 53% of all the journalists globally in 2022 were in Russia, China, Iran, Myanmar and Belarus.\n",{"metadata":13460,"sys":13463,"fields":13473},{"tags":13461,"concepts":13462},[],[],{"space":13464,"id":13466,"type":14,"createdAt":13467,"updatedAt":13468,"environment":13469,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":45,"contentType":13471,"locale":27},{"sys":13465},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5wmiB7Tobxmf47dXo1qjSN","2023-12-17T08:37:32.572Z","2023-12-17T08:43:21.692Z",{"sys":13470},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13472},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13474,"answers":13475,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3149,"veryWrongPercentage":1583,"name":13476,"questionText":13477,"statistics":13478,"veryWrongStatistics":13479,"correctSentence":13480,"dataSourceShortText":13481,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13482},"1768",[],"Murder rate decrease","In how many countries did the murder rate decrease between 2010 and 2021? (There are 195 countries.)\n",[3153],[1458],"The murder rate decreased in 103 countries, according to the UN’s latest data (which doesn’t cover all 195 countries), but in many of them the decline is VERY small.\n","Source: UN and IHME ","The UN does not have data for all countries but the data it does have showed a decline in 103 countries. Some of those declines were very small. The murder rate also INCREASED in 85 countries but, very likely decreased in more countries.\nThere are many countries where there is homicide data missing for certain years that IHME then models them. It is not possible to cross-reference all of the country trends with the UN, due to the years when data is missing. However, the global trend in the decades between 1990 and today are the same for both, showing a clear decline in the murder rate. \n\n[1]  [IHME – deaths from interpersonal violence ](http:\u002F\u002Fihmeuw.org\u002F67t4https:\u002F\u002Fvizhub.healthdata.org\u002Fgbd-compare\u002F#)                    \n\n[2]  [UNODC – Victims of intentional homicide](https:\u002F\u002Fdataunodc.un.org\u002Fdp-intentional-homicide-victims)\n\n[3] [WHO - Violence Info](https:\u002F\u002Fapps.who.int\u002Fviolence-info\u002Fhomicide\u002F#:~:text=In%202019%20an%20estimated%20475,of%206.2%20per%20100%20000).)        \n",{"metadata":13484,"sys":13487,"fields":13496},{"tags":13485,"concepts":13486},[],[],{"space":13488,"id":13490,"type":14,"createdAt":13491,"updatedAt":13491,"environment":13492,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":112,"contentType":13494,"locale":27},{"sys":13489},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3c6tyOG1s7szZqUmKu031T","2024-01-22T09:26:35.496Z",{"sys":13493},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13495},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isRemoved":96,"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13497,"answers":13498,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3512,"veryWrongPercentage":2012,"name":13499,"questionText":13500,"statistics":13501,"veryWrongStatistics":13502,"correctSentence":13503,"dataSourceShortText":13504,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13505},"1770",[],"Nuclear weapons since 1986","Back in 1986, countries with nuclear weapons had around 64,000 warheads stockpiled. What is that number today?",[8165],[2018],"The number of nuclear warheads stockpiled worldwide went from 64,000 in 1986 to 12,500 in 2023 – an 80% decline.","Source: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists","\n[1]  [Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists\n](https:\u002F\u002Fthebulletin.org\u002Fnuclear-notebook\u002F)                           \n\n[2]  [SIPRI, 2023 yearbook](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.sipri.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002FYB23%2007%20WNF.pdf)    ",{"metadata":13507,"sys":13510,"fields":13520},{"tags":13508,"concepts":13509},[],[],{"space":13511,"id":13513,"type":14,"createdAt":13514,"updatedAt":13515,"environment":13516,"publishedVersion":845,"revision":998,"contentType":13518,"locale":27},{"sys":13512},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6kkt5KaKM7p2DP0q7Fcix4","2023-08-14T14:37:36.354Z","2026-01-12T07:59:46.452Z",{"sys":13517},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13519},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13521,"answers":13522,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":13523,"questionText":13524,"statistics":13525,"veryWrongStatistics":13526,"correctSentence":13528,"dataSourceShortText":13529,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13530},"1699",[],"Journalists imprisoned","In the year 2000 there were 92 journalists in prison, worldwide. How many were there in 2025?",[5628],[13527],"usa 0.3793","There were around 320 journalists in prison in the beginning of 2025 – a 250% increase compared to 2000.","Source: Committee To Protect Journalists (CPJ)","[1]  [CPJ – Journalists imprisoned ](https:\u002F\u002Fcpj.org\u002Fdata\u002Fimprisoned\u002Fcurrently-imprisoned\u002F?status=Imprisoned&group_by=location&currently-imprisoned=1)     ",{"metadata":13532,"sys":13535,"fields":13545},{"tags":13533,"concepts":13534},[],[],{"space":13536,"id":13538,"type":14,"createdAt":13539,"updatedAt":13540,"environment":13541,"publishedVersion":3149,"revision":91,"contentType":13543,"locale":27},{"sys":13537},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4qrt3N7LGgY5PezUOrvjKK","2023-09-01T07:24:06.710Z","2023-10-05T10:30:29.264Z",{"sys":13542},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13544},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13546,"answers":13547,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2854,"name":13548,"questionText":13549,"statistics":13550,"veryWrongStatistics":13551,"correctSentence":13552,"youWereWrong":13553,"youWereRight":13554,"dataSourceShortText":13555,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13556,"extendedAnswerText":13557,"headingVeryWrong":13558,"youWereVeryWrong":13559,"headingWrong":13558},"1704",[],"NATO members defense spending","NATO members committed to spend a minimum share of their countries’ total incomes (GDP) each year on defense. What is that figure?",[212],[6472],"NATO members commit to spend 2% of GDP on defense each year. ","The share of a NATO member country's GDP it agreed to spend on defense is just 2 percent  – a quarter of what you imagined. In addition to new weapons and soldiers' salaries, that defense spending includes pensions, exercises and maintenance. ","You recognized that countries agreed to spend at least 2 percent of their GDP on defense each year. In addition to new weapons and soldiers' salaries, that defense spending includes pensions, exercises and maintenance. ","NATO via Gapminder","NATO is funded by contributions in different forms from its member countries. There are three main NATO budgets, the civil budget, military budget and the NATO Security Investment Programme. \n\nNATO Defense ministers decided in 2006 to set a commitment of contributing 2% of their countries GDP to defense spending. \n\nThis 2% threshold is not met by every country each year, however. In 2014, member countries who were currently meeting the 2% guideline agreed to continue to try to meet it and those who were below the 2% of GDP spending agreed to halt any decline and aim to increase their defense spending until they hit the 2% threshold. \n\nThese commitments have been followed it seems as in 2022 was \"the eighth consecutive year of rising defence spending across European Allies and Canada, amounting to a rise of 2.2% in real terms compared to 2021.\"[1]\n\n[1]  [Funding NATO article](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nato.int\u002Fcps\u002Fen\u002Fnatohq\u002Ftopics_67655.htm) \n","Since Russia invaded Ukraine, NATO's strength has come even more into focus. Defense funding has become a big issue, which is perhaps why many people hugely overestimate the spending requirements. Meeting the guideline amount of 2 percent is meant to show military preparedness and political willingness to support NATO. The United States is one of the very few member countries which has regularly met that 2 percent target. The Ukraine conflict, though, has led to a majority of countries increasing defense spending.","You overestimate NATO member's defense spending","The share of a NATO member country's GDP it agreed to spend on defense is just 2 percent  – 10 times less than you imagined. In addition to new weapons and soldiers' salaries, that defense spending includes pensions, exercises and maintenance. ",{"metadata":13561,"sys":13564,"fields":13574},{"tags":13562,"concepts":13563},[],[],{"space":13565,"id":13567,"type":14,"createdAt":13568,"updatedAt":13569,"environment":13570,"publishedVersion":808,"revision":45,"contentType":13572,"locale":27},{"sys":13566},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5nUcsVzCa6AvA7z399sUxr","2023-04-14T10:51:18.862Z","2023-04-14T10:57:17.467Z",{"sys":13571},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13573},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13575,"answers":13576,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":889,"name":13577,"questionText":13578,"statistics":13579,"veryWrongStatistics":13581,"correctSentence":13583,"dataSourceShortText":13584,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13585},"1565",[],"violent vs non-violent activism success rate","During the past 120 years, roughly 20% of all violent activist campaigns worldwide succeeded in achieving some regime change. What share of non-violent campaigns succeed?",[13580],"uk 0.778",[13582],"uk 0.393","Around 50% of non-violent campaigns succeeded in achieving some regime change in the past 120 years.","Source: The Nonviolent and Violent Campaigns and Outcomes data project ","[1]  [List of Campaigns in NAVCO 1.3 ](https:\u002F\u002Fdataverse.harvard.edu\u002Fdataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910\u002FDVN\u002FON9XND)   ",{"metadata":13587,"sys":13590,"fields":13599},{"tags":13588,"concepts":13589},[],[],{"space":13591,"id":13593,"type":14,"createdAt":13594,"updatedAt":13594,"environment":13595,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":112,"contentType":13597,"locale":27},{"sys":13592},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"3s8oYavIcr5gs1yJxMj0AP","2023-04-14T08:52:44.143Z",{"sys":13596},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13598},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13600,"answers":13601,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2011,"name":13602,"questionText":13603,"statistics":13604,"veryWrongStatistics":13605,"correctSentence":13606,"youWereWrong":13607,"youWereRight":13608,"dataSourceShortText":13609,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13610,"extendedAnswerText":13611,"headingVeryWrong":13612,"youWereVeryWrong":13607,"headingWrong":13612},"1557",[],"where is homosexuality legal","In what share of all countries is homosexuality legal?",[705],[317],"Homosexuality is legal in around 65% of countries.","As cultural norms change, countries’ governments and laws adjust. ","They don’t realize how many countries say it’s OK to be gay","Source: ILGA and Equaldex","According to the organization ILGA, 64% of countries did not criminalize same-sex acts in 2020. The crowd sourced database, of LGBT laws and legislature around the world, Equaldex, had a more up-to-date figure, showing that (as of March 2023) homosexual acts were legal in 69% of countries.\n\n[1]  [ILGA State-Sponsored Homophobia Global Legislation Overview Update 2020](https:\u002F\u002Filga.org\u002Fdownloads\u002FILGA_World_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_report_global_legislation_overview_update_December_2020.pdf)  \n[2]  [Equaldex](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.equaldex.com\u002F)  \n","Some cultural values take some generations to change, as a majority of young people may support a new value, but they don’t become a majority until the older generation with other values are no longer around to object. Some values change faster, as old people can also change their norms. \n\nLike in the US, for example, only around 50% of people thought lesbian and gay relationships were morally acceptable in 2009. But by 2021, it was 70%.  \n\nWhen it comes to laws against homosexuality, the trend has been moving towards more countries making it legal. There are exceptions. But, just in 2022, homesexuality was made legal in Singapore, Barbados, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Antigua and Barbuda. \n\nThere is still a way to go, but there has been progress that would have been unimaginable three or four decades ago.\n","Most countries say it’s OK to be gay",{"metadata":13614,"sys":13617,"fields":13627},{"tags":13615,"concepts":13616},[],[],{"space":13618,"id":13620,"type":14,"createdAt":13621,"updatedAt":13622,"environment":13623,"publishedVersion":2709,"revision":45,"contentType":13625,"locale":27},{"sys":13619},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"Q1wXuOyjngxIVUJiXyU54","2022-12-09T11:05:51.534Z","2023-11-23T11:34:05.782Z",{"sys":13624},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13626},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13628,"answers":13629,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":13630,"questionText":13631,"statistics":13632,"veryWrongStatistics":13633,"correctSentence":13635,"youWereWrong":13636,"youWereRight":13636,"dataSourceShortText":13637,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13638,"extendedAnswerText":13639,"headingVeryWrong":13640,"youWereVeryWrong":13636,"headingWrong":13640},"1527",[],"Conflict in 70 years","During the last 70 years, there were roughly 135 armed conflicts between sovereign countries. What was the number in the 70 years before that?",[855],[13634],"uk 0.463","There were more than 180 armed conflicts between sovereign countries between 1880 and 1950, if we count the two World Wars as two conflicts. If we count all the conflicts within the World Wars separately, there were close to 300.","Countries used to declare war on each other more in the past. Nowadays, most conflicts are civil wars fought between different groups inside a country. ","Source: Wikipedia and Gapminder","We counted all international wars from 1880 onwards as those between the 195 states recognized by the UN as of 2022, where one or more states attack another state in their territory. They may not have been individual states at that time, but that is how we chose to count the number of conflicts, in order to allow for a fairer comparison. When it comes to the number of conflicts before 1950, if World War I and World War II are counted as just two conflicts, the total number of conflicts between 1880 and 1950 is 183. If all the conflicts between different countries during the world wars are counted separately, the total number during the 70 years up to 1950 increased to 298.\n\n[1]  [Gapminder calculations](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F108uyM9COrnhgO9CSXWJ7z4cRe7NDxeRFUFsW0KBgZ7E\u002Fedit#gid=1384876967&range=B14)   \n[2]  [Our World In Data - War and Peace](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fwar-and-peace)   ","The total amount of weapons in the world and the number of troops have never been higher but, still, during the past 70 years there have been fewer international conflicts than in the preceding period. This is the longest period of peace between superpowers in modern history, and it has enabled the fastest improvement of human living conditions ever. But the reason for this extended  period of peace is not easy to explain.\n\nMaybe it is because the UN was created after the Second World War, and borders were better defined and countries less likely to go to war with each other. Or perhaps it’s thanks to the enormous increase in world trade, which makes conflicts less likely between trading partners. Or maybe, it’s thanks to the existence of nuclear bombs in a polarized world. However absurd it sounds, the fear of nuclear retaliation may have motivated many armies to resist the temptation to attack their neighbors.\n\nThat doesn’t mean there is less conflict nowadays. In reality, there are actually MORE wars now. It is just they are internal and the involvement of other countries in those wars is often more hidden by using private military and security companies and terrorist groups.\n\n[![Skärmavbild 2022-12-09 kl. 10.49.00](\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F34rHXYpZeh8O59EIhTUORv\u002F6d85936dd70f728995b5237678adf755\u002FSka__rmavbild_2022-12-09_kl._10.49.00.png)](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Fthe-number-of-active-state-based-conflicts?country=~OWID_WRL)\n\nThe number of casualties from conflicts are hard to count, as a lot of people die from the impact of war, including through starvation and the destruction of sanitation and healthcare services. In the 70 years before 1950, nearly 100 million people died in international wars (including the World Wars), whereas less than 20 million have died in the 70 years after.\n\nThe declining trend during the past century is in no way a guarantee that a third world war can’t happen. And, if it did, the correct answer to this question would quickly change. With the effective weapons of today, a full scale world war could potentially kill far more than the previous wars.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nAs soon as some troops from one country mobilize and enter a different country we will hear about it on the news, and we get the impression that the problem is increasing. We don’t realize that it’s the exceptions we are seeing. When armies don’t attack, we don't hear about it. There are still international conflicts in the world and, as long as there continue to be, we will keep seeing a lot about them in the news. It’s easy then to get the impression that the problem is just the same as it always was. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf you don’t know that you and your parents have lived through the longest period of world peace in modern history, then you probably don’t realize why there has been so much improvement around you. The world has seen more progress during the past 70 years than during any previous period in world history, and all of it is enabled by the long period of peace. If people don’t realize this, and instead believe that progress is possible without peace...then they won’t realize how careful we must be to avoid conflicts escalating! \n\nPeople empathize with the men, women and children caught in the middle of terrible conflicts. Those images of death and destruction are real and, when people see them, it can be hard to recognize how far the world has come in avoiding big international wars that leave millions dead. The UN is far from perfect, but since it came into being, there has been no third world war.  \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, but you should understand how we calculated it. We counted all international wars from 1880 onwards as those between the 195 states recognized by the UN as of 2022, where one or more states attack another state in their territory. They may not have been individual states at that time, but that is how we chose to count the number of conflicts, in order to allow for a fairer comparison. When it comes to the number of conflicts before 1950, if World War I and World War II are counted as just two conflicts, the total number of conflicts between 1880 and 1950 is 183. If all the conflicts between different countries during the world wars are counted separately, the total number during the 70 years up to 1950 increased to 298.\n","Fewer cross-border fights!",{"metadata":13642,"sys":13645,"fields":13655},{"tags":13643,"concepts":13644},[],[],{"space":13646,"id":13648,"type":14,"createdAt":13649,"updatedAt":13650,"environment":13651,"publishedVersion":2011,"revision":998,"contentType":13653,"locale":27},{"sys":13647},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"LhIfPiXAAqoiCNOg9SHVv","2023-06-22T06:40:54.482Z","2023-08-15T07:25:29.620Z",{"sys":13652},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13654},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":13656,"answers":13657,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":11227,"veryWrongPercentage":90,"name":13523,"questionText":13658,"correctSentence":13659,"youWereWrong":13660,"youWereRight":13660,"dataSourceShortText":13661,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13662,"extendedAnswerText":13663,"headingVeryWrong":13664,"youWereVeryWrong":13660,"headingWrong":13664},"1679",[],"Worldwide, between 2000 and 2010, there were 140 journalists in prison each year on average. How many were there in 2022?\n","There were 150% more journalists in prison globally in 2022 compared to the average between 2000 and 2010.","The number of journalists imprisoned last year was the highest on record. That increase hasn't been even across the world. Repressive regimes are increasingly trying to suppress criticism, and more than 60% of all journalists imprisoned at the end of 2022 were in Iran, Russia, China, Myanmar, Belarus and Türkiye.","Source: Committee to Protect Journalists","The figures we use for this question come from the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). We calculated the average over 10 years between 2000 and 2010 to ensure we were not looking at one particular dip or spike in numbers to compare to 2022. During those years, there had been an increase in journalists imprisoned, starting with 92 and increasing to 193 by 2010. The figures used by the CPJ are a snapshot of one particular day in the a year. They do not account for the journalists arrested and released throughout a year. As the CPJ says in its methodology: \"CPJ’s annual census is a snapshot of those incarcerated at midnight on December 1 each year. It does not include the many journalists imprisoned and released throughout the year. Journalists who either disappear or are abducted by non-state entities such as criminal gangs or militant groups are not included in the prison census. Their cases are classified as “missing” or “abducted.”\" Despite the limitations of this data, independent experts we consulted agree that it is the best available.\n\n[1]  [CPJ – Journalists Imprisoned](https:\u002F\u002Fcpj.org\u002Fdata\u002Fimprisoned\u002F2022\u002F?status=Imprisoned&start_year=2022&end_year=2022&group_by=location)\n\n[2]  [CPJ – \"Number of jailed journalists spikes to new global record\", published on 14 December 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fcpj.org\u002Freports\u002F2022\u002F12\u002Fnumber-of-jailed-journalists-spikes-to-new-global-record\u002F) ","People often assume the worst about global progress in most areas. Yet, when it comes to the number of journalists being imprisoned, a majority underestimated how much repressive regimes are stifling press freedom.","A chilling increase",{"metadata":13666,"sys":13669,"fields":13679},{"tags":13667,"concepts":13668},[],[],{"space":13670,"id":13672,"type":14,"createdAt":13673,"updatedAt":13674,"environment":13675,"publishedVersion":5763,"revision":71,"contentType":13677,"locale":27},{"sys":13671},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"e319820f3758e99d87fb2f7cf0b1a680","2022-01-04T12:12:31.133Z","2025-06-09T10:20:54.835Z",{"sys":13676},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13678},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":13680,"heading":13681,"slug":13682,"questions":13683,"certificateText":13684},"sdg_world_16_cert","UN Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions Certificate","un-goal-16-peace-justice-and-strong-institutions-certificate-test",[13057,13024,12991,12959,12926,12894,865,13090,13143,13171,13200,13227,13255,13284,13312,13374,13402,13432,13459,13483],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":13686,"sys":13689,"fields":13697},{"tags":13687,"concepts":13688},[],[],{"space":13690,"id":13692,"type":39,"createdAt":13693,"updatedAt":13694,"environment":13695,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":44,"locale":27},{"sys":13691},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5rms2tHuJsZddruE3MhSOT","2020-11-17T11:29:20.033Z","2023-09-04T09:55:58.588Z",{"sys":13696},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":13698,"description":13699,"file":13700},"16. Peace, justice and strong institutions","Peace, justice and strong institutions icon",{"url":13701,"details":13702,"fileName":13705,"contentType":983},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002F5rms2tHuJsZddruE3MhSOT\u002F5834790c4cd700b47ef1709b19b5b053\u002Fsdg_16",{"size":13703,"image":13704},4305,{"width":4968,"height":8321},"sdg_16","#00689D",[13708],{"metadata":13709,"sys":13712,"fields":13722},{"tags":13710,"concepts":13711},[],[],{"space":13713,"id":13715,"type":14,"createdAt":13716,"updatedAt":13717,"environment":13718,"publishedVersion":22,"revision":91,"contentType":13720,"locale":27},{"sys":13714},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6S2aVB75PHT4TqAezXGJQH","2022-10-06T09:07:48.086Z","2023-09-04T09:56:03.332Z",{"sys":13719},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13721},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1001},{"name":13723,"challenges":13724},"UN Goal 16",[13725],{"metadata":13726,"sys":13729,"fields":13739},{"tags":13727,"concepts":13728},[],[],{"space":13730,"id":13732,"type":14,"createdAt":13733,"updatedAt":13734,"environment":13735,"publishedVersion":2377,"revision":44,"contentType":13737,"locale":27},{"sys":13731},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2z2Vpt6Mkwp948hCtVF1Bq","2022-10-06T09:07:42.637Z","2023-09-04T09:56:03.370Z",{"sys":13736},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13738},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":1020},{"globalId":13740,"title":13741,"slug":13742,"published":1025,"ignoreQuestionResults":96,"pitchImage":13743,"combos":13763},"sdg_world_goal_16","UN Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions ","sdg-world-goal-16",{"metadata":13744,"sys":13747,"fields":13755},{"tags":13745,"concepts":13746},[],[],{"space":13748,"id":13750,"type":39,"createdAt":13751,"updatedAt":13752,"environment":13753,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":2107,"locale":27},{"sys":13749},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"gEERu5Ps9t0NXXlMquMZc","2022-10-06T08:06:28.314Z","2023-09-04T09:55:58.594Z",{"sys":13754},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":13756,"description":48,"file":13757},"SDG icon 16-03",{"url":13758,"details":13759,"fileName":13762,"contentType":56},"\u002F\u002Fimages.ctfassets.net\u002Fghhpjogyw4x7\u002FgEERu5Ps9t0NXXlMquMZc\u002F3912a2744ef02f74e3ed9fefdbd8cccb\u002FSDG_icon_16-03.png",{"size":13760,"image":13761},20915,{"width":2174,"height":2175},"SDG icon 16-03.png",[],{"metadata":13765,"sys":13768,"fields":13778},{"tags":13766,"concepts":13767},[],[],{"space":13769,"id":13771,"type":14,"createdAt":13772,"updatedAt":13773,"environment":13774,"publishedVersion":925,"revision":1584,"contentType":13776,"locale":27},{"sys":13770},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2PJbtnnegSP6NnkO64CxFj","2020-11-19T19:37:31.971Z","2022-10-13T09:50:06.120Z",{"sys":13775},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13777},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":94},{"globalId":13779,"name":13780,"slug":13779,"tests":13781,"diplomaTest":14305,"icon":14325,"iconDisplayType":2118,"color":14348,"topicCategory":29,"chapters":14349},"sdg-world-17","UN Goal 17: Partnership for the goals",[13782],{"metadata":13783,"sys":13786,"fields":13796},{"tags":13784,"concepts":13785},[],[],{"space":13787,"id":13789,"type":14,"createdAt":13790,"updatedAt":13791,"environment":13792,"publishedVersion":139,"revision":1017,"contentType":13794,"locale":27},{"sys":13788},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"e296dfac46cf608bb08b3cff3df57572","2022-01-07T10:30:27.857Z","2024-10-29T08:26:42.924Z",{"sys":13793},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13795},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":13797,"heading":13798,"slug":13799,"questions":13800},"sdg_world_17_t1","UN Goal 17: Partnership for goals","un-goal-17-partnership-for-goals",[13801,13862,907,13895,13926,13958,13991,14054,3890,14087,14118,14147,14175,14203,14234,14258,14282],{"metadata":13802,"sys":13809,"fields":13819},{"tags":13803,"concepts":13808},[13804,13806],{"sys":13805},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13807},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":13810,"id":13812,"type":14,"createdAt":13813,"updatedAt":13814,"environment":13815,"publishedVersion":610,"revision":1017,"contentType":13817,"locale":27},{"sys":13811},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"d32b883ebb1fec3f25f2a8318e479154","2021-11-11T07:17:16.614Z","2024-09-16T12:51:18.340Z",{"sys":13816},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13818},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":13820,"answers":13821,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":610,"name":13822,"questionText":13823,"statistics":13824,"veryWrongStatistics":13840,"correctSentence":13855,"youWereWrong":13856,"youWereRight":13857,"dataSourceShortText":13858,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13859,"extendedAnswerText":13860,"headingVeryWrong":13861,"youWereVeryWrong":13856,"headingWrong":13861},"19",[],"High-income gov revenue from customs","The governments of high-income countries get how much of their revenue from customs and import duties?",[13825,13826,13827,13828,13829,11409,13830,13831,13832,304,9046,13833,13834,13835,13836,8339,5165,13837,13838,13839,9523],"uk 0.852","swe 0.74221620417982","nor 0.807039929015081","fin 0.78127706390607","dnk 0.902578565093143","bra 0.77","fra 0.77","deu 0.83","rus 0.86","esp 0.75","swe 0.74","mys 0.95","ind 0.8","pak 0.74","nga 0.79",[11892,4894,5177,13841,337,13842,13843,13844,13845,13846,5185,13847,13848,13849,13850,13851,2265,13852,13853,13854],"fra 0.31","jpn 0.33","mex 0.40","rus 0.48","esp 0.37","swe 0.21","mar 0.46","dnk 0.38","fin 0.22","nor 0.29","zaf 0.46","pak 0.43","nga 0.39","phl 0.44","Around 2% of a government’s revenue in high-income countries comes from import duties. ","Many hugely overestimate how much rich governments get from taxes on imports. Lots of products come from abroad, but almost all government incomes in rich countries come from taxing citizens and domestic companies.","Many hugely overestimate how much rich governments get from taxes on imports. They probably assume import tax is big money for governments as lots of products are imported.","Sources: UNU WIDER and World Bank","On average, import taxes as a share of government revenue is somewhere between 1.8 % and 2.3 %, so we use “around 2%” as a proxy. Probably this number is even lower than 1.8%  but because no single source gives an exact number and it also varies between countries and over years, a number of 2% is reasonable to avoid understating it.\n\nGapminder estimated import taxes as share of government revenue in high-income countries based on revenue data published by UNU WIDER[1] and the World Bank[2][3]. The data from WIDER includes all trade taxes, including export taxes which are so small that we simply ignored them. For a detailed methodology, see [4].\n\nWe use the definition of high-income countries from the World Bank[5].\nMany governments of the oil rich states in the Gulf Cooperation Council[6] have lots of income from oil revenue to finance their expenditures. Oil revenue accounted for between 50% and 90% of their total government revenues during 2012–2015.\n\nWe double-checked our calculations against [this report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Ftax\u002Ftax-policy\u002Frevenue-statistics-highlights-brochure.pdf) from the OECD and we also collected feedback from two independent researchers of finance and macroeconomics, who confirmed they consider our correct answer to be reliable.\n\n[1]  [Government revenues as share of GDP, UNU WIDER, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Nov 9 2020](https:\u002F\u002Fwww5.wider.unu.edu\u002F#\u002F?graph=line&indicators=3,8&activeIndicators=8,3&countries=ARG,URY,SWE,SAU&activeCountries=ARG,URY,SWE,SAU)  \n[2]  [World Bank - Tax revenue (% of GDP)](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F906522-data-updates-and-errata)  \n[3]  [World Bank - Customs and other import duties (% of tax revenue)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FGC.TAX.IMPT.ZS)  \n[4]  [Share of Government incomes from trade taxes, calculated by Gapminder](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F11t1VKBOgigOJmiS09cIPgIHnxD5nSWq_ZkdZvy-hkOE\u002Fedit#gid=1391590261)  \n[5]  [New country classifications by income level: 2019-2020, the World Bank](https:\u002F\u002Fblogs.worldbank.org\u002Fopendata\u002Fnew-country-classifications-income-level-2019-2020)  \n[6]  [Gulf Cooperation Council, Annual Meeting of Ministers of Finance and Central Bank Governors, October 26, 2016 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.imf.org\u002Fexternal\u002Fnp\u002Fpp\u002Feng\u002F2016\u002F102616.pdf)  \n[7]  [Revenue Statistics 2019 Tax revenue trends in the OECD](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Ftax\u002Ftax-policy\u002Frevenue-statistics-highlights-brochure.pdf)","A long time ago, most rich cities had walls around them which enabled all goods that were brought into the cities to be taxed. Governments of countries and states all across the world have used this method to finance their costs, such as military, police and services to the citizens.\n\nMost people believe this is still a large part of the government revenues in rich countries today. As more products than ever before are imported from abroad, it may seem intuitive, but the import taxes have been lowered everywhere to enable more trade. For all high-income countries, it’s only 2% of the total government incomes, with some variation over years and across countries.\n\nIn most low- and middle-income countries, the governments still make a substantial amount of money from import taxes, often because a large part of their economies are informal and difficult to tax. In low-income countries, taxes on imports are also a way to tax the richer segment of the population as they are usually the consumers of imported goods.\n\nAlmost all the rich countries’ government incomes come from their taxes on domestic companies, people’s salaries and the value added tax on goods and services.\n\nIn some rich countries, import taxes are discussed a lot as a potential way to protect jobs and industries from foreign competition. And some specific import taxes can of course become real trade barriers for some products even if they don’t look impressive as part of the total governmental budget.\n\nIt’s worth noting that many governments of the oil rich states pay most of their expenditures with oil revenues. And there is actually one category of small high-income countries, where income from import taxes still make up a large part of government incomes: small islands. Here are some examples - 10-20%: Bahamas, Palau, St. Kitts and Nevis.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we don’t know the facts we might believe politicians when they talk loudly and confidently about how putting tariffs on imports will bring in lots of money. In reality, import taxes bring in little income to rich countries and if extra taxes are added to imports they normally just mean higher prices for consumers.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nAll the talk of trade wars and tariffs make this seem like a large amount of money instead of the small fraction it really is.\n\n### How does the share of import taxes vary between countries?\nAverages conceal differences between countries. Although import taxes as a share of government revenue across all high-income countries is 2%, there are some variations:\n0.1-0.3%: Cyprus, Iceland and Norway\n0.5-0.8%: Chile, Israel, Japan, San Marino, Switzerland\n1-2%: South Korea, Kuwait, Mauritius, Saudi Arabia, United states\n2-4%: Australia, Bahrain, New Zealand, Seychelles, Uruguay, Panama \n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes. On average, import taxes as a share of government revenue is somewhere between 1.8 % and 2.3 %, so we use “around 2%” as a proxy. Probably this number is even lower than 1.8%  but because no single source gives an exact number and it also varies between countries and over years, a number of 2% is reasonable to avoid understating it.\n\nGapminder estimated import taxes as a share of government revenue in high-income countries based on revenue data published by UNU WIDER and the World Bank. The data from WIDER includes all trade taxes, including export taxes which are so small that we simply ignored them. For a detailed methodology, see our calculations [here](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F11t1VKBOgigOJmiS09cIPgIHnxD5nSWq_ZkdZvy-hkOE\u002Fedit#gid=1391590261).\n\nWe use the definition of high-income countries from the World Bank.\nMany governments of the oil rich states in the Gulf Cooperation Council have lots of income from oil revenue to finance their expenditures. Oil revenue accounted for between 50% and 90% of their total government revenues during 2012–2015.\n\nWe double-checked our calculations against [this report](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Ftax\u002Ftax-policy\u002Frevenue-statistics-highlights-brochure.pdf) from the OECD and we also collected feedback from two independent researchers of finance and macroeconomics, who confirmed they consider our correct answer to be reliable.\n","Customs are not goldmines",{"metadata":13863,"sys":13870,"fields":13881},{"tags":13864,"concepts":13869},[13865,13867],{"sys":13866},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13868},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":13871,"id":13873,"type":14,"createdAt":13874,"updatedAt":13875,"environment":13876,"publishedVersion":13878,"revision":734,"contentType":13879,"locale":27},{"sys":13872},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"61c4ba0390b0429d11790d6be6dd977c","2022-01-05T10:49:47.285Z","2023-11-27T09:05:41.675Z",{"sys":13877},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},117,{"sys":13880},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":13882,"answers":13883,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1483,"name":13884,"questionText":13885,"statistics":13886,"veryWrongStatistics":13887,"correctSentence":13888,"youWereWrong":13889,"youWereRight":13890,"dataSourceShortText":8430,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13891,"extendedAnswerText":13892,"headingVeryWrong":13893,"youWereVeryWrong":13894,"headingWrong":13893},"112",[],"Foreign investment promotion","What share of the least developed countries in the world have foreign investment promotion agencies?",[7713],[8426],"Around 80% of the least developed countries have an agency to promote foreign investment","Yet you assumed only half of the poorest countries promote themselves to foreign investors. Actually most do!","They assumed most poor countries don’t promote themselves to foreign investors. In fact, most do.","This figure is for SDG indicator SDG 17.5. We approached UNCTAD directly in August 2022 who explained that there were 46 Least Developed Countries, of which 36 have an Investment Promotion Agency (which is 78%). BUT if we also count investment agencies that are within a government ministry or if they are are a full ministry of investment, then there are 43 (so 93%).\nIt does seem to be broadly accepted that most countries have some foreign investment promotion and the two independent experts we consulted for this question said they trusted UNCTAD as a source for this. We kept the correct answer at 80%, in order to avoid overstating progress.\n\n[1]  [UNCTAD](https:\u002F\u002Fstats.unctad.org\u002FDgff2016\u002Fpartnership\u002Fgoal17\u002Ftarget_17_5.html )  ","Today, most low-income countries have set up an agency to attract and connect with potential foreign investors, which is a powerful tool for any country to get better integrated in the global market. \n\nWhat historically prevented most of them from proactively trying to entice new companies wasn't lack of ambition, but lack of resources. \n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost people assume that only a few of the least developed countries have agencies to promote foreign investment. Perhaps they think poor countries lack the ambition to try to attract foreign money. \n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIt likely means they view the poorest countries as being stuck in poverty, with no desire to grow and improve living conditions for their citizens. That mindset can then limit their own opportunities to travel, study and invest.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but with caveats. The UN SDG indicator SDG 17.5, which covers this subject, doesn’t actually have an official measure yet. But we approached UNCTAD directly in August 2022 who explained that there were 46 Least Developed Countries, of which 36 have an Investment Promotion Agency (which is 78%). BUT if we also count investment agencies that are within a government ministry or if they are are a full ministry of investment, then there are 43 (so 93%).\nIt does seem to be broadly accepted that most countries have some foreign investment promotion and the two independent experts we consulted for this question said they trusted UNCTAD as a source for this. We kept the correct answer at 80%, in order to avoid overstating progress.","Investors WANTED!","Yet you assumed only a minority of the poorest countries promote themselves to foreign investors. Actually most do!",{"metadata":13896,"sys":13903,"fields":13913},{"tags":13897,"concepts":13902},[13898,13900],{"sys":13899},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13901},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":13904,"id":13906,"type":14,"createdAt":13907,"updatedAt":13908,"environment":13909,"publishedVersion":2037,"revision":1270,"contentType":13911,"locale":27},{"sys":13905},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"a3c588700a96bab008d6e328c563be5e","2022-01-05T09:59:39.127Z","2023-11-27T09:05:41.552Z",{"sys":13910},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13912},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":13914,"answers":13915,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":11227,"name":13916,"questionText":13917,"statistics":13918,"veryWrongStatistics":13919,"correctSentence":13920,"youWereWrong":13921,"youWereRight":13922,"dataSourceShortText":4482,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13923,"extendedAnswerText":13924,"headingVeryWrong":13925,"youWereVeryWrong":13921,"headingWrong":13925},"110",[],"Education spending","Of all education costs in the world, how much is paid by governments?",[4580],[1758],"Globally, governments pay for 79% of all education spending.","We hear a lot about private education and get the wrong idea that students are paying most of the costs out of pocket. ","They have probably heard lots about private education and so get the idea that students are paying most of the education costs out of pocket.","The correct answer for the year that this question covers is 79%. This data covers all education, including university education. The data on public funding of education is considered reliable, but an independent expert we spoke to pointed out that household spending is based on estimates. There is also a lot of unreliability when it comes to how much aid contributes to education.\n\nDespite these limitations, the two independent experts we spoke to said this data is the best when it comes to measuring the magnitude of public and private spending in education. We also made sure we put big differences between the answer options to account for the margin of error in the data. \n\n[1]  [UNESCO’s Global Education Monitoring Report 2019 page 235](https:\u002F\u002Funesdoc.unesco.org\u002Fark:\u002F48223\u002Fpf0000265866)  ","There have been incredible improvements in access to education over recent decades and nowadays most children even in the poorest countries get at least a primary school education. Today, 4% of all countries’ economies combined is spent on education. \n\nThat average hides some big differences and globally, more than one in four countries spend less than 4% of GDP. Also, the poorer a country is, the more likely its citizens are to pay for education out of pocket. \n\nThere are big debates about whether public or private education is better and what kind of balance there should be, but one thing is clear – the poorest people who struggle to feed their families should be able to send their children to school without any out of pocket costs.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf we don’t know how little people in the wealthiest countries pay out of pocket for education, we can’t push for better education in those middle- and low-income countries where governments are not meeting UNESCO targets to spend at least 4% of GDP on education.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nNot only do we hear a lot about private education and the cost to attend universities in countries like the US and UK, but people tend to divide the world into rich and poor and probably assume most countries can’t afford to pay for their citizens’ education.\n\n### What are the differences between the regions and income levels?\n[Explore the data](https:\u002F\u002Funesdoc.unesco.org\u002Fark:\u002F48223\u002Fpf0000265866) in UNESCO’s 2019 Global Education Monitoring report.\n\n### Can I trust this fact?\nYes, but be aware of what it measures and its limitations. Firstly, this data covers ALL education, including tertiary education, which includes universities and colleges. The data on public funding of education is considered the most reliable, but an independent expert we spoke to pointed out that household spending is based on estimates and there is a lot of unreliability when it comes to how much aid contributes to education. Even though much of the data comes from 2017, UNESCO told us the averages we use haven’t changed since this report was published in 2019.\n\nDespite these limitations, the two independent experts we spoke to said this data is the best when it comes to measuring the magnitude of public and private spending in education. We also made sure we put big differences between the answer options to account for the margin of error in the data. \n","Education is mostly government funded ",{"metadata":13927,"sys":13934,"fields":13944},{"tags":13928,"concepts":13933},[13929,13931],{"sys":13930},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13932},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":13935,"id":13937,"type":14,"createdAt":13938,"updatedAt":13939,"environment":13940,"publishedVersion":2659,"revision":259,"contentType":13942,"locale":27},{"sys":13936},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1d86bb9c2371d1980f85c78c922e25f1","2022-01-05T09:52:14.972Z","2026-01-13T09:07:12.105Z",{"sys":13941},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":13943},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":13945,"answers":13946,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":2659,"name":13947,"questionText":13948,"statistics":13949,"veryWrongStatistics":13950,"correctSentence":13951,"youWereWrong":13952,"youWereRight":13953,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13954,"extendedAnswerText":13955,"headingVeryWrong":13956,"youWereVeryWrong":13957,"headingWrong":13956},"109",[],"LIC MIC loan spending","In 2000, low- and middle-income countries on average spent almost 6% of their annual income on their government's loans. What was this number in 2024?",[2737],[7051],"Low- and middle-income countries spend around 4% of their income making repayments on money their governments have borrowed.","Low- and middle-income countries have had to spend less of their income paying back interest on debts to richer countries, since 2000.","They missed that since 2000, low- and middle-income countries have had to spend less of their income paying back interest on debts to richer countries.","This data[1] comes from the World Bank International debt statistics[2] which reported the average debt service as a percentage of national income for low- and middle-income countries as 3.7% in 2023. \n\nIt was defined in the following way:\n“Total debt service is the sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt, interest paid on short-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the IMF.”[1]\n\nThe underlying data comes from the World Bank’s External Debt Reporting System[3] that aims to capture detailed information at loan level for external borrowing of the reporting countries. \n\n[1]  [World Bank, International Debt Statistics - Total debt service (% of GNI)](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FDT.TDS.DECT.GN.ZS?locations=XO)  \n[2]  [International Debt Statistics report 2021](https:\u002F\u002Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org\u002Fbitstream\u002Fhandle\u002F10986\u002F34588\u002F9781464816109.pdf)  \n[3]  [World Bank - What is the External Debt Reporting System (DRS)?](https:\u002F\u002Fdatahelpdesk.worldbank.org\u002Fknowledgebase\u002Farticles\u002F381934-what-is-the-external-debt-reporting-system-drs)  ","At the turn of the century, low- and middle-income countries were paying an all-time high share of their income to pay interest on loans from richer countries. The cruel thing for many of these countries was that the loans had been taken by dictators no longer in power. \n\nSince 2000, through various efforts from organizations like the World Bank and the IMF, these countries have been able to pay a smaller share of their income in debt service payments, which means they have more to spend on things like the healthcare and education of their citizens. \n\nDespite this progress, over the last 5 or so years the share of income these countries have had to pay back has started to rise again, and half of the poorest countries were in or at high-risk of being in debt distress in 2019, before [debt service was suspended due to Covid-19](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fnews\u002Ffactsheet\u002F2020\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fdebt-relief-and-covid-19-coronavirus).\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nPeople probably exaggerate the share of income that low- and middle-income countries are paying in debt service payments because they are unaware of the agreements that were made through the efforts of international organizations to lighten the burden on the world’s poorest countries.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf they didn’t realize that things got better because there was an actual coordinated effort to do so, they might think it would never be possible for poor countries to escape the stranglehold of debt repayments. Knowing this means people can push for these debts to be reduced or even canceled so these poorer countries can focus on providing services to their citizens.\n\n### Do all low- and middle-income countries pay a similar share of debt service?\nNo, they don’t. On average, in 2024, middle-income countries paid a 4% share of their income in debt service and low-income countries paid 3%, on average. \nEven among the low-income countries, there were large differences, Mozambique paid 22% of its national income in debt service, whereas the share for Somalia was 0.1%. \nAmong middle-income countries, Kazakhstan spent 19% of its income on loan repayments, while the shares paid by Algeria and Iran were 0.2% and 0.1% respectively.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes, you can. It is important to realize that although this data was recommended by experts we spoke to, the underlying data is reported by the debtors themselves so it is difficult to assess whether all of the figures are completely accurate.\n\nIt is also good to remember that this is an average of low- and middle-countries and the individual share changes from country to country. \n\n### Where can I learn more?\n[In Gapminder tools]( https:\u002F\u002Fgapm.io\u002Ftds), you can see the shares of countries' incomes spent on debt payments.\n","Lower repayments","You missed that since 2000, low- and middle-income countries have had to spend less of their income paying back interest on debts to richer countries.",{"metadata":13959,"sys":13966,"fields":13977},{"tags":13960,"concepts":13965},[13961,13963],{"sys":13962},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13964},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":13967,"id":13969,"type":14,"createdAt":13970,"updatedAt":13971,"environment":13972,"publishedVersion":13974,"revision":1390,"contentType":13975,"locale":27},{"sys":13968},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5161bfd87eea1fa3f8ad50c0c1cf2346","2022-01-05T09:20:19.006Z","2023-11-27T09:05:41.427Z",{"sys":13973},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},292,{"sys":13976},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"globalId":13978,"answers":13979,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":769,"name":13980,"questionText":13981,"statistics":13982,"veryWrongStatistics":13983,"correctSentence":13984,"youWereWrong":13985,"youWereRight":13986,"dataSourceShortText":11862,"dataSourceLinkLongText":13987,"extendedAnswerText":13988,"headingVeryWrong":13989,"youWereVeryWrong":13990,"headingWrong":13989},"108",[],"HIC top tax trend ","In high-income countries during the past 40 years, what happened to the top marginal income taxes that apply to the richest 0.1% of the population?",[2317],[668],"The average top marginal tax of high-income countries was roughly 67% in 1979, and in 2022 the average was around 40%, which is a reduction of roughly one third.","So, you didn't realize that the tax for the ultra rich was reduced, while they got even richer.","They haven't realized that the tax for the ultra rich was reduced, while the ultra rich got even richer.","In 1979, the average top marginal income tax in high-income countries was roughly 67%. In 2022, the average was around 40%. The average trend for high-income countries was estimated by Gapminder[1] based on country data compiled by Our World In Data[2], based on multiple sources for the period 1972-2002. That data comes from PricewaterhouseCoopers' financial estimates of annual taxation.[3] Data for the period 2002-2022 comes from OECD estimates.[4] To make the comparison for our question we only compare figures for high-income countries that had data for both 1979 and 2022. \nConsequently, any income tax that might be due on non-wage income and other kinds of taxes – e.g. corporate income tax, net wealth tax and consumption taxes – is not taken into account. \n[1]  [Gapminder estimation of the trend of top marginal tax in high-income countries since 1972](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1L4WelIj3oLh2JTJIHJeIEShtHqyRbJORAThbM5uYUH4\u002Fedit#gid=1573449154)  \n[2]  [Our World In Data - Top marginal income tax rates, selected countries, 1979 to 2002](https:\u002F\u002Fourworldindata.org\u002Fgrapher\u002Ftop-mrts-on-individual-income)  \n[3]  [PricewaterhouseCoopers](https:\u002F\u002Ftaxsummaries.pwc.com\u002F)  \n[4]  [OECD](https:\u002F\u002Fstats.oecd.org\u002Findex.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLE_I7#)  \n","Most people feel they pay a lot of tax, and they probably assume that applies to everyone in society, including the ultra rich. But in most high-income countries, the tax rates for the ultra rich have declined steadily since the 1970s. The average top marginal income tax was 67% in 1979 and 40 years later it was only 40%.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nMost people tend to \"feel\" they pay too much tax and they likely assume this is true for everyone. It's probably unimaginable for most regular salary earners that the richest of the rich have been relieved of paying taxes more than the rest of the population in many high-income countries.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIn general, high-income countries have lower inequalities than low-income countries. But during recent decades the very richest in some rich countries (particularly the US) have become ultra rich, while many poor have less disposable income. Most people agree that inequalities will always exist, but there are huge disagreements about what is an acceptable difference. Such discussions easily turn into categorical condemnation of all inequalities, or a passive acceptance of whatever the inequality happens to be. In order to have a constructive discussion about redistribution, it's important that people have a proper understanding of the actual proportions and trends.\n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes. We spoke to two economics experts who agreed with the conclusion that tax rates for the rich have decreased a lot over the past 50 years. There are some caveats to note with this data, however. Firstly, thresholds for marginal taxes are not the same in all countries, so it doesn't exactly apply to the richest 0.1% of people. Also, those eligible to pay a higher marginal tax rate may be avoiding paying these taxes. Therefore the cited tax rates may not be generating the revenue they appear to.","Relieving the ultra rich","So you hadn’t realized that the ultra rich got even richer, while their tax rate declined.",{"metadata":13992,"sys":13999,"fields":14009},{"tags":13993,"concepts":13998},[13994,13996],{"sys":13995},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":13997},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":14000,"id":14002,"type":14,"createdAt":14003,"updatedAt":14004,"environment":14005,"publishedVersion":3149,"revision":1099,"contentType":14007,"locale":27},{"sys":14001},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"vwPZkojug17OSNPZ6aIYV","2022-10-13T09:50:07.030Z","2023-11-01T11:02:53.196Z",{"sys":14006},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14008},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14010,"answers":14011,"answersAsImages":1025,"wrongPercentage":4132,"name":14012,"questionText":14013,"statistics":14014,"veryWrongStatistics":14031,"correctSentence":14047,"youWereWrong":14048,"youWereRight":14049,"dataSourceShortText":2285,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14050,"extendedAnswerText":14051,"headingVeryWrong":14052,"youWereVeryWrong":14053,"headingWrong":14052},"1501",[],"UN map","Which of these maps shows all the members of the United \nNations? \n",[6815,14015,14016,14017,709,14018,14019,5182,14020,14021,14022,14023,14024,14025,14026,13853,14027,14028,14029,14030],"usa 0.55","bra 0.54","fra 0.51","jpn 0.81","mex 0.46","esp 0.51","mys 0.58","col 0.51","mar 0.6","zaf 0.59","ind 0.45","pak 0.6","phl 0.46","irl 0.51","chl 0.51","prt 0.4",[14032,2614,12327,9070,7019,14033,14034,14035,14036,14037,14038,5186,14039,14040,14041,14042,14043,14044,14045,14046],"uk 0.257","jpn 0.46","mex 0.21","rus 0.15","esp 0.26","mys 0.37","col 0.23","zaf 0.23","ind 0.17","pak 0.17","nga 0.11","phl 0.24","irl 0.18","chl 0.21","prt 0.20","Nearly every one of the world’s countries and territories are members of the United Nations.\n","You think that many countries in Africa and Asia aren’t UN members. That is wrong! The UN has 193 member states, covering nearly all of humanity. \n","They imagine that the UN excludes people from many countries. In reality, the UN has 193 member states, covering nearly all of humanity. \n","The list of countries we used to make the map came directly from the UN. There are currently 193 member states and two non-member observer states – Palestine and The Holy See.\n\n[1]  [UN - List of member states](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fabout-us\u002Fmember-states)  \n[2]  [UN - Growth in United Nations membership](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fabout-us\u002Fgrowth-in-un-membership)  ","When the UN began in 1945, there were 51 members and it has continued to grow over the decades. The world’s youngest country, South Sudan, was the newest member when it joined in 2011.\n\nPeople chose the maps where many countries are still missing from the UN. With 193 member states, the UN has a truly global coverage, and that has been the case for 15 years. But surprisingly, many people are not aware of this. Every one of us on this planet should know that we are all part of one big organization, and there is only one such organization – the UN.\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nThey don’t realize the UN represents pretty much all of humanity. People wrongly believe the UN excludes poor countries from negotiations, like the OECD which is a club for rich countries. That seeds disrespect and undermines support for the UN. The UN has many shortcomings and it deserves to be criticized in order to improve. But the mistake of believing it is not a truly global organization leads to the wrong kind of criticism, which is not constructive.\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nThey see images in the news of the UN headquarters in New York and the powerful world leaders walking into the building and assume it is an organization only for the richest and most powerful countries.\n\n### Can I trust the data?\nYes, the figures come directly from the UN. There are currently 193 member states and two non-member observer states – Palestine and The Holy See.\n\nYou can see a full list of members [here](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fabout-us\u002Fmember-states).\n\nAnd [how membership has grown over time](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.un.org\u002Fen\u002Fabout-us\u002Fgrowth-in-un-membership).\n","The UN is truly global!","You think that many countries in Africa, Asia and South America aren’t UN members. That is wrong! The UN has 193 member states, covering nearly all of humanity. ",{"metadata":14055,"sys":14062,"fields":14072},{"tags":14056,"concepts":14061},[14057,14059],{"sys":14058},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":14060},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":14063,"id":14065,"type":14,"createdAt":14066,"updatedAt":14067,"environment":14068,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":44,"contentType":14070,"locale":27},{"sys":14064},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"5GhVk7dbjnG5lTvwPBprqs","2023-05-09T09:39:46.934Z","2023-11-27T09:05:41.363Z",{"sys":14069},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14071},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14073,"answers":14074,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3149,"name":14075,"questionText":14076,"statistics":14077,"veryWrongStatistics":14078,"correctSentence":14080,"youWereWrong":14081,"youWereRight":14082,"dataSourceShortText":14083,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14084,"extendedAnswerText":14085,"headingVeryWrong":14086,"youWereVeryWrong":14081,"headingWrong":14086},"1624",[],"Remittances vs aid","Compared to the total international aid from rich governments in 2022, how much money did migrants across the world transfer back home to their countries of origin?\n",[3153],[14079],"uk 0.396","The amount of money sent home by migrants to low- and middle-income countries is 200% more than those countries receive in aid.\n","Aid is just a fraction in comparison to all the money transferred from those working abroad to support families or making investments back home.\n","They don’t realize that foreign aid is very small when compared to money transferred back home from migrants to support families or make investments.\n","Sources: KNOMAD","This data comes from a report from The Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development (KNOMAD)[1], which was established by the World Bank and is funded by multiple governments. The underlying data comes from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators database. \n\nMeasuring large flows of money around the world is difficult and there are of course things which can cause possible over and underestimations. \n\nThe data counts all salaries of UN and embassy employees, as well as non-resident employees of foreign companies. It also includes all money sent by citizens of a country across borders, which means remittances as well as larger sums of money sent by private investors and diaspora members for business investments, property purchase and other financial transactions. Both of these factors can lead to possible overestimations of the amount of remittances. \n\nOn the other hand, not all small transactions conducted using money transfer operators (such as Western Union) and mobile money transfer services are counted in the data. This leads to a probable underestimation of the flow of money that is being sent back to family members from migrants working in other countries. \n\nDespite the limitations of the data, three independent experts we consulted about this question agreed that the correct answer we use and the source we cite are both valid.\n\n[1]  [KNOMAD – Migration and Development Brief 37, November 2022](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.knomad.org\u002Fsites\u002Fdefault\u002Ffiles\u002Fpublication-doc\u002Fmigration_and_development_brief_37_nov_2022.pdf)    \n\n[2]  [Migration Data Portal – Information about data on remittances](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.migrationdataportal.org\u002Fthemes\u002Fremittances) ","There are many workers abroad who invest in a new house in their home country, and husbands, sons, daughters, fathers, sisters and uncles who send a share of their paycheck to relatives back home. \n\nThose many smaller payments don’t get anywhere the amount of media coverage that big lump sums given as aid receive. People sending money home don’t have a PR team or launch events or staff salaries to pay, so it is no surprise we hear more about aid. \n\nThe countries of the world have realized the importance of these remittances, and have therefore agreed that the cost of sending these payments should not be higher than 3% of the total sum (Sustainable Development Goal 10.c).\n\n### Why are people wrong about this?\nWe hear so much about foreign aid from richer countries to poorer countries in the media that it is easy to overestimate how much of an impact it has in comparison to money coming from migrants sending money home and making investments in their home countries.\n\n### Why is it a problem that people are wrong about this?\nIf most people are unaware of how important remittances are to millions and millions of people around the world then they probably don’t recognize the need to make these transfers even more accessible and cheaper for everyone who relies upon them. \n\n### Can I trust this data?\nYes you can, but be aware of its limitations. The data includes things such as investments in property and business as well as diplomat salaries. It doesn’t, though, include transfers using transfer operators (e.g. Western Union) or mobile payments and so underestimates those smaller transfers. You can read more about the difficulties with [data on remittances here](https:\u002F\u002Fmigrationdataportal.org\u002Fthemes\u002Fremittances).\nDespite the limitations of the data, three independent experts we consulted about this question agreed that the correct answer we use and the source we cite are both valid.\n","Migrants are a lifeline ",{"metadata":14088,"sys":14095,"fields":14105},{"tags":14089,"concepts":14094},[14090,14092],{"sys":14091},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":14093},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":14096,"id":14098,"type":14,"createdAt":14099,"updatedAt":14100,"environment":14101,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":580,"contentType":14103,"locale":27},{"sys":14097},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6Cs5sFSyvJfkVDpLa64OBg","2023-05-15T15:14:04.644Z","2023-11-27T09:05:40.928Z",{"sys":14102},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14104},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14106,"answers":14107,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":14108,"questionText":14109,"statistics":14110,"veryWrongStatistics":14111,"correctSentence":14112,"youWereWrong":14113,"youWereRight":14114,"dataSourceShortText":14115,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14116,"headingVeryWrong":14117,"youWereVeryWrong":14113,"headingWrong":14117},"1648",[],"L-&-MIC WTO members","What share of the members of the World Trade Organization are low- and middle-income countries?",[1964],[3548],"Around 65% of the members of the World Trade Organization are low- and middle-income countries","Just like the majority of countries are low and middle income. ","A majority of WTO members are low- and middle-income countries – just like the majority of countries are low and middle income. ","Source: WTO","[1]  [World Trade Organization – Members and Observers](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.wto.org\u002Fenglish\u002Fthewto_e\u002Fwhatis_e\u002Ftif_e\u002Forg6_e.htm)  ","Majority of members are low- and middle-income countries!",{"metadata":14119,"sys":14126,"fields":14136},{"tags":14120,"concepts":14125},[14121,14123],{"sys":14122},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":14124},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":14127,"id":14129,"type":14,"createdAt":14130,"updatedAt":14131,"environment":14132,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":1184,"contentType":14134,"locale":27},{"sys":14128},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"7HvDxZBuR4vMPmdNolYnu","2023-05-24T12:24:30.212Z","2023-11-27T09:05:04.123Z",{"sys":14133},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14135},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14137,"answers":14138,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":851,"name":14139,"questionText":14140,"statistics":14141,"veryWrongStatistics":14142,"correctSentence":14144,"dataSourceShortText":14145,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14146},"1651",[],"largest free trade area","Which free trade area includes the most countries?",[855],[14143],"uk 0.151","The African Continental Free Trade Area includes more countries than any other free trade area. ","Source: African Continental Free Trade Area","[1]  [African Continental Free Trade Area](https:\u002F\u002Fau.int\u002Fen\u002Ftreaties\u002Fagreement-establishing-african-continental-free-trade-area)     ",{"metadata":14148,"sys":14155,"fields":14165},{"tags":14149,"concepts":14154},[14150,14152],{"sys":14151},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":14153},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":14156,"id":14158,"type":14,"createdAt":14159,"updatedAt":14160,"environment":14161,"publishedVersion":71,"revision":44,"contentType":14163,"locale":27},{"sys":14157},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"vgQOCVsmf30ryrzoYV0We","2023-06-29T14:38:42.481Z","2023-11-27T09:05:04.055Z",{"sys":14162},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14164},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14166,"answers":14167,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":298,"name":14168,"questionText":14169,"statistics":14170,"veryWrongStatistics":14171,"correctSentence":14172,"dataSourceShortText":595,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14173,"extendedAnswerText":14174},"1687",[],"World Bank votes","The US has 4% of the world's population. What share of votes does it have when the World Bank decides on development loans to poorer countries?",[373],[154],"The US has around 15% of the votes in the World Bank’s International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.","[1]  [The World Bank – Voting Powers ]( https:\u002F\u002Fwww.worldbank.org\u002Fen\u002Fabout\u002Fleadership\u002Fvotingpowers)   \n[2]  [Congressional Research Service – The World Bank ](https:\u002F\u002Fcrsreports.congress.gov\u002Fproduct\u002Fpdf\u002FIF\u002FIF11361  )    ","The US may have less power than most people imagine when it comes to votes in the World Bank’s International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. BUT, because many decisions need 85% of votes to move forward, the US still has power on its own to stop certain amendments.",{"metadata":14176,"sys":14183,"fields":14193},{"tags":14177,"concepts":14182},[14178,14180],{"sys":14179},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":14181},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":14184,"id":14186,"type":14,"createdAt":14187,"updatedAt":14188,"environment":14189,"publishedVersion":587,"revision":580,"contentType":14191,"locale":27},{"sys":14185},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"66cORR1uw4WFgr8Fljm8Vx","2023-08-31T12:50:42.923Z","2023-11-27T09:05:03.990Z",{"sys":14190},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14192},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14194,"answers":14195,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":181,"name":14196,"questionText":14197,"statistics":14198,"veryWrongStatistics":14199,"correctSentence":14201,"dataSourceShortText":940,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14202},"1705",[],"aid: charities v governments","Charities and governments across the world give money to the least developed countries. When comparing the total amounts given…",[1964],[14200],"uk 0.386","In 2020, governments gave 20 times more aid to the least developed countries than charities and private philanthropies.","[1]  [Gapminder calculations using OECD data](https:\u002F\u002Fdocs.google.com\u002Fspreadsheets\u002Fd\u002F1BKCXv9D4kwt6naYtXxAoEJaAj7-6E_i16mLAS9mIbzs\u002Fedit#gid=1523503229)   ",{"metadata":14204,"sys":14211,"fields":14221},{"tags":14205,"concepts":14210},[14206,14208],{"sys":14207},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":125},{"sys":14209},{"type":10,"linkType":124,"id":914},[],{"space":14212,"id":14214,"type":14,"createdAt":14215,"updatedAt":14216,"environment":14217,"publishedVersion":883,"revision":91,"contentType":14219,"locale":27},{"sys":14213},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"6U0kZUdlcSKlvQ5QHQ7gAY","2023-05-03T15:39:10.177Z","2023-11-27T09:05:03.920Z",{"sys":14218},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14220},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14222,"answers":14223,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1933,"name":14224,"questionText":14225,"statistics":14226,"veryWrongStatistics":14227,"correctSentence":14228,"youWereWrong":14229,"youWereRight":14230,"dataSourceShortText":237,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14231,"headingVeryWrong":14232,"youWereVeryWrong":14233,"headingWrong":14232},"1616",[],"Remittances in LIC","How much of the economy of low-income countries comes from money transferred from citizens living abroad?",[2349],[4717],"Roughly 6% of the economies of low-income countries comes from money that people transfer from abroad.","People from low-income countries working abroad send money to family and friends at home. It is about 6% of their home country's economy, but you thought it was a quarter. ","They overestimate the importance of money sent home from people working abroad by a lot!","[1]  [World Bank– Migration and Development Brief 37, published in November 2022 ](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.knomad.org\u002Fpublication\u002Fmigration-and-development-brief-37)     \n\n[2]  [World Bank – Personal remittances, received (% of GDP) ](https:\u002F\u002Fdata.worldbank.org\u002Findicator\u002FBX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?end=2018&locations=XM&start=1970&view=chart)          ","A little pocket money in the budget","People from low-income countries working abroad send money to family and friends at home. It is about 6% of their home country's economy, but you thought it was almost half. ",{"metadata":14235,"sys":14238,"fields":14248},{"tags":14236,"concepts":14237},[],[],{"space":14239,"id":14241,"type":14,"createdAt":14242,"updatedAt":14243,"environment":14244,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":998,"contentType":14246,"locale":27},{"sys":14240},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"4wrFepJU3qHTX98uSoO1qZ","2023-12-17T13:08:56.796Z","2024-03-22T17:12:11.659Z",{"sys":14245},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14247},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14249,"answers":14250,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":3512,"name":14139,"questionText":14251,"statistics":14252,"veryWrongStatistics":14253,"correctSentence":14255,"dataSourceShortText":14256,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14257},"1716",[],"Which of these free-trade areas includes the most countries?",[11468],[14254],"usa 0.226","The African Continental Free Trade Area includes more countries than both NAFTA and the EU.","Source: African Union","As of February 2023, 54 countries had signed the agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area and 44 had ratified it. The European Union is made up of 27 countries. Meanwhile the North American Free Trade Agreement is made up of just the US, Canada and Mexico.\n\n[1]  [African Union – Agreement Establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area, Status List](https:\u002F\u002Fau.int\u002Fen\u002Ftreaties\u002Fagreement-establishing-african-continental-free-trade-area)       ",{"metadata":14259,"sys":14262,"fields":14271},{"tags":14260,"concepts":14261},[],[],{"space":14263,"id":14265,"type":14,"createdAt":14266,"updatedAt":14266,"environment":14267,"publishedVersion":1330,"revision":112,"contentType":14269,"locale":27},{"sys":14264},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"2zZ2ruc6QukhZrtMtLSK74","2023-04-14T10:56:03.360Z",{"sys":14268},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14270},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14272,"answers":14273,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":1389,"name":14274,"questionText":14275,"statistics":14276,"veryWrongStatistics":14278,"correctSentence":14280,"dataSourceShortText":940,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14281},"1566",[],"Income share to poor countries","Of all money used by governments in rich countries, how much is given as international aid to poorer countries?",[14277],"uk 0.422",[14279],"uk 0.124","Around 0.5% of  all money used by governments in rich countries is given as international aid to poorer countries.","[1]  [OECD – Official development assistance (ODA)\n](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Fdac\u002Ffinancing-sustainable-development\u002Fdevelopment-finance-standards\u002Fofficial-development-assistance.htm) ",{"metadata":14283,"sys":14286,"fields":14296},{"tags":14284,"concepts":14285},[],[],{"space":14287,"id":14289,"type":14,"createdAt":14290,"updatedAt":14291,"environment":14292,"publishedVersion":1081,"revision":2107,"contentType":14294,"locale":27},{"sys":14288},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"1Y6D8GDBBRAg45zZNK2yC7","2023-04-19T10:17:42.128Z","2024-05-08T08:46:54.791Z",{"sys":14293},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14295},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":142},{"isHidden":96,"isRequiredForChallenge":96,"globalId":14297,"answers":14298,"answersAsImages":96,"wrongPercentage":740,"name":14299,"questionText":14300,"statistics":14301,"veryWrongStatistics":14302,"correctSentence":14303,"dataSourceShortText":940,"dataSourceLinkLongText":14304},"1584",[],"tax shifting agreement","In 2016, around 80 countries agreed to work jointly to stop companies avoiding tax by shifting profits to low-tax locations. How many countries are members today?",[1626],[1458],"Today, around 140 countries have agreed to work jointly to stop companies avoiding tax by shifting profits to low-tax locations","[1]  [OECD – Base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS)](https:\u002F\u002Fwww.oecd.org\u002Ftax\u002Fbeps\u002F)       ",{"metadata":14306,"sys":14309,"fields":14319},{"tags":14307,"concepts":14308},[],[],{"space":14310,"id":14312,"type":14,"createdAt":14313,"updatedAt":14314,"environment":14315,"publishedVersion":2190,"revision":259,"contentType":14317,"locale":27},{"sys":14311},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"74c269a5c1f28a41453bf1dc1ec3fe35","2022-01-07T13:28:35.048Z","2023-12-17T13:11:32.617Z",{"sys":14316},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"sys":14318},{"type":10,"linkType":25,"id":115},{"globalId":14320,"heading":14321,"slug":14322,"questions":14323,"certificateText":14324},"sdg_world_17_cert","UN Goal 17: Partnership for goals Certificate","un-goal-17-partnership-for-goals-certificate-test",[13801,13862,907,13895,13926,13958,13991,14054,3890,14118,14147,14175,14203,14234],"for answering 100% correct on questions related to UN Goal 17: Partnership for goals, and thereby proving essential knowledge that most people are wrong about.",{"metadata":14326,"sys":14329,"fields":14337},{"tags":14327,"concepts":14328},[],[],{"space":14330,"id":14332,"type":39,"createdAt":14333,"updatedAt":14334,"environment":14335,"publishedVersion":1584,"revision":91,"locale":27},{"sys":14331},{"type":10,"linkType":11,"id":12},"64JcvVLpFQ27kVMbVvSH3D","2020-11-17T11:30:36.914Z","2022-10-13T09:50:06.014Z",{"sys":14336},{"id":19,"type":10,"linkType":20},{"title":14338,"description":14339,"file":14340},"17. 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